Al-Esraa university college journal for social and humanity sciences

It is known that drug crimes are among the most serious crimes, due to the
devastating impact they have on society, especially in light of the development the
world is witnessing now. Drugs are no longer limited to a specific type or country,
but the types have multiplied and spread in most countries of the world. Drug use
leads to addiction, and this addiction is accompanied by the death of the user or
the commission of many crimes due to the user’s loss of awareness or to obtain
money to buy some drugs. As a result, many laws have been enacted in addition to
the conclusion of many international agreements to eliminate drugs or reduce their
effects.

Disputes over the right of private property are numerous under civil law,
as property is one of the in rem rights most susceptible to judicial litigation. This
research analyzes the concept of ownership disputes, their causes ranging from the
ambiguity of legal transactions, the multiplicity of possession patterns, conflicting
titles, to boundary disputes. The research aims to classify these disputes, examine
their legal effects, and demonstrate the methods for judicial and amicable settlement
under civil law provisions. The research is divided into three sections; the first
addresses the theoretical framework of ownership as the basis of the dispute, the
second covers the main types of disputes, while the third is dedicated to the effects
of these disputes and the means of resolving them. The research concludes that
the effectiveness of legal protection for property depends on the clarity of evidence
and the integration of provisional and in rem protection mechanisms.

The liability of the administration based on risk is considered one of the modern
doctrines within administrative law. This doctrine is founded on holding public authorities
liable to compensate individuals for damages resulting from hazardous administrative
activities, even in the absence of fault. This basis derives from the principle of justice and
the need to strike a balance between the public interest pursued by the administration
and the rights of individuals harmed by such activities.Administrative liability based on risk
rests on the notion that whoever benefits from a hazardous activity must bear its adverse
consequences, particularly where such activity results in exceptional and serious damage
that an individual cannot reasonably be expected to bear alone. This doctrine is applied in
various fields, including public works, the use of dangerous machinery, security and military
operations, and technically complex public services.

Begging is one of the widespread phenomena in all societies, and it is considered a
social and security phenomenon that disturbs the peace of society. Recently, the phenomenon
of electronic begging has spread, with the development of the use of technical means, and
the increase in the number of users of communication sites, and beggars are inventing new
methods, with fake accounts and unreal phone numbers, to reach To the largest number
of people, so the begging was before, by supplication, to beg the benefactors, He urged
them to take out the money, as they crowd at traffic lights, inside gas stations, in public
places, and on the roads of mosques and hide behind different personalities and forms,
with shabby clothes and fabricated disabilities to gain sympathy in order to beg, but due to
the development and use of technology.Internet networks and the multiplicity of images of
collective communication has become a profitable and fast means of electronic begging, so it
is necessary to think about new mechanisms to combat the crime of electronic begging, and
this comes only through working in two tracks, combating the crime of electronic begging
at the international level and mechanisms to address the crime of electronic begging at the
national level, and this is what We will try to highlight it in this research

Cyber terrorism has become a threat to the entire world, with risks that increase over
time , Because modern technology alone is not capable of protecting people from cyber
terrorism operations, which It has caused serious damage to individuals, organizations, and
countries, especially at the national level. No one can deny that Yesterday’s terrorism is
different from today’s terrorism. Yesterday’s terrorist was armed with a rifle, while today’s
terrorist Today, he is armed with technology and information, using the computer which has
turned the internet into a tool A key player in international terrorist activity, the internet
has served terrorist cells by amplifying their image. The mindset is that these cells, with
their small number of individuals, have internet experience to broadcast media messages
that serve their terrorist objectives. Many countries have sought to take measures and
precautions to counter cyber terrorism, but these Efforts are limited and more are still
needed to counter this dangerous weapon, which we will explain in this research

This study examines the international protection of the rights of persons
with disabilities by analyzing the international and regional legal frameworks
governing these rights, while assessing the extent of states’ compliance with their
implementation. The study adopts an analytical approach through the examination
of key international instruments, particularly the Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities.)2006(
The research addresses the concept of persons with disabilities and their
rights within the broader human rights system, and explores the mechanisms of
international protection at both global and regional levels. It concludes that, despite
significant progress in the recognition of these rights, their practical implementation
still faces several challenges, most notably the weakness of enforcement mechanisms
and the lack of alignment between some national legislations and international
standards.
The study recommends strengthening the effectiveness of international
monitoring mechanisms, developing national legal frameworks, and promoting
inclusive policies to ensure that persons with disabilities fully enjoy their rights on
an equal basis with others.

