Journal of Alsalam University

Abstract
The investigation and dissemination of heritage is a religious duty and an urgent necessity. It is a duty because it helps us preserve the heritage left to us by our ancestors, enabling us to spread its treasures of knowledge and sciences in various fields. This aims to restore an accurate image of the nation\\'s precious and timeless heritage, allowing researchers and scholars to explore its religious, historical, linguistic, philosophical, and other heritages, and to learn about the history of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him), our pride and role model.
And the deeds and impacts that scholars have accomplished, and let us look at the heritage of the Arabs and their human civilization in a broader and more precise way of looking at, interpreting and analyzing. Perhaps the most important thing in our heritage is that which relates to the immortal prophetic heritage, and at the forefront of it is what was written about the good joy of seeing the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) his Lord with his own eyes on the night of the Isra and Mi’raj. Our righteous predecessors (may allah Almighty have mercy on them) wrote many sciences that are among the innovations of Islamic thought, in the service of Islam and its people. Among these books is the book (Good Joy in Seeing the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, with his own eyes on the Night of the Night Journey and Mi’raj), by Sayyid Shihab al-Din Ahmad bin Muhammad al-Hasani al-Hamawi (d. 1098 AH/1687 AD), so we were honored by its fulfillment of the dignity and status of our greatest Messenger Muhammad (may allah prayers and peace be upon him).

Abstract
This study examines the profound impact of the European Enlightenment movement in the 18 th and 19 th centuries on the course of reform in the Ottoman Empire. It seeks to analyse how Ottoman sultan Salim III an senior statesmen responded to these major intellectual and political transformations. The study is based on primary historical sources and contemporary academic studies, and it adopts an analytical historical approach to reading the stages of reform and evaluating its results.
The European Enlightenment movement, which reached its peak in the 18th century, constituted a highly influential civilizational turning point, reshaping the relationship between power, knowledge and society. The repercussions of this movement extended to governing institutions throughout the world, most notably the Ottoman Empire, which was suffering at that time from signs of escalating military and administrative decline.
The central question of this research is how Osman Sultan Salim interacted with the ideas of the European Enlightenment. Were their reform efforts a genuine expression of intellectual convention, or were they a pragmatic response to the necessities of preserving the state in the face of external pressures?
To address these questions, the study is divided into two sections. The first section examines the conceptual framework and key ideas of the Enlightenment, while the second analyses the impact of the Enlightenment movement on the reforms introduced during the reign of Sultan Selim III.

Research Summary
This research addresses the most important religious issue of all, which is the issue of creed. Since Sheikh Mahmoud Abu Daqiqah was one of the most important figures who spoke about the issue of creed in his time, the research focused on Sheikh Abu Daqiqah\'s methodology in establishing creedal issues and explaining the evidence he relied upon. His methodology was to try to reconcile the different Islamic schools of thought and establish the soundest position among them. He presents the views of the Mu\'tazilah, Ash\'arites, Maturidites, Karramites, Jahmites, and philosophers, and compares them. Sheikh Mahmoud Abu Daqiqah\'s methodology in establishing faith was based on establishing the statements transmitted from the schools of thought. He followed the method of combining rational and transmitted evidence.

Abstract
This research seeks to provide a comprehensive analytical and critical study of the literary project of the late Egyptian author Ahmed Khaled Tawfik. It aims to elucidate the features of his pioneering role in \"genre fiction\" and monitor the narrative transition from young adult novels to philosophical and dystopian fiction, while highlighting his impact on shaping the cognitive and cultural consciousness of an entire generation of Arab readers. To achieve these objectives, the study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to deconstruct the texts and explore their stylistic characteristics. Additionally, it utilizes a sociological approach to analyze the dimensions of the phenomenon and its interaction with social and political realities, alongside a psychoanalytical approach to understand the composition and evolution of his dramatic characters. The research procedures involved investigating the author’s narrative corpus through three main stages: examining the formative features and the emergence of the phenomenon, analyzing artistic and linguistic characteristics, and ultimately interrogating the philosophical visions within his major works.
The research concludes with a set of fundamental results, most notably the author’s success in breaking the \"superhero\" archetype and creating the \"anti-hero\" who embodies human realism with its weaknesses and anxieties. It also highlights his exceptional ability to adapt Modern Standard Arabic through the \"Sahel al-Mumtana\" (the simple yet inimitable) style to accommodate precise science and medical terminology. Furthermore, the findings prove that his later works represented a cry of protest and an early foresight into the class and political crises in the Arab region. Based on this, the researcher recommends the necessity of integrating \"The Godfather\'s\" output into academic curricula for modern literary studies and activating the role of cultural institutions in archiving and translating his intellectual essays to ensure they reach a global audience as a leading model of the contemporary Arab novel. The researcher also suggests conducting future comparative studies between Tawfik’s dystopias and their international counterparts, researching the psychology of reception among his audience to determine the actual extent of his enlightenment impact, and exploring the prospects of adapting his texts into dramatic and cinematic media that preserve their philosophical depth.

