Al-Fatih journal

This study aimed to identify psychological hardiness and its ‎relationship to future anxiety among a sample of fathers of ‎martyrs in Babylon. It also aimed to determine the level of ‎psychological hardiness within the study sample and the extent to ‎which psychological hardiness could be predicted based on the ‎fathers' scores and responses to future anxiety. The study sample ‎consisted of 30 fathers of martyrs from Babylon Governorate, ‎randomly selected from among all fathers of martyrs. The ages of ‎the sample ranged from 40 to 60 years. The researcher used the ‎Psychological Hardiness Scale and the Future Anxiety Scale. The ‎results showed a negative correlation between psychological ‎hardiness and future anxiety, as well as a high level of ‎psychological hardiness among the study sample. Furthermore, the ‎results indicated that psychological hardiness could be predicted ‎based on the fathers' scores on the future anxiety scale‏.‏

The current research aims to investigate the effect of a counseling ‎program based on the technique of cognitive restructuring in ‎reducing delusional thinking among secondary school female ‎students. The study tested three null hypotheses:‎
‎1.‎ There are no statistically significant differences at the level ‎of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental group's scores on ‎the Delusional Thinking Scale in the pre-test and post-test.‎
‎2.‎ There are no statistically significant differences at the level ‎of (0.05) between the ranks of the control group's scores on the ‎same scale in the pre-test and post-test.‎
‎3.‎ There are no statistically significant differences at the level ‎of (0.05) between the ranks of the experimental and control ‎groups on the Delusional Thinking Scale in the post-test.‎
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher constructed ‎a Delusional Thinking Scale consisting of 25 items, each rated on ‎a four-point Likert scale (Always, Sometimes, Rarely, Never). ‎The experimental method was adopted to validate the study's ‎hypotheses. The sample consisted of 20 female students who ‎scored highest on the Delusional Thinking Scale, selected from ‎schools affiliated with the Diyala Directorate of Education.‎
These participants were randomly divided into two equal groups: ‎the experimental group (10 students) who received the counseling ‎program, and the control group (10 students) who did not receive ‎any intervention.‎
The researcher employed the cognitive restructuring approach in ‎designing the counseling program, which consisted of 12 sessions. ‎The program was reviewed and validated by a panel of experts in ‎the field. For data analysis, several statistical methods were used, ‎including Pearson's correlation coefficient, the Kolmogorov–‎Smirnov test, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.‎
The findings indicated that there were no statistically significant ‎differences at the 0.05 level between the ranks of the ‎experimental and control groups in the post-test. Based on the ‎results, the researcher concluded a set of implications, ‎recommendations, and suggestions for future research.‎

The present study aims to identify the effect of using the ‎SCAMPER strategy on developing associative thinking among ‎second intermediate grade female students in mathematics, by ‎comparing their performance with that of students taught using the ‎traditional method.‎
The null hypothesis was formulated as follows:‎
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of ‎significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental ‎group students taught using the SCAMPER strategy and the mean ‎scores of the control group students taught using the traditional ‎method on the associative thinking test.‎
The research sample consisted of (60) female students from the ‎second intermediate grade, who were distributed into two groups: ‎an experimental group and a control group.‎
A test was constructed to measure associative thinking, including ‎items designed to assess the students’ ability to:‎
‎•‎ Link concepts ‎
‎•‎ Analyze mathematical relationships ‎
‎•‎ Apply knowledge in new situations ‎
The validity and reliability of the test were calculated.‎
The results showed a statistically significant difference in favor of ‎the experimental group, indicating that the use of the SCAMPER ‎strategy had a positive effect on developing associative thinking ‎among the students.‎
Consequently, the researcher concluded with a set of ‎recommendations and suggestions.‎

