magazine aldhakwat albedh

The pre-Islamic poet’s profound integration with both the static and dynamic elements of his environment, as well as his contemplation of its manifestations, is hardly surprising. He lived in complete harmony with nature, fully immersed in its daily details without urban barriers or civilizational walls separating him from its vast expanse. Despite the harshness, ruggedness, and scarcity of the desert environment, it constituted the existential sphere and the sole source sustaining his life. Pre-Islamic nature was an environment lacking stable resources; consequently, the dialectical relationship between the human and nature was vividly reflected in the corpus of pre-Islamic poetry, rendering it an almost comprehensive geographical document. Poets of the tribe of Dhubyan, in particular, devoted considerable attention to depicting the desert, its diverse terrains, and animal life in all its forms, including birds, wild beasts, and horses. They also delved into the depths of the night and its anxieties, thereby representing nature in all its manifestations.

Qaratapa District is one of the administrative units affiliated with Diyala Governorate currently, and previously to Kirkuk Governorate, and its population is Arabs, Turkmen and Kurds within Diyala Governorate. It consists of (48) districts, as it is located in the northeast of Diyala Governorate, north of Baquba , the center of the governorate.
The agricultural sector in the Qaratapa district faces a number of problems and obstacles that led to weakness and decline in productivity and a decrease in the areas of agricultural land, as the weakness of human resources in the study area, and the weakness of the productive components of agriculture were among the causes of the scarcity of surface water, rainwater, and even groundwater, as well as the lack Fertilizers and their high prices all led to a decrease in productivity in the study area.
High soil salinity and diseases facing crops are all obstacles that weaken productivity and fragility of the economy.
As for the solutions that must be applied in order to raise agricultural production, they are developing human resources, introducing modern machinery for agricultural work, establishing agricultural training centers and institutes, and securing agricultural financial loans with low interest and for a long-term term.
The state must pay attention, through the Ministry of Agriculture, to providing agricultural services to farmers and activating the role of agricultural associations and cooperatives in order to reduce the burdens on farmers, implement land reclamation projects in order to increase agricultural contributions, and finally secure transportation methods and new markets for distributing production.

Bukhara was one of the most prominent centers of learning in the Islamic world until the 7th century AH (13th century CE). After the Islamic conquest, it transformed into a vibrant center of intellectual, cultural, and religious life. Its location on the Silk Road contributed to its economic prosperity and attracted scholars and students.
Its zenith was reached during the Samanid era in the 3rd and 4th centuries AH (10th and 11th centuries CE), when it became the capital of the state and received political and cultural support. This support facilitated the construction of mosques, the expansion of scholarly circles, and the establishment of libraries, making it a significant center of learning in Transoxiana.
The Great Mosque was the hub of scholarly activity, hosting classes on Hadith, Hanafi jurisprudence, and Arabic language. Later, more organized educational institutions emerged, and libraries and the copying of books played a vital role in disseminating knowledge.
Religious sciences such as jurisprudence and Hadith flourished, alongside linguistic sciences. Intellectual sciences such as medicine, philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy also witnessed remarkable growth. The city is associated with great scholars such as Imam al-Bukhari and Ibn Sina (Avicenna). Scientific activity continued until the fifth and sixth centuries AH, but it declined due to political turmoil, and then it received a severe blow with the Mongol invasion in 616 AH/1220 AD, which led to the destruction of the city, the dispersal of its scholars, and the decline of its scientific role.

This research aims to highlight procedural error as a basis for civil liability arising from a breach of the principle of procedural integrity, a fundamental principle guaranteeing the fairness and effectiveness of judicial proceedings. The research is divided into two main sections: the first section examines the concept of procedural error by reviewing various legislative and jurisprudential definitions and outlining its legislative and philosophical roots. Within this framework, the ethical and legal basis of the concept of error is emphasized as a fundamental pillar of civil liability. The second section was dedicated to studying the forms of procedural error that give rise to civil liability for breaching the principle of procedural integrity. It addressed the degree of severity of procedural error that warrants the liability of those performing judicial duties and their representatives, given their legal status which necessitates a certain degree of judicial immunity. This immunity exempts them from minor errors due to the nature of their procedural work. The comparative analysis demonstrated the need to grant a similar degree of immunity to litigants and their procedural representatives, thus providing them with limited civil liability for damages incurred by the opposing party. This is because the right to resort to the courts is a right of redress, and its exercise can result in harm to others. This immunity is necessary to guarantee the right to litigation and ensure the proper functioning of the judicial system. In conclusion, the research emphasized the need to strengthen the concept of error as a basis for civil liability in all legal systems, considering it a fundamental element of civil liability, and advocating for its clearer codification within contemporary procedural legislation.

Abstract
This article critically examines the historical literature dealing with the conflict between Regent Abd al-Ilah and Nuri al-Said during the seventh and eighth cabinets of the Second World War period. It aims to evaluate the methodologies of historians and eyewitnesses who addressed this era and to identify the analytical gaps in their works. The article concludes that most historical literature either confined itself to description without analysis, or adopted a one-sided interpretation — whether internal or external — overlooking the dual nature of the conflict, which combined rivalry over influence with mutual dependency between the two parties. The article also demonstrates that the crisis over the post of Deputy Prime Minister in the eighth cabinet was not merely a constitutional issue, but a political instrument deliberately employed by the Regent to curtail Nuri al-Said›s influence — a dimension that has not received the independent and in-depth study it deserves.