Abstract
This research examines the ruling on bestiality in Islamic jurisprudence through a comparative legal study. It reviews the opinions of the four major Islamic schools of law and other jurisprudential schools on several key issues: the prohibition of the act and its evidences from the Quran, Sunnah, and scholarly consensus; the punishment for the perpetrator, whether male or female; the ruling on the animal involved and liability for its value; the means of proving the crime; and the rulings related to false accusation (qadhf) in this context. The research concludes that the prohibition is a matter of unanimous consensus, and that scholarly disagreement is confined to the type of punishment. The researcher concludes that a married person (muhsan) should be executed while an unmarried person (ghayr muhsan) should receive a discretionary punishment (ta\'zir), based on the preponderance of the raised hadith of Ibn Abbas and its multiple chains of transmission. The research also addresses the religious, social, psychological, and health harms resulting from this act, along with its causes and means of remedy.

Abstract
The study aims to analyze the nature of symbolism and to clarify its types and connotations in selected poems by Farouk Goweida, with the purpose of revealing the artistic and emotional depth that this technique lends to the structure of poetic discourse. The research is divided into four sections. The first addresses the theoretical framework of symbolism, its definition, and its significance in both classical and modern criticism. The second examines religious symbols, while the third focuses on symbols derived from nature. The final section is devoted to the study of personal symbolism in Goweida’s poetry. The study adopts the descriptive-analytical method, as it is considered the most appropriate approach for examining artistic and aesthetic phenomena in literary texts. Among the most important findings of the research is that Goweida employed symbolism as an effective means of expressing feelings of pain, longing, disappointment, and hope, in continuous interaction with the reality of the Arab individual. The poet also demonstrated a remarkable ability to adapt symbolism in a way that serves the poetic text without burdening it with excessive ambiguity, while preserving at once both clarity of feeling and depth of meaning

Abstract
This research examines the grammatical methodology of Imam Ibn Juzayy al-Kalbi (d. 741 AH) in explaining Quranic readings through his commentary, "Al-Tashil li-'Ulum al-Tanzil," using Surah Al-A'raf as a case study. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing comparative analysis when necessary.
The research is divided into six main sections: The first section provides a theoretical introduction to Ibn Juzayy and the significance of his commentary, his concept of grammatical evidence, and his terminology for presenting the readings. The second section focuses on grammatical explanations of verbal sentence structure and predication, addressing issues of nominative, accusative, and jussive moods in the imperfect verb, active and passive voice, the vowel of the middle radical, and the omission and retention of weak letters. The third section was dedicated to studying the impact of variant readings on the grammatical markers and inflection of nouns, such as the predicate of the particles that modify the subject, exceptions, and agreement in gender. The fourth section addressed grammatical analysis in the chapter on dependent elements: conjunction based on wording and meaning, adjectives and substitutes, and adverbials and circumstantial qualifiers. The fifth section analyzed the phonetic and morphological phenomena affecting inflection: vowel shift and emphasis, softening and realization of the hamza, and the omission of the inflectional ending due to a specific reason. The sixth section compared the works of Ibn Juzayy and al-Zamakhshari, demonstrating the extent of Ibn Juzayy's influence by the Andalusian school and his methodology in weighing the different readings.
The research concluded with several important findings, including: Ibn Juzayy's independent critical grammatical personality; his use of grammatical techniques to serve interpretive meaning; his extensive use of variant readings to establish linguistic and grammatical variations, while adhering to the distinction between established and variant readings; his profound influence by the Andalusian school's characteristics of simplification and reliance on oral transmission; and his ability to refine and purify the interpretive tradition from doctrinal impurities.