The beginning of the research addressed the diversity of ‎modern teaching methods, including cooperative learning, which ‎is distinguished by granting freedom of action and opportunities ‎for leadership, creativity, and innovation through the active ‎participation of the student. The diversity of modern teaching ‎methods contributes to achieving educational and instructional ‎goals that help improve the student’s personality and highlight ‎their positive role. This type of learning is achieved through the ‎application of scientific and precise methods employed by ‎teachers, thereby enhancing learners’ motivation.‎
The aim of the research is to identify the effect of ‎cooperative learning on the skill of dribbling in handball among ‎students of Noor Al-Haq Intermediate School. The research ‎hypothesis assumed that there are statistically significant ‎differences between the pre-test and post-test for the two research ‎groups in the dribbling skill in handball, in favor of the post-test.‎
The research population was intentionally selected from ‎second intermediate grade students in the Diyala Directorate of ‎Education for the academic year 2025–2026, totaling 184 ‎students distributed across three classes. The research sample was ‎also chosen intentionally from second intermediate students. The ‎research tools included Arabic and foreign sources, personal ‎interviews, and a questionnaire form for the research test.‎
The dribbling skill in handball holds a prominent position ‎among sports activities, especially as it is considered one of the ‎fundamental lessons included in the curricula of the Ministry of ‎Education. The research problem lies in the researcher’s ‎observation of a (weakness) in students’ performance in the ‎dribbling skill in handball. Therefore, the researcher decided to ‎use one of the teaching methods—cooperative learning—to ‎develop the dribbling skill and to identify the extent of ‎improvement in performance among students of Noor Al-Haq ‎Intermediate School. ‎

The present study aims to identify the effect of the IDEAL ‎model on students’ achievement in geography and the ‎development of their scientific thinking among fifth-grade literary ‎stream students. To achieve this aim, the researcher formulated ‎the following null hypotheses:‎
‎-‎ There are no statistically significant differences at the ‎significance level of 0.05 between the mean scores of the ‎experimental group students, who study natural geography ‎using the IDEAL model, and those of the control group ‎students, who study the same subject using the traditional ‎method.‎
‎-‎ There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 ‎significance level between the mean scores of the experimental ‎group (taught physical geography using the IDEAL model) and ‎the control group (taught using the traditional method), in the ‎post-test of scientific thinking.‎
The researcher employed a quasi-experimental design with ‎partial control, involving two groups (experimental and control) ‎with a post-test. The sample was purposively selected from fifth-‎grade literary stream students at Al-Hakam Ahmed Secondary ‎School, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education / ‎Baghdad Al-Rusafa First, during the academic year (2022–2023). ‎The study sample consisted of 73 students, distributed into an ‎experimental group (36 students) and a control group (37 ‎students). Equivalence between the two groups was established ‎across several variables, including prior knowledge, intelligence, ‎parents’ educational attainment, students’ chronological age (in ‎months), and previous year geography scores.‎
For data analysis, the researcher used the t-test for two ‎independent samples. The results indicated statistically significant ‎differences at the (0.05) level in favor of the experimental group. ‎This group, which studied natural geography using the IDEAL ‎model, outperformed the control group, which was taught using ‎the traditional method, in both ‎
achievement and the development of scientific thinking.‎‏ ‏

This research aims to identify the level of implementation of ‎visual-cognitive organization strategies among physics teachers in ‎the preparatory stage and their relationship to emotional ‎intelligence. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational ‎approach as the most suitable methodology for the nature of the ‎research. The research population consisted of physics teachers in ‎the preparatory stage in Babylon Governorate. The research ‎sample consisted of (100) teachers, (50) boys and (50) girls. The ‎researcher developed two instruments: the first was a scale for ‎visual-cognitive organizing strategies, and the second was an ‎emotional intelligence scale. The validity and reliability of both ‎instruments were verified. The research results showed that ‎physics teachers possess a good level of employing visual-‎cognitive organizing strategies and also have a good level of ‎emotional intelligence. Furthermore, a strong correlation was ‎found between the two variables. The results also revealed ‎statistically significant differences based on gender in some of the ‎research variables‏.‏