This research addresses the additional period for performance under the
Vienna Convention on the International Sale of Goods, considering it a key legal
tool aimed at balancing the protection of parties’ rights with the stability of
contractual relationships. The study focuses on the conceptual and legal framework
of this period, examining its nature, legal character, and legal basis according to
the Convention’s provisions, while analyzing the conditions for granting it and
its legal effects. The research highlights the relationship between the additional
period and contract termination, demonstrating that it allows for the temporary
suspension of the right to terminate, reducing recourse to contract dissolution
and enhancing the continuity of contractual relations. Furthermore, the study
explores the preventive function of the period and the legal constraints on its
use, emphasizing the importance of reasonableness, good faith, and non-abuse in
determining its duration and application. The findings indicate that the additional
period is not merely procedural, but an effective mechanism for achieving legal
and economic stability in international trade, fostering cooperation between
parties and minimizing disputes. The study concludes with practical results and
recommendations to maximize the use of the period in international contracts,
highlighting the positive role of courts and arbitration in regulating its use.

Asylum is a common phenomenon present since eternity.
The international law payed attention to it and made international agreements
which include international guarantees to protect refugees whether human or
political. The international community complains their days from the appearance of
a new type of refugees called the environmental refugees who leave their countries
because of environmental health Conditions. This Type of refugees are need for
protection after the appearance of the extreme environment of phenomena which
our planet is suffering from and this in what we are going to through light on it
in this research.

This research aims to explain the impact of financial crises on accounting
disclosure and their effect on the transparency of financial statements and
reports. The study discusses the concept of financial crises, their causes, and their
implications for the global economy, in addition to the concept of accounting
disclosure, its types, importance, and obstacles. The research also examines the
relationship between financial crises and the quality of accounting disclosure, as
well as the role of transparency in enhancing the confidence of investors and users
of financial information. The study concluded that financial crises increase the
need for disclosure and transparency in order to improve the quality of accounting
information and reduce financial risks

Balancing legislative texts derived from Islamic Sharia with modern constitutional
principles—foremost among them the principle of equality—is one of the most delicate
tasks undertaken by judicial review of the constitutionality of laws. Federal Supreme Court
Decision No. (135) dated November 17, 2021, puts an end to the ongoing debate regarding
the constitutionality of the different legal timeframes for filing for divorce on the grounds of
marital discord. While the appellants maintain that Article (25) of the Personal Status Law
violates Article (14) of the Constitution and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Discrimination against Women, the Court, in this decision, outlines a legal approach
that distinguishes between absolute equality and legal equality based on similarity of
positions, emphasizing the legislative specificity of the marriage contract in Iraqi law. In this
commentary, we will examine an analytical reading of this ruling and its implications for the
stability of family relationships

Consumption is considered one of the ancient human phenomena closely associated
with human existence and the continuous need to satisfy life’s requirements. However, modern
economic and social developments have expanded the scope of consumption to include luxury
and extravagance, giving rise to practices of exploitation and greed by certain traders and
suppliers, which have caused serious harm to consumers. In light of this, criminal and legal
protection of consumers has become an urgent necessity to ensure balance between the
parties to the consumption process and to preserve economic and social security. This research
adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology through the analysis of legal
texts in a number of legislations, including the French Consumer Code of 1993, the Lebanese
Consumer Protection Law No. 659 of 2005, the Iraqi Consumer Protection Law No. (1) of 2010,
and the Egyptian Consumer Protection Law No. 67 of 2008, in addition to some other European
and Arab laws. The study addresses, in its main sections, the general and special foundations of
criminalization for consumer protection, as well as the material and mental elements of crimes
affecting consumer safety. It also examines the various forms of positive and negative offenses,
along with the rules governing attempt and criminal participation in such crimes. Furthermore,
the research highlights differences among comparative legislations regarding the application
of the principle of retroactivity of the more lenient law to the accused, as well as the scope of
applicability of these laws in terms of time and place.
The research concludes that Arab legislations still suffer from shortcomings in the field
of criminal protection of consumers, as most of them are limited to civil and administrative
protection without establishing a deterrent penal system. Moreover, modern economic and
technological developments necessitate a reconsideration of these laws in a manner that
ensures effective consumer protection, enhances confidence in markets, and maintains the
stability of the national economy.

The widespread proliferation of social media platforms has reshaped the
concept and boundaries of private life, as personal data, images, preferences,
and daily behaviors have become digitally accessible and widely shared on an
unprecedented scale. This reality has generated complex legal challenges related
to the protection of the right to privacy, whether through direct violations such
as publishing content without consent, or through covert practices like digital
tracking and data collection and analysis for commercial or security purposes. At
the international level, instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights have established a general framework for privacy protection, affirming
that no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with their privacy.
Nationally, many legal systems have moved toward enacting data protection laws
and regulating the use of digital platforms, imposing obligations on social media
companies to ensure information security and transparency in data processing.
Despite these developments, legal protection still faces challenges related to the
borderless nature of cyberspace, the difficulty of enforcing national laws on global
companies, and limited public awareness of digital risks. Therefore, strengthening
international cooperation, updating national legislation, and promoting digital legal
literacy are essential to ensuring effective protection of the right to privacy in the
age of social media.