Summary
Imam Badr al-Din Muhammad ibn Bahadur al-Zarkashi (d. 748 AH) is regarded as one of the most prominent Shafi‘i scholars and editors, combining expertise in Usul (principles), Fiqh (jurisprudence), and Aqidah (creed). In this research, we discussed ta’wil (interpretation) according to Imam al-Zarkashi, where he emphasizes a clear methodology in interpreting Qur’anic texts. He compares his approach to that of other exegetes, with a focus on theological aspects, while also mentioning the views of certain Islamic sects. This contributes to deriving the principles of his interpretive method, leading to a deeper understanding of the Qur’an, in addition to his establishment of conditions and guidelines for ta’wil, as well as his distinction between ta’wil and tafsir.
As for Imam al-Zarkashi’s position on ta’wil in matters of creed, his fundamental principle was to apply the texts according to their apparent meaning: he affirmed that the default regarding texts of divine attributes is to pass them on as they came, without distortion (tahrif), negation (ta‘til), modality (takyif), or anthropomorphism (tamthil). Since Muslims were not all united on a single methodology in dealing with these texts, Imam al-Zarkashi established specific conditions and guidelines for ta’wil.

Abstract
This study aimed to identify the level of contextual cognitive fragmentation and its relationship with moral thinking among university students, as well as to determine the nature of the relationship between these two variables. The researcher adopted the descriptive correlational approach due to its suitability for the objectives and nature of the study. The population consisted of students from the Department of Psychology, College of Arts, at University of Baghdad during the academic year (2025–2026), totaling (100) students. The research sample included (45) students selected through simple random sampling.
To achieve the objectives of the study, a Contextual Cognitive Fragmentation Scale and a Moral Thinking Scale were developed based on relevant literature and previous studies. After verifying the validity and reliability of both instruments, they were administered to the research sample. Appropriate statistical methods were employed, including means, standard deviations, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one-sample t-test.
The findings revealed that university students demonstrated a moderate level of contextual cognitive fragmentation and a relatively good level of moral thinking. The results also indicated a statistically significant negative correlation between contextual cognitive fragmentation and moral thinking, suggesting that higher levels of cognitive fragmentation are associated with lower levels of moral thinking among students. Based on these findings, the study presented a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions aimed at promoting cognitive integration and enhancing moral thinking among university students.

Abstract
This study aims to examine the interplay between the reasons for revelation (asbab al-nuzul) and the rulings of revelation (ahkam al-tanzil) in constructing Qur'anic meaning. It highlights the role of each in guiding Qur'anic understanding and regulating textual interpretation. The research is based on the premise that combining the reasons for revelation, which clarify the historical and contextual circumstances of the verses' revelation, with the rulings of revelation, which grant the Qur'anic text its generality and legislative objectives, leads to a balanced and comprehensive understanding of Qur'anic meaning.
The study employs a descriptive, analytical, and interpretive methodology. The study analyzed the fundamental concepts related to the reasons for revelation and the rulings of revelation, exploring the relationship between them. It also presented practical examples from the Holy Quran demonstrating how exegetes and jurists utilized this interplay in deriving rulings and interpreting texts. Furthermore, the research focused on the scholarly principles that must be observed when combining the reason and the ruling to ensure accurate understanding and prevent misinterpretation. The findings revealed that the reasons for revelation play a crucial role in guiding the correct understanding of verses, while the rulings of revelation contribute to expanding the meaning and connecting the text to general legal objectives. This leads to the construction of a comprehensive and balanced Quranic meaning. The research emphasized that the systematic integration of these two elements reduces uncontrolled interpretive disagreements, guides jurisprudential reasoning, and achieves a balance between the text and its context, and between the wording and its intended meaning.