The current research aims to identify the effect of the mediation ‎and bridging strategy on acquiring grammatical concepts and ‎developing scientific thinking among fifth-grade science students. ‎To achieve this, the researcher selected a sample of (65) fifth-‎grade science students at Al-Hawra Secondary School for Girls ‎affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate, with (33) ‎students for the experimental group and (32) students for the ‎control group. The researcher studied the experimental group ‎using the mediation and bridging strategy and the control group ‎using the traditional method. The researcher rewarded the ‎students of the two research groups in the variables of ‎chronological age calculated in months and the academic ‎achievement of parents, intelligence test, grammatical concepts ‎acquisition test and scientific thinking test. The researcher ‎controlled the extraneous variables that may affect this type of ‎experimental designs. After the researcher identified the scientific ‎material that included topics from the Arabic language book ‎scheduled to be taught to second-grade intermediate students for ‎the academic year (2024-2025), the researcher formulated the ‎behavioral objectives. The final number of the study's teaching ‎plans for the subjects was (81) behavioral objectives. The ‎researcher prepared model teaching plans for each of the subjects ‎selected for the experiment. In order to measure the acquisition of ‎grammatical concepts and scientific thinking among the students ‎in the two research groups, the researcher prepared two tests: the ‎first was a test for acquiring grammatical concepts and scientific ‎thinking. After applying the research tool and statistically ‎analyzing the results obtained by the researcher, the researcher ‎concluded that teaching requires adopting a mediation and ‎bridging strategy to acquire grammatical concepts and scientific ‎thinking, which is better for fifth-grade science students compared ‎to the traditional method. She recommended adopting a mediation ‎and bridging strategy in teaching the remaining curriculum items ‎to fifth-grade science students. The researcher proposed studies ‎similar to the current study in the remaining branches of the ‎Arabic language.‎

This study aimed to identify the relationship between the ‎leadership personality of physical education teachers and the ‎performance of some basic football skills (passing, dribbling, ‎scoring) among students of the College of Physical Education and ‎Sports Science. The researcher used the descriptive-correlational ‎approach due to its appropriateness for the nature of the research ‎problem. Research Population and Sample: The original research ‎population consisted of (419) second-stage students. (19) students ‎were excluded (9 students due to absences and injuries, and 10 ‎students for the pilot study), leaving a net population of (400) ‎students. The sample was chosen using the simple random ‎sampling method, representing (25%) of the net population, with ‎a total size of (100) students. The draw was conducted using the ‎‎(manual lottery) method to ensure an honest and equal ‎representation of the population. Research Tools and Statistical ‎Methods: A 23-item leadership personality scale and three ‎standardized skill tests were utilized. To verify the scientific ‎bases, the (Cronbach's Alpha) coefficient was calculated for the ‎internal consistency of the scale, yielding (0.87), while the ‎‎(structural correlation) coefficient was calculated for the skill ‎tests, ranging between (0.71 - 0.83). Statistical processing was ‎conducted via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ‎‎(SPSS) using: arithmetic means, standard deviations, and Pearson ‎correlation coefficient with degrees of freedom (df = 98). Main ‎Results: The results showed that teachers possess a high level of ‎leadership personality, with an arithmetic mean of (86.42). ‎Furthermore, the findings proved the existence of a strong ‎positive correlation with passing skill (r = 0.74), a moderate ‎positive correlation with scoring skill (r = 0.59), and a strong ‎numerical negative correlation with dribbling skill time (r = -‎‎0.68), reflecting a kinematic increase in speed. These results ‎confirm that the teacher's leadership traits are fundamental pillars ‎in improving motor performance outcomes and reducing students' ‎performance time.Main Recommendations: The researcher ‎recommended the necessity of urging teachers to activate positive ‎leadership styles, utilizing field guidance and encouragement to ‎enhance students' motivation and skill achievement, and investing ‎this specifically in developing scoring skill.‎