This research examines the role of criminal law in confronting the crime of
terrorism by analyzing the conceptual framework of this crime and clarifying its
nature through the various definitions that have emerged, as well as distinguishing
it from traditional crimes by highlighting its most important characteristics that
render it a crime of a special nature.
The study also addresses the mechanisms of criminal confrontation of
terrorism by examining its legal elements, which constitute the basis upon which
preventive measures are established and analyzed, in addition to the punitive
policies adopted by the legislator. Particular emphasis is placed on Iraqi legislation,
especially the Anti-Terrorism Law No. (13) of 2005.
The study concludes with a set of findings and recommendations, the
most significant of which is that excessive reliance on punitive severity to achieve
deterrence may lead to the infringement of rights and freedoms. Therefore, it is
incumbent upon the legislator to adopt a balanced criminal policy that combines
deterrence and rehabilitation through attention to preventive and intellectual
programs. Ultimately, the research concludes that confronting terrorism requires a
balanced criminal policy that combines strict criminalization and punishment with
respect for fundamental rights and freedoms

The contemporary world is witnessing rapid developments in artificial
intelligence technologies, which have increasingly influenced international relations
and the international legal system. Artificial intelligence has become a key factor in
several fields, including international security, armed conflicts, data analysis, and
political decisionmaking. These developments raise significant legal challenges to
the traditional rules of public international law. This study examines the future of
public international law in light of the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence
technologies and analyzes the main legal issues arising from their use, particularly
in relation to autonomous weapons systems, international responsibility, and
the protection of human rights in the digital environment. The research adopts
analytical and descriptive approaches by examining international legal texts and
scholarly opinions concerning the regulation of artificial intelligence in international
relations. The study concludes that new international legal rules are required
to regulate artificial intelligence technologies and ensure a balance between
technological innovation and the protection of international peace, security, and
fundamental human rights.

Cybercrime is any illegal behavior carried out using electronic devices,
resulting in the criminal gaining material or moral advantage while incurring a
corresponding loss for the victim. The goal of these crimes is often hacking to steal
or destroy information, and it is a sophisticated form of transnational crime. The
growing involvement of organized crime groups exacerbates the complexity of this
crime, which occurs in the boundless realm of cyberspace. Cybercriminals and their
victims can be located in diverse regions, and the effects of the crime can extend
across societies worldwide, highlighting the need for an urgent, dynamic, and
international response. Technology is witnessing significant developments and the
introduction of new technologies. This portends the development of cybercrime
tools and methods, becoming more complex or more damaging than before. This
requires countries to develop mechanisms to combat these crimes, establish lines
of defense, enact laws, educate the public about these crimes, and encourage them
to report them. Cybercrimes are committed using information networks or modern
devices and their applications. Although some electronic crimes can be punished by
adapting some of the provisions contained in the Iraqi Penal Code No. (111) of 1969,
as amended, the greater part of these acts can remain necessitates the intervention
of the Iraqi legislator to enact the necessary laws and prevent the occurrence of
criminal acts related to computers and information systems, especially since the use
of computers and reliance on them is constantly increasing within legal activities.
In order to prevent cybercrime, it is necessary to put in place appropriate measures
commensurate with the seriousness of the danger. category is concerned with
preventive measures, the commission of the previous crime

This research examines the binding authority of the Federal Supreme Court
decisions and their effects before the administrative judiciary in Iraq, as one of the
fundamental issues within the constitutional framework established by the 2005
Iraqi Constitution. The study aims to analyze the constitutional and legal basis of
the binding force attributed to the Federal Supreme Court’s decisions, clarify their
objective and absolute nature, and determine the extent to which the administrative
judiciary is bound by them when exercising judicial review over administrative
decisions. The research adopts an analytical approach to relevant constitutional
and legislative provisions, in addition to examining judicial applications and practical
challenges related to the implementation of constitutional authority.
The study concludes that the decisions of the Federal Supreme Court possess
direct constitutional binding force grounded in Article (94) of the Constitution,
and that their effects extend to all public authorities, including the administrative
judiciary. Administrative courts are therefore obliged to refrain from applying
provisions declared unconstitutional and to adhere to binding constitutional
interpretations. The research further addresses practical challenges such as conflicts
between administrative jurisprudence and constitutional interpretation, the
impact of shifts in constitutional jurisprudence, and issues related to administrative
compliance with constitutional rulings. It emphasizes the necessity of clarifying the
temporal effect and scope of constitutional judgments to ensure legal certainty and
the unity of constitutional interpretation.