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Abstract
The research aims to reach a future vision for educational administration in Iraqi universities using artificial intelligence applications in implementing the processes of self-evaluation, decision-making, and external review. The research will rely on the descriptive approach and use a scale to survey the opinions of experts in this field to find out the expected uses of artificial intelligence applications in improving administration. Education in Iraqi universities.
The research will address the concept of artificial intelligence, what artificial intelligence is, standards of administrative performance in universities, the importance of improving educational administration in universities, mechanisms of artificial intelligence and its applications in the educational process, mechanisms for applying artificial intelligence to management within university institutions, and the effectiveness of artificial intelligence applications on performance and productivity, The requirements of artificial intelligence in Iraqi universities, and a future vision for developing educational institutions in Iraqi universities through the use of artificial intelligence applications.

Abstract
This research aims to study the phonetic phenomena that emerged in ancient Arabic dialects using a linguistic-geographical approach. It combines phonetic analysis with spatial description of these phenomena. The Arabic linguistic heritage has recorded a number of phonetic phenomena, including "al-ṭamṭāmaniyya," "al-ʿanʿana," "al-istinṭāʾ," "al-kashkasha," and "al-ʿajʿaja," which were associated with specific tribes and regions in the Arabian Peninsula. The research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology, utilizing linguistic maps to illustrate the geographical distribution of these phenomena. This distribution is then linked to the social, tribal, and migration factors that contributed to their spread in the Arabian Peninsula. The study concludes that phonetic phenomena are not merely isolated linguistic features, but rather a reflection of the interaction between phonetic structure and geographical. This is evidenced by the persistence of these phenomena in contemporary Arabic dialects.

Abstract
The Iranian nuclear program is one of the most prominent issues on the international stage, given Iran's insistence on completing it by all means. In light of international developments, Iran has been subjected to extensive pressure from the United States through the imposition of numerous sanctions, which continue to this day. Consequently, Iran has turned to Russia and China for support in developing its nuclear activities, due to the shared interests that bind them. Iran has received significant support from the latter two countries in all areas, leading up to the final agreement in 2015, which affirmed the peaceful nature of these activities, in addition to lifting all restrictions represented by previous sanctions in accordance with Security Council resolutions. The Russian and Chinese supportive role in this regard has become prominent, especially after the United States withdrew from the agreement in 2018 and unilaterally imposed sanctions on Iran without international authorization. However, the Russians and Chinese officially announced their continued support for Iran, given that the previous agreement achieved great success in controlling Iranian nuclear capabilities, especially since the agreement was signed in accordance with international consensus..

Abstract
This research explores the relationship between biology and Islamic belief by examining several biological phenomena that reveal the precision of creation and the intricate order of living organisms, thus reinforcing the belief in God's existence, power, and oneness. The research aims to demonstrate that modern scientific findings in biology do not contradict Islamic belief; rather, they contribute to its consolidation and strengthen faith in it.
The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, presenting selected biological models such as the stages of embryonic development, the sensory nervous system, and preventative medicine, while analyzing their doctrinal implications in light of the Holy Quran and the purified Sunnah (Prophetic traditions). The research demonstrates that these biological phenomena are characterized by a high degree of complexity and organization, indicating the existence of a magnificent and all-encompassing Creator.
The research also discusses Quranic references to certain biological facts, such as God's words regarding the creation of humankind, highlighting the points of congruity between modern scientific discoveries and religious texts, without resorting to forced interpretations or forcing meanings upon the texts that they cannot bear. The research concluded that biology represents a fertile field for reasoning about matters of faith, especially in the area of belief in God Almighty and His attributes, and that the integration between science and religion contributes to strengthening certainty and responding to contemporary atheistic doubts.

Abstract
Al-Harfoushi's Dalil al-Huda ila Mujib al-Nada is among the notable later grammatical commentaries. It serves as a crucial link connecting this work to other commentaries, offering profound critical analyses of Al-Fakihi's commentary on Qatr al-Nada, which clearly highlight his methodology in grammatical orientation and critique.
This study traces the grammatical disputes between Al-Harfoushi and Al-Fakihi, subsequently revealing the nature of this disagreement—whether it is merely terminological or fundamentally substantive—and examining how Al-Harfoushi addressed Al-Fakihi's use of unrestricted and restricted phrasing.
The research aims to pinpoint the specific instances where Al-Harfoushi diverged from Al-Fakihi in Dalil al-Huda, delineating Al-Harfoushi's methodology and his scholarly justifications, and then elucidating the academic value of these divergences. The study demonstrates how Al-Harfoushi utilized his critical rejoinders against Al-Fakihi, applying grammatical reasoning to articulate his own ideas in more precise formulations that better align with core grammatical realities. This is particularly significant as he is a commentator from the later grammatical school, renowned for its meticulous analysis of complex grammatical issues.
Finally, we recommend the continued investigation of such divergences among grammarians to arrive at definitive conclusions that bring to light the grammatical concepts closest to the truth, highly precise, and supported by the most compelling argumentation.