The aim of the research was to use aerobic exercises to develop ‎some types of arm muscle strength and the accuracy of performing passing ‎and shooting skills in basketball. The research also sought to identify the ‎impact of aerobic exercises on developing some types of arm muscle ‎strength and the accuracy of performing passing and shooting skills in ‎basketball. The hypothesis of the research is that there are statistically ‎significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the ‎post-tests. The researcher used the experimental method, as it is the most ‎suitable for addressing the research problem. The researcher employed a ‎two-group experimental design with pre-test and post-test, and the ‎research population consisted of first-year students at the College of ‎Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Al-Rafidain for ‎the academic year 2025/2026, evening study, distributed among sections, ‎with a total of 217 students. The research sample was selected randomly ‎through a lottery, and students from sections (A) and (B) were chosen to ‎represent the experimental and control groups. After excluding failing and ‎deferred students, and selecting (10) students from each section as the ‎exploratory group), the final sample consisted of 30 students from each ‎group, resulting in a total sample size of 60 students. The researcher used ‎the SPSS statistical package to extract and process the results.‎
Findings:‎
‎1.‎ The structured aerobic exercises proved to be highly effective in ‎developing arm muscle strength (power and endurance) in the ‎experimental group compared to the traditional method. ‎
‎2.‎ There is a positive correlation between improved aerobic efficiency ‎and the development of accuracy in skill performance (passing and ‎shooting), which confirms that a solid physical base provides ‎stability in executing precise skills. ‎
Recommendations:‎
‎1.‎ The training method based on aerobic exercises should be adopted ‎in basketball training programs, particularly during general and ‎specific preparation phases to develop strength and accuracy. ‎
‎2.‎ It is recommended to integrate muscle strength development ‎exercises with passing and shooting skillsss under conditions ‎similar to those in actual games to ensure the transfer of the training ‎effect from the physical aspect to the skill aspect. ‎

This paper aims to identify the level of self-control and the level ‎of proactive personality among secondary school students. It also ‎seeks to determine the strength and direction of the correlational ‎relationship between self-control and proactive personality, as ‎well as to examine the significance of differences in this ‎relationship according to the gender variable (male–female).‎
The study was conducted on a sample of 200 male and female ‎students from the fifth preparatory grade, representing eight ‎secondary schools for boys and girls in the center of Baqubah ‎city. The study employed the self-control scale developed by Roy ‎‎(Baumeister et al‏ ‏‎200‎‏7‏‎), which was translated into Arabic by ‎Abboud and Al-Khatib (2020), and the Proactive Personality ‎Scale developed by‏) ‏Belwalkar, ‎‏2016‏‎), translated into Arabic by‏) ‏Zaki‏ ,‏‎2022).‎
‎ The results revealed that the participants demonstrated a good ‎level of self-control and a good level of proactive personality. ‎The findings also indicated a positive correlational relationship ‎between self-control and proactive personality among secondary ‎school students. Furthermore, no statistically significant ‎differences were found in the correlational relationship between ‎self-control and Proactive personality based on gender (male–‎female).‎

This study aims to identify the level of moral sensitivity among ‎female secondary school students. The research population ‎consisted of 6,607 female secondary school students in the Al-‎Muqdadiyah district of Diyala Governorate during the 2025-2026 ‎academic year. The research sample comprised 400 female ‎secondary school students from Al-Muqdadiyah. To achieve the ‎research objectives, the researchers developed a psychological ‎scale consisting of 28 items, based on Narvis's theory (2001). The ‎research data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. ‎The results showed that most students possessed a moderate to low ‎level of moral sensitivity. Therefore, the researchers recommended ‎the inclusion of guidance programs in schools aimed at developing ‎moral sensitivity by training students in self-acceptance, emotional ‎release, responsibility, strengthening social support, and fostering ‎positive thinking. The researchers also suggested conducting future ‎studies with larger samples and using multiple assessment tools to ‎generalize the results and promote the psychological well-being of ‎female students.‎