The study aims to identify the impact of employing augmented reality in developing
sculpting skills among students in the Art Education Department at the Open College. The
current research aims to identify the impact of employing augmented reality in developing
sculpting skills among students in the Art Education Department at the Open College. To
achieve the research objectives, the following hypotheses were formulated:
1- There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the
experimental group on the pre- and post-test on the sculpture skills scale among
Art Education Department students.
2- There were no statistically significant differences between the scores of the
control group on the pre- and post-test on the sculpture skills scale among Art
Education Department students.
3- There are no statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental
group and the control group in the pre-post test on the sculpture skill scale among
students of the Art Education Department.
Conclusions
1- Students in both the control and experimental groups demonstrated significant
weaknesses in their scientific expertise prior to the program’s inception in the
pretest.
2- Students in the experimental group who underwent the program demonstrated
positive interactions with the program’s components.
3- The program encouraged students to discover their scientific orientations and
inclinations.
4- Their direct exposure to scientific experiences results in their future ability to
solve educational problems.
5- The progress achieved in the experimental group’s achievement in sculpture
compared to the control group in the post-test.

This study aims to investigate the role played by Snapchat platform
advertisements in shaping the purchasing behavior of the Iraqi audience, and to
identify the most effective advertising patterns in stimulating consumer decisions.
The study was conducted on a sample of (400) individuals from Snapchat users in Iraq,
selected using the multi-stage random sampling method. Classified as descriptive
research, the study adopted the survey method and utilized a questionnaire
that included a specific scale designed to measure purchasing behavior for data
collection and analysis. The results indicated that the audience’s response to
advertisements falls within the High level, confirming that the platform possesses
high influence effectiveness that surpasses neutrality. The findings revealed that
“Screenshotting” represents the primary behavioral indicator of future purchase
intention. Additionally, “Influencer recommendations” and “Price offers” topped the
list of purchasing drivers. Furthermore, statistical analyses demonstrated—contrary
to traditional expectations—the absence of significant differences in the level of
influence attributed to demographic variables (Gender, Age, Education, Job Status,
Income, and Daily Usage). The results showed a strong convergence in responses
across all categories, proving that the success of Snapchat ads relies on the appeal
of rapid visual content, which possesses a comprehensive penetrating ability that
transcends individual and socioeconomic differences among the audience

The research on graphic design in the outputs of students of the Institute of
Fine Arts focuses on analyzing technical and aesthetic skills in enhancing creative
abilities and employing forms and techniques in their outputs. The graphic design
in the outputs of students of the Institute of Fine Arts is characterized by a focus
on formal systems, artistic reduction, and combining functional and aesthetic
values, which aim to develop students’ skills in the fields of print design and visual
advertising to ensure that the message is delivered clearly and effectively.
Results:
The ideas incorporated a communicative dimension through the visual
text structure, represented by images, space, color, structural and compositional
relationships, and writing styles, as well as the expressive structure of movement,
which led to diverse semantic outcomes in all models.

This research examines a significant historical period in the history of the
Ottoman Empire’s relations with its contemporary Turkmen emirates, particularly
the Karaman Emirate. This emirate was not merely small compared to its neighboring
political powers; it was considered one of the strongest and most influential in the
Ottoman Empire’s internal politics.
The Karaman Emirate was one of the most important Turkmen emirates and
a stage for conflicts and events between it and the Ottoman Empire. This emirate
expanded at the expense of its neighbors and was forced to defend itself using all
available means, including alliances with the Qoyunlu, Venetians, Hungarians, and
Mongols, in order to maintain its existence in the region as an emirate enjoying a
degree of internal autonomy. Therefore, its loyalty to the Ottoman Empire did not
last, but rather it consistently exploited the surrounding circumstances according to its
political interests. Given the importance of this topic, we chose to study the policy that
the Ottoman state followed towards this troublesome principality within Anatolia,
from the establishment of the Ottoman state until its fall at their hands in 1483.