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Research Abstract
This research seeks to present a comparative, analytical, and critical study between two prominent scholarly figures in Qur’anic sciences: Sheikh Muhammad Abd al-Azim al-Zarqani in his book Manahil al-‘Irfan, and Dr. Subhi al-Salih in his book Mabahith fi ‘Ulum al-Qur’an. The research problem lies in tracing and analyzing the mechanisms of dealing with Orientalist and materialist doubts and deconstructing them within two schools: the traditional usulī (principles-based) school and the academic linguistic school.
The study is methodologically limited to selected samples of doubts related to the topic of the revelation of the Qur’an. It adopts an analytical and comparative approach to examine the methodological frameworks and stylistic characteristics of both scholars.
The study reached several findings, the most important of which is that the methodological relationship between Sheikh al-Zarqani and Dr. Subhi al-Salih is one of complementarity and harmony rather than contradiction. Al-Zarqani represented a strong argumentative line of defense, while Subhi al-Salih represented a precise linguistic and analytical tool capable of engaging with Orientalist discourse and critically examining it using its own intellectual tools.
Al-Zarqani’s style is characterized by an enthusiastic tone and horizontal comprehensiveness, whereas al-Salih’s style is marked by academic restraint, scholarly calmness, deeper focus, and direct analytical engagement with opposing views.

Abstract
A Comparative Study of Selected Physical Fitness Components between Five-a-Side Football and Handball Players within the Diyala Directorate of Education
The present study set out to examine and contrast a set of physical fitness attributes — namely cardiovascular endurance, running speed, spinal flexibility, shoulder-girdle muscular endurance, and lower-limb explosive power — among players representing the five-a-side football and handball squads affiliated with the Diyala Directorate of Education. The investigation further sought to identify the magnitude and direction of any disparities that might emerge between the two squads across the aforementioned variables.
To meet these aims, the researcher adopted a descriptive, survey-based design owing to its suitability for addressing the nature of the research problem. Data collection was conducted between October 18, 2024 and April 28, 2025 on the directorate's sports grounds. The participants were selected purposively and totalled twenty-nine athletes, distributed as fourteen handball players and fifteen five-a-side football players.
A battery of field-based assessments was employed, comprising a 400-metre run for endurance, a 40-metre shuttle sprint for speed, a thirty-second dynamic spinal-mobility test for flexibility, modified incline push-ups for upper-body strength endurance, and the modified Sargent (Abalakov) jump for leg explosive power. The collected scores were processed statistically by means of arithmetic averages, standard deviations, and the independent-samples t-test.
Findings indicated a statistically significant divergence in the endurance variable in favour of the handball cohort, whereas no statistically meaningful gaps emerged on the remaining attributes — speed, flexibility, shoulder-girdle endurance, and vertical-jump performance — even though small numerical leanings were observed (e.g., the footballers tended to leap slightly higher, while the handball players were marginally quicker). In light of these outcomes, the researcher recommends that conditioning work be granted greater priority within training schedules, that practice fixtures be intensified to expose players to varied competitive demands, and that specialised programmes targeting upper-limb and shoulder strength be devised in a manner consistent with the unique requirements of each sport.

Research summary
This research examines the Qur’anic narrative style through Surah Yusuf as a model, aiming to highlight its characteristics and its educational and spiritual dimensions. The study shows that Qur’anic stories are not merely historical accounts but a means of guidance, embodying values such as patience, chastity, trust in God, and wise planning. It also emphasizes the structural coherence of Surah Yusuf as a complete narrative that begins with a dream and ends with its fulfillment, presenting a continuous sequence of trial and empowerment. The research concludes that Surah Yusuf represents a unique model of narrative and rhetorical miracle in the Holy Qur’an.