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of constructing an ‎educational program based on cognitive theory strategies in ‎improving Arabic language achievement among preparatory ‎school students. The researcher followed the procedures of the ‎experimental method and adopted a quasi-experimental design, ‎specifically an experimental group and a control group with a ‎post-test. The research population consisted of fifth-grade science ‎students in preparatory schools for boys affiliated with the ‎General Directorate of Education in Diyala, Baquba Center, with ‎‎(34) students in the experimental group and (34) students in the ‎control group. The researchers studied the experimental group ‎using the educational program based on cognitive theory ‎strategies, and the control group using the standard method. The ‎researcher matched the two groups in the variables of ‎chronological age and the educational attainment of the parents, ‎and other variables. The two researchers studied (8) topics from ‎the Arabic language book prescribed for teaching the fifth grade ‎science students for a full semester of the academic year (2025-‎‎2026 AD). The two researchers formulated (118) behavioral ‎objectives, and prepared model plans for each topic. They also ‎prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) items, of which ‎‎(30) were objective items, and (10) were essay items. The ‎instrument was applied to a pilot sample to verify the time taken ‎to answer, and the extent of the clarity of the items. It was also ‎applied to a second pilot sample to verify the psychometric ‎properties. The difficulty index, discrimination power, and ‎incorrect alternatives for the items were extracted. After applying ‎the instrument to the two research groups, a statistically significant ‎difference was found at the significance level of (0.05) between ‎the mean scores of the two groups in the post-achievement test, in ‎favor of the experimental group. In light of the research results, ‎the researchers concluded that the use of the educational program ‎according to the cognitive theory strategies for the students of the ‎experimental group increased the students’ ability to carry out ‎assignments and activities easily and in the shortest possible time, ‎and raised their ability to think in a distinctive way, while this was ‎difficult for the students of the control group who studied ‎according to the standard method. The researchers recommended ‎the necessity of applying the teaching strategies that fall under ‎cognitive theory and its skills to teach the topics of Arabic ‎grammar. To further their research, the two researchers proposed ‎designing an educational program based on cognitive theory ‎strategies, incorporating other variables such as divergent ‎thinking, habits of mind, critical thinking, and others.‎

This study aims to develop an attitudinal scale to measure ‎moral disengagement among middle school female students, ‎based on the social cognitive learning theory proposed by ‎Albert Bandura, which conceptualizes moral disengagement ‎as a set of cognitive mechanisms that deactivate an ‎individual’s moral self-regulation.To achieve the research ‎objective, the two researchers constructed a psychological ‎scale based on real-life situations reflecting the mechanisms ‎of moral disengagement identified by Bandura, including: ‎moral justification, displacement of responsibility, distortion ‎of consequences, and victim blaming. The scale consisted of ‎‎(24) situations representing realistic scenarios encountered ‎by students in school and social environments.The scale was ‎administered to a sample of (400) middle school female ‎students in Al-Muqdadiyah District. Appropriate statistical ‎methods were employed to verify the psychometric ‎properties of the scale, such as validity and reliability, ‎ensuring its suitability for measurement.The results indicated ‎that the scale possesses good psychometric properties. ‎Descriptive findings also revealed varying levels of moral ‎disengagement among the sample, with a noticeable ‎tendency among some students to justify unethical behaviors ‎without experiencing guilt or a sense of responsibility.Based ‎on these findings, the researchers recommended the ‎implementation of counseling programs within the school ‎environment aimed at enhancing moral thinking and ‎reducing levels of moral disengagement. This can be ‎achieved through developing cognitive restructuring skills, ‎strengthening self-regulation, and fostering a sense of moral ‎responsibility. The study also suggested conducting future ‎research on larger samples and using multiple measurement ‎tools to improve the accuracy and generalizability of the ‎results.‎

The research aims to evaluate the ministerial examination ‎questions for the Arabic Language‏ ‏in the sixth grade of primary ‎school in the light of good test construction standards. The ‎research sample included the ministerial grammar questions for ‎this subject for the years (2021–2025) for both examination ‎rounds. The researcher employed the content analysis method and ‎designed the research instrument represented by a questionnaire of ‎good test construction standards.‎
Accordingly, the questionnaire was prepared by the researcher. ‎The instrument was presented to a panel of experts, and after ‎calculating the coefficient of agreement, it became ready for ‎application. Its reliability was also verified. The final tool ‎included objectivity, comprehensiveness, discriminability, ‎percentage of alignment with textbook content and validity. The ‎reliability of the analysis was confirmed by the researcher after 21 ‎days and comparing the results. The findings showed that the ‎exam questions from 2021 -2025 were objective and ‎comprehensive. After statistically processing the data, the ‎researcher reached several conclusions and recommended the ‎necessity of adhering to good test construction standards when ‎preparing ministerial examination questions. Finally, the ‎researcher also suggested conducting a similar study on the ‎ministerial examination questions for the third intermediate grade ‎and the sixth preparatory grade‏.‏