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This research aims to clarify the criminal liability of physicians in the event of
non-compliance with the conditions and regulations governing human organ transfer
and transplantation, pursuant to the effective Iraqi Human Organ Transplantation and
Anti-Trafficking Law No. 11 of 2016. Under this law, prior to performing any transfer or
transplantation procedure, the physician must obtain the informed consent of both the
donor and the recipient, and must apprise them of the potential, as well as the rare,
outcomes of the procedure. Furthermore, the operation must meet the established criteria
for medical necessity, and the physician must abstain from conducting the procedure if
it is known to be the result of a commercial sale or purchase. Additionally, the transfer
procedure must not conflict with public order and public morals, and the physician
must not commit any medical malpractice or error while performing these operations.
Accordingly, the researcher has reached the following set of conclusions and
recommendations:
1 - The physician must be academically and practically qualified and officially
licensed to perform such operations, with the primary intent being the recovery
and healing of the patient.
2 - The physician shall be held criminally and civilly liable if an organ is harvested
from a donor without obtaining their explicit consent, or if such consent is
obtained through fraud or coercion.
3 - The transfer and transplantation of human organs must be strictly confined to
paired organs and regenerative tissues that do not adversely affect the donor›s
health.
4 - We support the Iraqi legislation that has regulated the procedures for human
organ transfer and transplantation, and has established the strict conditions and
regulations governing these operations.

This study examines the role of geopolitics in regional conflicts through an analysis
of the Iran–Israeli Entity conflict as a representative model of contemporary geopolitical
interactions in the Middle East. The study is based on the assumption that geopolitical
factors constitute a fundamental determinant in shaping the nature of the conflict and
directly influence the regional strategies and political-security behavior of both parties. To
achieve its objectives, the research employs the descriptive-analytical approach and the
case study method to examine the evolution of geopolitical thought and its traditional and
contemporary dimensions, as well as its implications for the Iran–Israeli Entity conflict.
The findings indicate that the rivalry extends beyond military and security dimensions to
encompass regional influence, strategic alliances, and competition over the restructuring
of geopolitical balances in the Middle East, resulting in both direct and indirect forms of
confrontation. The study further concludes that geopolitics remains a significant analytical
framework for understanding the dynamics of the conflict and anticipating its future
trajectories amid rapid regional and international transformations

This research paper analyzes the impact of artificial intelligence applications
on enhancing strategic decision-making in government institutions. A purposive
sample of managers from several factories within the General Company for Textile
and Leather Industries (the Leather Factory, the Wool Factory, the Handwoven
Carpet Factory, and the Cotton Factory) in Baghdad was selected. The descriptiveoperational
analysis method was used, employing a primary measurement tool: a
questionnaire designed and distributed to the field study sample of 50 managers
holding advanced academic qualifications in administrative, information technology,
and engineering fields. The statistical package SPSS (version 25) was used to determine
the relationship between the two variables. The research (Artificial Intelligence
Applications and Strategic Decision-Making) concluded that AI applications, with
their various dimensions including artificial neural networks, expert systems, deep
learning, and intelligent agents, have a clear impact on decision-making as a whole,
encompassing decision relevance, decision acceptance, decision quality, and
manager engagement. The research recommended several measures, including the
necessity for managers to be familiar with AI, as this is crucial for understanding
its capabilities and challenges, enabling them to utilize this technology optimally.
It also recommended that decision-makers shift their role from simply supervising
computers and executing specific tasks to becoming interpreters of results, which
necessitates increased responsibility and the development of required skills

The present study aims to analyze the relationship between the impact of Digital
Transformation (DT) and Employees’ Innovative Work Behavior (IWB) by employing Knowledge
Sharing (KS) among a group of solar energy companies operating in Iraq. The study primarily focuses
on how Network Capability (NC) can be utilized to enhance knowledge within the community in
alignment with achieving the goals of digital transformation in clean energy projects. To collect
data, a quantitative method was used through (478) questionnaires to examine the role of digital
transformation in achieving a balance between network capability and employees’ innovative
work behavior. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and the bootstrapping method were applied
to test the study hypotheses. The results demonstrated that NC has a positive effect on IWB.
It was also confirmed that KS acts as a mediator in establishing the relationship between NC
and IWB. Furthermore, the findings highlight that digital transformation in energy companies
strengthens the relationship between solar energy companies operating in Iraq and end users.
The current research also contributes to improving the Iraqi community’s awareness of the
importance of digital transformation and innovative work behavior within energy companies

The research aims to test the impact and correlation of hybrid human
resource management (HRM) with its dimensions (technology and digital tools,
organizational environment and administrative structure, time management
and task distribution, training and development) on organizational sustainability
(economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability)
at the Iraqi Credit Bank in Baghdad Governorate. The field research problem was
represented in attempting to answer the following question: What is the level of
impact and correlation of hybrid human resource management on organizational
sustainability at the bank under study? The research adopted the descriptive
analytical method, as the research adopted two main hypotheses to explore the
relationship of correlation and impact between them. The research sample included
(91) employees, as the sample was selected from the research population consisting
of (120) employees. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool.
The researcher developed the questionnaire based on pre-existing scales, and the
results were analyzed using a range of statistical methods, including the arithmetic
mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Pearson correlation coefficient,
multiple linear regression, t-test, and F-test. The statistical software SPSS version
28 and Excel version 2010 were used for data entry. One of the most significant
findings was the existence of a correlation and influence between hybrid human
resource management (and its dimensions) and organizational sustainability (and
its dimensions).