Summary
The Arabic language is built upon letters of construction, and its structures are influenced by particles of meaning. Among these particles are prepositions, which act as links between words. They facilitate transitivity, connect the governed verb to the preceding verb, and form phrases that provide information about preceding nouns with a beginning. These and other linguistic meanings are conveyed by prepositions.
In order to understand any linguistic text, along with knowing the lexical meaning, one must know the meanings of prepositions. For this reason, the ancients gave the subject of the meanings of prepositions great attention, from Sibawayh and his book Al-Kitab to this day. All of this is because of the effect of prepositions of meaning in directing the meaning and linking structures and sentences. Among them are the prepositions in the Holy Qur’an, as they have a semantic effect in the text that is relied upon in interpretation and clarifies concepts. The interpreters of Qur’anic verses have clarified in many places of interpretation, if not all of them, that the preposition directs the Qur’anic meaning in a specific interpretive direction from which the intended meaning of the Holy Qur’anic text is understood.
For this reason, we studied a part of the prepositions, which is the preposition (min) in a specific surah, which is Surah (Qaf). It became clear through the study that the preposition (min) has different linguistic meanings, all of which were employed to serve the Qur’anic text and interact with other prepositions with meanings to increase the meaning of the Qur’anic text. We found in different places in the verses that it takes the meaning of passing away from the preposition (an) and adds to its original meaning, and so on with the preposition ila, which clarifies the semantic effect of the preposition min in the Qur’anic text.

Abstract
This research aims to investigate the impact of derivatives in the poetry of Jassim Muhammad Jassim, who excels at painting his scenes with words and furnishing their details with diverse morphological forms. The Arabic language grants the poet diverse horizons and dimensions due to its rich lexical, semantic, and derivational wealth. Therefore, the researcher sought to confirm or refute this creative state in the poet whose name is the subject of this research, by tracing the paths of his use of derivatives. We limited our study to five of them: the active participle and its intensification, the adjective resembling the active participle, and the passive participle. The superlative form, and the results showed that the poet was able to employ it in a way that served the theme of love, whose concepts and dimensions for the poet were numerous, ranging from the beloved to the mother to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).

Introduction
Europe witnessed profound religious transformations during the sixteenth century, represented by the Protestant Reformation, which marked a turning point in the history of Western Christianity. This movement emerged as a result of the accumulation of long-standing crises within the Catholic Church, whether on the religious or administrative level, leading to the rise of reformist trends that eventually caused the division of the Church and the emergence of new denominations. This study aims to analyze the causes of the Reformation, its most prominent figures, and its consequences and effects. Martin Luther became famous in Christian history as the man who liberated many Christians from the ecclesiastical authority of the Pope and restored to them the freedom of religion and direct engagement with religious texts without the mediation of church clergy. Luther also led the schism that resulted in the emergence of Protestantism, a denomination followed today by large numbers of Christians in Europe and North America, especially in England and the United States.

Abstract
The objectives of this study are to understand the connection between school violence and the social inequality reproduction using Pierre Bourdieu’s sociological theory. In the study, it is sought to show the ways in which schools have contributed, directly or indirectly, to the social reproduction of social inequalities in the form of class and cultural inequalities. The study is grounded on the idea that school violence cannot be looked at simply as a personal behavioral issue; rather, it is a social issue that is connected closely to structures of domination, exclusions, and inequality of the educational system.
In this study, the theories of school violence, social inequality, cultural capital, symbolic violence, habitus, and social reproduction will be explored to provide an insight into the concepts involved. In addition, the sociology of education is used as the tool for analyzing the connection between education and the class structure of society. Besides, this study explores the involvement of schools in the process of social marginalization, exclusions, failure, and violent behaviors due to cultural bias and symbolic domination of the educational system.
According to the results of this study, school is far from being a neutral institution since it can reinforce certain social and cultural advantages by supporting students who are culturally compatible with the school's culture. Besides, it becomes evident that social and cultural differences among students play a crucial role in the development of school violence, especially when these students are experiencing exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination. In addition, the study identifies the value of social work in schools regarding such problems like school violence, which can be addressed by means of prevention, psychosocial support, advocacy for educational justice, and reducing discrimination and marginalization in education. Thus, the importance of adopting educational policy in order to create an environment free of social differences in school becomes evident.