‏ ‏Given the widespread use of digital sports media via social ‎networking sites among students, a need has emerged to examine ‎the extent to which these media shape their sports culture; indeed, ‎the increased exposure of students to digital sports content is not ‎accompanied by sufficient clarity regarding the nature of this ‎impact or the extent to which it fosters sports-related knowledg, ‎values, and positive behaviors.‎
This research aims at identifying the role of digital sports ‎media on social networks in shaping sports culture among ‎preparatory school students in Baquba District. It also seeks to ‎determine the level of student use of these media, the nature of the ‎sports content they are exposed to, and the extent to which these ‎media contribute to strengthening their sports values and ‎behaviors. The research is based on the following main ‎hypothesis: Digital sports media on social networks are ‎statistically significant in shaping sports culture among ‎preparatory school students in Baquba District‏.‏
The research community consisted of all preparatory school ‎students in Baquba district. The research sample comprised 200 ‎students selected randomly from the fourth, fifth, and sixth grades. ‎The researcher builds a questionnaire as a primary data collection ‎tool. The questionnaire includes sections related to the use of ‎digital sports media, the nature of sports content, and the students' ‎level of sports culture. Statistical methods included: the arithmetic ‎mean, standard deviation, percentage, t-test, Pearson correlation ‎coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and simple linear ‎regression analysis using SPSS software‏.‏
The results show that students possess a high level of digital ‎sports media usage, with Facebook being the most frequently used ‎platform. Sports news content was also found to be the most ‎followed compared to educational and health-related content. The ‎results confirmed a good level of sports culture among the ‎students, with a significant impact of digital sports media on ‎shaping this literacy, explaining 46% of the variation in the level ‎of sports culture. The research concluded that digital sports media ‎effectively contributes to enhancing sports culture among students, ‎particularly in terms of values and knowledge, while ‎acknowledging the need to develop educational and health-‎related content‏.‏
The research recommends strengthening educational sports ‎content on social media networks, activating the role of ‎educational institutions in guiding students' use of digital media. ‎That leads to reducing manifestations of sports fanaticism and ‎enhancing partnerships between media and educational ‎institutions‏.‏
The researcher also suggests conducting comparative studies ‎between digital and traditional sports media, examining the ‎impact of digital media on negative sports behavior, and studying ‎the role of families and schools in guiding students' media use‏.‏

This research aims at identifying the impact of the Lewis and ‎Berry and Schmeick models on Arabic grammar achievement and ‎linguistic intelligence among fifth-grade science students. The ‎researcher prepared an achievement test for Arabic grammar and ‎a linguistic intelligence test for fifth-grade science students. The ‎research population consisted of fifth-grade science students ‎affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon. ‎The research sample consisted of (93) fifth-grade science students ‎distributed to three groups. The first, experimental group, is ‎studied according to the Lewis and Berry model, numbered (31) ‎students. The second experimental group, which studied ‎according to the Schmeick model, also numbered (31) students. ‎While the control group, which studied according to the ‎traditional method, also numbered (31) students. The researcher ‎used several statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean and ‎one-way ANOVA. The results showed the superiority of the ‎students in the first experimental group, which studied according ‎to the Lewis and Berry model. The students of the second ‎experimental group who studied according to the (Shamk) model ‎and the control group who studied in the usual way‏.‏