This study examines “patterns of power exercise” from an institutional and
administrative perspective. It analyzes the foundations upon which power was
based and the mechanisms of its organization within the city. The study seeks to
clarify how power was exercised through governing institutions and to identify the
role of institutional structure and legal and administrative foundations in organizing
state affairs and managing its resources. The study employs a historical-analytical
approach, relying on cuneiform texts and relevant modern studies. The cities of
Mari, Ebla, and Ugarit serve as case studies due to their wealth of administrative and
legal archives, which are considered essential primary sources for understanding
the nature of power in ancient Syrian cities.
The research is structured around three main axes. The first axis addresses
the concept of power within the context of historical studies and the ancient Near
East. The second axis focuses on the institutional structure of power, examining
the royal palace, temples, and administrative apparatus. The third axis analyzes
the legal and administrative foundations upon which the exercise of power was
based, addressing administrative organization, legal documents, and mechanisms
for managing state affairs.
The research concluded that the exercise of power in the ancient Syrian cities
was not based on personal authority alone, but rather on an integrated institutional
and administrative system that played a role in organizing the relationship between
governing institutions and promoting political and administrative stability, indicating
an advanced level of institutional organization in those cities.

The research dealt with green marketing and its impact on the sustainable
tourism environment, as the research’s interest focuses on a segment of the
administrative levels at the Mansour Melia Hotel.
The problem of the study was to identify the role of green marketing and
its impact in achieving sustainable environmental development and what are the
most influential dimensions. The research sought to achieve a number of cognitive
goals based on two main hypotheses. The questionnaire was used to collect data
and information related to the research, as it was distributed to a sample of (50)
As a member of the department and division directors and heads of administrative
divisions at the Mansour Melia Hotel

This research aims to measure the impact of digital marketing mechanisms
represented by (e-mail, websites, search engine optimization, social media, and mobile
phones) on strengthening the relationship between the tourist and the tourism organization,
relying on the dimensions of digital marketing represented by (attraction, engagement,
retention, learning, and communication) as criteria for measuring the level of relationship
between the tourist and the tourism organization. The research was applied fieldwise in
first-class hotels in Baghdad city due to the importance of the tourism sector and the need
to keep pace with modern digital developments in tourism services. The research adopted
the descriptive analytical approach, and a questionnaire was designed to collect data from
a sample of tourists visiting these hotels, in addition to using a set of statistical methods to
analyze the data and test the research hypotheses.
The importance of the research lies in highlighting the role of digital marketing mechanisms
in building and strengthening the relationship between the tourist and the tourism organization, as
well as demonstrating the effectiveness of digital tools in supporting interaction and communication
with tourists within a competitive and continuously changing tourism environment.
The research reached several findings, the most important of which were the low
level of correlation and impact between digital marketing mechanisms and the relationship
between the tourist and the tourism organization, in addition to the weak internal
consistency among some items of the research variables. The results also revealed a weak
inverse correlation between the two variables, along with the limited impact of digital
marketing mechanisms on enhancing the relationship between the tourist and the tourism
organization within the research sample.
The research recommends the necessity of adopting advanced and updated
digital marketing mechanisms in tourism organizations and employing modern digital
communication tools in a way that contributes to improving the level of interaction and
communication with tourists. It also emphasizes the importance of developing digital
content and electronic services in line with tourists’ needs and expectations

The research aims to study perceived organizational support and its role
in overcoming resistance to organizational change through the optimal use of
modern technological systems in the hotel industry, which has become a sector that
interacts with all scientific developments in various industrial and service fields,
and the programmed and gradual development of the workforce in this field and its
management. This is done through building a theoretical framework in which the
nature of the relationship between variables is tested using appropriate statistical
methods using the SPSS program, through which the validity of the hypotheses is
verified.

This comprehensive study reveals the radical transformations in the Arab
digital landscape under the influence of the rise of influencers. The results highlight
significant variations in influencer performance, with daily engagement rates
ranging between 0.7% and 12.3%, with entertainment content clearly dominating
the fashion (42%) and cooking (38%) sectors, while educational content dominates
technology (45%) and human development (55%). At the country level, Saudi
Arabia and the UAE lead in engagement and growth rates, while female influencers
demonstrate superiority across most indicators, particularly in attracting positive
emotions (62%).