Abstract
The significance of this research stems from its reliance on a direct analysis of the poet's texts, specifically the introduction to her monumental poem, )The Tragedy of Life,( which serves as a poetic and psychological document chronicling the development of Nazik al-Mala'ika's consciousness over a period of twenty years (1945-1965). This research aims to study the poetic experience of Nazik al-Mala'ika, the factors influencing her poetry, and its artistic characteristics in the following three sections: Section One: An introduction to the poet Nazik al-Mala'ika, outlining the most prominent milestones in her life and poetic journey. Section Two: Poetic Imagery, which examines the factors influencing her poems, the impact of the poet's personality on enriching the form and content of the poems, the use of symbols, and the nature of her poetic vision. Section Three: Poetic Rhythm, which studies the poetic meters and the influence of free verse.

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

Abstract
This research examines the importance of terminology as a cognitive key that facilitates the understanding and simplification of sciences, with a particular focus on phonetic terminology, which forms the foundation of phonetic studies. It addresses the study of the speech apparatus, articulation points, and the characteristics of sounds. The research highlights Juz’ Amma (the thirtieth part of the Holy Qur’an) as a rich model of phonetic phenomena and related terminology, due to its notable diversity and phonetic richness. It aims to reveal the phonetic structure of this section and demonstrate its role in enriching linguistic studies and enhancing the understanding of the Qur’anic text.

Abstract
This study developed an experimental research framework to examine the effect of multimodal physical fitness exercises on motor learning and skill retention among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Baghdad, which is an appropriate public university environment for specialized sports research. The study was grounded in literature indicating that motor learning is influenced by structured practice, feedback, attention, motivation, and the learner’s physical condition during task performance (Wulf et al., 2010; Leech et al., 2022).
The research adopted an experimental design with two equivalent groups, pre-test and post-test measures, and a delayed retention test. The proposed population consisted of 120 students, while the sample included 40 students representing 33.33% of the total population and was distributed equally into two groups of 20 students each (Siegle, 2015; Research Advisors, n.d.; López-López et al., 2022).
The study also included a pilot trial, motor and physical tests, a sample equivalence table, and a complete teaching unit in the appendices (Thinking before doing, 2020; Ten guidelines for designing motor learning studies, 2022).

Research summary
This research addresses the topic of “Islamic jurisprudence and the impact of contemporary civilizational transformations on renewing the ijtihadic structure,” as it is considered one of the important topics imposed by the nature of the rapid transformations witnessed by the contemporary world in the economic, social, technological, medical, and cultural fields, and the resulting emerging issues and unprecedented cases that necessitated reconsideration of the mechanisms of juristic ijtihad and the methods of legal deduction.

Abstract
All praise is due to Allah; we seek His help and His forgiveness, and we seek refuge in Allah from the evil of our own souls and from our wrongful deeds. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah alone, with no partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger.
The contract of sale occupies a central position among financial contracts in people's daily lives. This has prompted Muslim jurists to meticulously elaborate its rules and rulings, and to define its conditions and prohibitions with great precision. Among the most prominent issues they addressed through research and analysis is the question of uncertainty (jahala) in the object of sale (al-mabi'), which is considered one of the most important issues due to its direct bearing on the validity and enforceability of the contract of sale.
This is because uncertainty leads to the corruption or invalidation of the contract, and results in dispute and conflict between the seller and the buyer. The Hanafi jurists have given this issue particular and meticulous attention within their scholarly works, elaborating it in fine detail and broad categorization.
This research aims to survey the rulings on uncertainty in the object of sale according to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, and to draw precise distinctions between apparently similar cases that differ in their legal ruling.
Among the most prominent distinctions made within the Hanafi tradition is the differentiation between:
Selling a granary of food at one dirham per qafiz — which the Hanafi scholars have deemed permissible.
Selling a flock of sheep at one dirham per ewe — which they have deemed impermissible and void
This research seeks to elucidate the distinguishing rationale between these two issues through the analytical-inductive methodology, in light of the principles and fundamentals of Hanafi jurisprudence, according to the following plan:
Significance of the Topi The issue of uncertainty (jahala) in the object of sale (al-mabi') is considered one of the most precise jurisprudential matters and the most extensively elaborated upon in Hanafi jurisprudence.
The effect of uncertainty in the object of sale on the validity or invalidity of the contract.
Reasons for Choosing the Topic Hanafi jurists paid exceptional attention to the issue of uncertainty in the object of sale, which indicates its profound jurisprudential significance within the school.
The Hanafi school regards descriptive uncertainty (al-jahala al-wasafiyya) as one of the major impediments to the validity of a sale, which necessitates scholarly study and elaboration