The present study aimed to identify the level of cognitive ‎emotions among university students and to examine the ‎significance of differences according to the variables of gender ‎‎(male‎‏-‏female) and specialization (scientific‏-‏humanities). The ‎descriptive approach was adopted, and the research sample ‎consisted of (400) male and female students from University of ‎Diyala during the academic year (2024‎‏-‏‎2025), selected using the ‎stratified random sampling method.‎
To achieve the objectives of the study, a Cognitive Emotions ‎Scale was developed based on the model of Muis et al.. The scale ‎consisted of (21) items distributed across seven domains: ‎curiosity, surprise, confusion, frustration, enjoyment, anxiety, and ‎boredom. The psychometric properties of the constructed scale ‎were verified in terms of validity and reliability, and the findings ‎demonstrated that the scale possessed acceptable levels of validity ‎and reliability.‎
The results of the study revealed that university students ‎demonstrated a high level of cognitive emotions. The findings also ‎indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in ‎cognitive emotions according to gender or academic ‎specialization. This was interpreted as a result of students ‎experiencing similar educational and social conditions that exert ‎comparable influences on their cognitive emotions.‎
In light of the findings, the study recommended that educational ‎institutions pay greater attention to students’ emotional and ‎psychological well-being and work toward creating a supportive ‎educational environment that enhances positive cognitive ‎emotions and reduces negative ones, given their significant impact ‎on academic achievement and learning‏.‏

Social belonging is considered one of the widely prevalent ‎concepts in the field of social psychology. This concept has ‎received considerable attention, as it has been emphasized within ‎the content of many theories, including instinct theory, ‎psychoanalytic theory, and the social behavior theory of the ‎individual. Social belonging is clearly manifested in various ‎human activities, situations, and social relationships, as it is ‎regarded as one of the important variables in shaping the human ‎personality due to its functions and direct impact on the behavior ‎of individuals and groups.The current research aims to identify the ‎level of social belonging among preparatory school students. The ‎researcher adopted the descriptive approach to achieve the ‎objective of the study. The researcher also adopted the scale of ‎‎(Al-Tamimi, 1996), which was applied to a sample of (100) male ‎and female students from preparatory schools affiliated with the ‎Directorate of Education in Wasit Governorate. The study ‎concluded that the research sample has a good level of social ‎belonging. The researcher also presented a number of ‎recommendations and suggestions.‎

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The present study aims to identify the level of academic self-‎regulation and academic resilience among secondary school ‎students, as well as to examine the nature of the correlational ‎relationship between them. To achieve the objectives of the study, ‎the researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach. ‎The study sample consisted of (400) male and female secondary ‎school students from secondary schools in Al-Muqdadiya District, ‎Diyala Governorate, during the 2025–2026 academic year. The ‎researcher developed two instruments: the first to measure ‎academic self-regulation and the second to measure academic ‎resilience. The psychometric properties of both instruments were ‎examined in terms of validity and reliability, and the results ‎indicated that they possessed acceptable levels of validity and ‎reliability, making them suitable for application. After ‎administering the two instruments and analyzing the data ‎statistically using the one-sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation ‎coefficient, the findings indicated that secondary school students ‎possessed a satisfactory level of academic self-regulation and a ‎high degree of academic resilience. The results also revealed a ‎positive and statistically significant correlation between academic ‎self-regulation and academic resilience, indicating that higher ‎levels of academic self-regulation among students are associated ‎with higher levels of academic resilience. In light of the study ‎findings, the researcher proposed a number of recommendations ‎and suggestions for future research. Based on the findings of the ‎study, the researcher drew a number of conclusions and presented ‎several recommendations and suggestions that emphasize the ‎importance of developing academic self-regulation skills and ‎enhancing academic resilience among secondary school students, ‎given their significant role in improving academic adjustment and ‎enabling students to cope effectively with various academic ‎challenges.‎

The researcher explored the challenges faced by English language ‎learners in essay writing. The study began with a theoretical ‎overview of essential writing skills, addressing fundamental ‎aspects of essay composition. It then moved to a practical ‎examination, analyzing the process and results of a test ‎administered to third-grade English language learners at the ‎College of Basic Education, University of Babylon. The research ‎aimed to achieve two primary objectives: first, to identify the ‎difficulties learners encounter while learning essay writing, and ‎second, to provide clarity on effective methods for teaching essay ‎writing in English. A total of 100 third-grade EFL students from ‎the English Department participated in the test, where they were ‎tasked with answering a series of questions.‎