The research aimed to develop specific exercises to improve the speed of
passing and ball control in futsal, and to identify the effect of these exercises on
improving the speed of passing and ball control skills in futsal. The researcher used
the experimental method, which was appropriate for addressing the research
problem. The researcher conducted the study on a sample of (20) futsal players from
Al-Arabi Sports Club, who were purposefully selected from a total of (25) players,
representing (80%) of the original research population. The researcher chose two
tests: a (20) second bounced pass against a wall test and a (30) second ball control
test within a circle with a diameter of (2.5) meters.
The researcher used the SPSS statistical package (version 25). The researcher
concluded from her research that there were statistically significant differences in
the speed and accuracy of passing test for futsal players between the experimental
and control groups in the pre- and post-measurements, in favor of the experimental
group. There were also statistically significant differences in the control test for
futsal players between the experimental and control groups in the pre- and postmeasurements,
in favor of the experimental group. The specific exercises proved
effective in developing the speed and accuracy of passing skills and the control skill
among futsal players.

This research aimed to identify the strength of ego and the level of ambition among young
futsal and gymnastics players, and to identify differences in ego strength and ambition levels among
these two groups. The researcher adopted a descriptive comparative study approach, considering
it the best and easiest method for achieving the objectives set for addressing the research problem.
This approach is particularly suitable because descriptive research requires data collection to test
hypotheses or answer questions related to the current state of the study The researcher adopted
the Baron scale to measure ego strength and the Abu Amra scale to measure the level of ambition.
The researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to obtain the numerical
values for the research. The researcher concluded that the percentage of ego strength and the level
of ambition differed among futsal and gymnastics players in the youth category. Ego strength was
higher among futsal players than gymnastics players, and the level of ambition was higher among
futsal players than gymnastics players. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between ego
strength and the level of ambition for futsal players and gymnasts.

This research aims to determine the role of Generative Artificial Intelligence
(GenAI) in enhancing credit decision efficiency and its impact on credit portfolio
quality, applied to a sample of Iraqi private banks in Baghdad. The study adopted
a descriptive analytical approach. Data were collected using a Likert-scale
questionnaire distributed to 180 respondents from middle and senior management,
with 165 valid questionnaires retrieved (91.7% response rate). SPSS v26 and
SmartPLS v4 were used for statistical analysis.
The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between
GenAI dimensions and credit decision efficiency. Furthermore, GenAI had a
significant direct effect on credit portfolio quality. The findings also indicated that
credit decision efficiency partially mediates the relationship between GenAI an
d credit portfolio quality, with a mediation effect of 53.3%.
Additionally, the results revealed that “intelligent data analysis” was the most
developed dimension, while “credit decision automation” was the least developed.
The study recommends that Iraqi private banks adopt Generative AI
applications in credit and risk departments, invest in human resource development,
and enhance intelligent decision-support systems to improve credit portfolio
performance.

Theft, in general, is a serious crime that threatens the security and safety of
society as a whole, as it involves an attack on the property of others, which is forbidden
to anyone other than its owners. Therefore, ancient and modern legislations have
been concerned with punishing and holding accountable anyone who commits
such a crime. However, this crime may occur within the family, and specifically
between spouses. One spouse may steal the money of the other spouse under
various pretexts, such as disagreement, weak religious faith, the thieving spouse
suffering from a mental illness, or the purpose of revenge against the other party.
In this case, there are two interests, each of which takes precedence. The first is the
necessity of respecting the marriage contract to protect the family, and therefore
punishment is not more important than preserving the marital relationship, since
the basis between spouses is simplicity and lack of pretense. The second is the
interest of the victimized spouse, as exemption or reduction of punishment may
encourage some weak-willed spouses to seize the money in the possession of their
spouses by all available means and methods. In addition, theft between spouses
may put the marital bond at risk of ending, since the foundation for building and
continuing this bond lies in the mutual trust between the parties, and without it, it
becomes difficult for them to continue in it Therefore, it was necessary to highlight
the research topic: knowledge and its impact on the marital bond

AbstractAllocating land for agriculture is a significant problem for countries where there are limited resources, many crops vying for the same resources, and rapidly changing climates. This paper describes a unified model involving Goal Programming (GP) and Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) that can help in the optimization of agricultural land allocation to a number of different crops while recognizing that some of the objectives are incompatible (i.e., maximizing profit, minimizing cost and producing enough food). To accomplish this, the researcher has applied classical GP, in order to define “deterministic” agricultural targets, with FGP which allows for uncertainty in yield quantity, costs and profits to be considered through the use of fuzzy membership functions. Agricultural input-output data from 50 representative farms in Iraq were used in the analysis (the analysis includes the costs, yield expectations, and profit per hectare of all major crops: wheat, barley, rice, corn, and vegetable crops). Data were obtained from national agricultural census reports as well as local farm records. The FGP Model’s Results Show High Levels of Goal Satisfaction. Profit Achievement Weighting of 0.92 and Cost Achievement Weighting Of 0.85 Is Achieved While 100% of Essential Crop Area Is Satisfied. Through Scenario Analysis, Profit Prioritization Provides A 25% Increase To The Allocation Of Wheat, Whereas Cost Prioritization Creates A 12% Reduction In Expenditures Which Further Demonstrates The Flexibility of the Model. This Research Provides A Practical, Adaptable & Robust Decision Support System for Agricultural Planners In Iraq And Likewise Areas For The Allocation Of Land Under Uncertainty, With Multiple Trade-offs Between Objectives & Establishing Priorities Based On Policy.

Sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are considered long-term strategic financial instruments and have become a permanent and influential component of the global financial system. Their importance has grown as effective mechanisms for investing surplus revenues generated from natural resources, particularly oil and gas, by transforming those surpluses into productive investment assets, both domestically and internationally. This role is attributed to their contribution to diversifying the economic structure, optimizing resource utilization, ensuring intergenerational equity in wealth distribution, mitigating economic shocks, and promoting overall macroeconomic stability and sustainable development.In light of the rapid technological transformations brought about by the digital revolution, there is an urgent need to redirect the investments of these funds toward vital non-oil sectors—most notably, human resource management and the development of tourism services—due to their direct impact on enhancing economic competitiveness and diversifying income sources. Accordingly, this study aims to analyze the impact of sovereign wealth fund investments on improving the efficiency of human resource management and advancing the tourism sector in Iraq, within a modern digital environment, by drawing on successful international experiences and exploring the opportunities and challenges facing this approach in the Iraqi context.The study is based on the central hypothesis that sovereign wealth funds play a pivotal role in achieving sustainable development goals in Iraq by enhancing the efficiency of human resource management and developing tourism services in the context of digital transformation. The deductive method was employed to construct the theoretical framework, while the descriptive-analytical approach was used for the applied aspects of the research.The study reached several key findings, most notably:Sovereign wealth funds are influential financial tools in addressing economic imbalances, contributing to the recycling of surpluses between countries and enhancing global financial integration.The success of these funds in fulfilling their developmental roles depends on the efficiency of their governance, the clarity of their strategic objectives, and their ability to channel investments into forward-looking sectors such as education, digital transformation, smart tourism, and human capital development.

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AbstractThe growing complexity of environmental monitoring implies the need to have fast, precise and scalable analysis solutions. The past 10 years have seen a drastic transformation in the environment analysis scenery, with automated analyzing instruments (starting with portable spectroscopic sensors and moving to the full-integrated chromatographic systems) changing the face of such analysis. This critical review analyzes the new developments in implementing automated instrumentation to detect environmental changes starting with the use of such instruments in measuring water quality, air pollution and soil contamination. Combining robotics with microfluidics and artificial intelligence has resulted in massive increases in throughput, precision, and responsiveness on site. With these advances, issues of data standardization, system calibration and field robustness remain. This review presents the advantages and limitations of existing technologies and provides future directions of more resilient, autonomous and data-driven systems of environmental analysis.

Consider T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land a classic text of modernism. Spiritually vacant, full of innovation in its form. Its passionate intensity is sustained despite the desperate political turmoil and despair of those times. But this feeling of spiritual suspense also involves an existential fear. It is a yearning for the divine mixed with cold futility that can only look petty whenever human society comes into influence. World Wars I: even in a time of general modernity crisis. The book constructs a natural geography of mutual solitary desperation; figures taken from different attitudes on life which spread like anathema through human culture. With close textual analysis the study traces a group of prominent motifs (barrenness, sterility and deformed religious symbols) to map just how thoroughly distinct human and cultural life now feel. Eliot’s modernist poetics -- sonorous fragmentation, intersexuality, polytonality, and the mythical method -- achieve both a new aesthetic experiment and a patterned whole exact opposites of the disunity they present. And he will not hesitate to use these as a touchstone deciding whether it’s good or bad writing. We also try to clarify Eliot’s relationship between form and content: how the form of his innovations complements the deepening sense crisis in this study. It also points out that for Eliot these two are resolved neither as facts of life nor by pure positions on axioms. The study contends, The Waste Land is personal reflection and cultural commentary in a complex process of fusion, and this fusion is largely what defines the ways modernist poets express their sense of contemporary life. This could provide further nuance on Eliot’s aesthetic and philosophical project—a figure alongside Nabokov Close in Rand Picture of Ezra Pound that marks all of modernism.