Abstract
This research addresses the issue of modernizing public utilities in light of digital transformation and its impact on the efficiency of public service delivery, as one of the most significant contemporary trends in the development of public administration and adaptation to rapid technological advancements. The study aims to clarify the concept of public utilities and their modernization, examine the nature and mechanisms of digital transformation in public administration, and analyze its role in improving the efficiency and quality of public services, enhancing transparency, and simplifying administrative procedures. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach through the examination of legal and administrative concepts related to public utilities and digital transformation, as well as the analysis of the implications of applying digital technologies in the management of public utilities and service delivery. The study also discusses the major legal, organizational, technical, and human challenges facing digital transformation projects and their impact on the success of administrative modernization efforts. The findings reveal that digital transformation contributes significantly to improving the efficiency of public utilities by accelerating administrative procedures, enhancing service quality, increasing beneficiaries’ satisfaction, promoting transparency, and reducing bureaucracy. The study further concludes that the success of digital transformation requires the development of legislative and regulatory frameworks, the strengthening of digital infrastructure, the provision of legal protection for data and information, and the enhancement of human capacities capable of meeting the requirements of modern digital administration. The research concludes that digital transformation is no longer merely an administrative option but has become an essential necessity for the modernization of public utilities, the achievement of sustainable development, and the improvement of public services in line with the demands of the digital age.

Abstract
The position of Qa’im Maqam (District Commissioner) is considered one of the important administrative positions within the system of local administration in Iraq. The Qa’im Maqam represents the head of the administrative unit of the district and undertakes a range of executive and administrative responsibilities related to managing local affairs. This position has undergone significant transformations due to legislative developments, particularly after the issuance of the Law of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region No. (21) of 2008 and its amendments, which reorganized local administration in accordance with the principle of administrative decentralization.
This research aims to study and analyze the legal powers of the Qa’im Maqam in Iraq, through a comparative examination between the powers granted under previous legislation and those established under the current law. It also seeks to clarify the impact of the shift toward administrative decentralization on expanding or limiting these powers.

Abstract
This study examines the features of caricature imagery in Andalusian poetry, taking satirical verse (hijāʾ) as its primary model of analysis. The research reveals that Andalusian poetry was marked by polemical exchanges rooted in mockery and invective, commonly known as naqāʾiḍ, which served as a vehicle for constructing satirical caricature portraits targeting the moral and physical traits of those lampooned. Andalusian women—most notably Wallāda, Muhja, and Nuzhūn—played a prominent role in these literary battles. The study concludes that Andalusian naqāʾiḍ represented a legitimate extension of their Eastern counterparts in terms of artistic structure and the rhetorical strategies of challenge and parody, while acquiring a distinctive character shaped by the Andalusian environment and its political and social tensions. The study further highlights the Andalusian poets' conscious effort to assert their creative standing and demonstrate their mastery of this genre.

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Summary
Art is described in its general meaning as the will drive by the desire to create and form implicit bodies of an intellectual nature that serve a specific idea. Art is an activity that builds on the nature of artistic expression or the elements of constructing the artistic work, which is represented here by television drama because it is the product of man (the maker of the work) who is affected by a number of factors. Here, it includes the conceptual construction of the word mental image that works with the elements of artistic expression to create that visual, audio entity that comes alive from the imagination of the creator of the dramatic television work to transform what is unreal into a realistic achievement embodied on the screen, and accordingly the sacred religious texts (heavenly) are considered ) is a source characterized by intellectual and event richness of stories and novels with very high intellectual and moral contents, the most prominent of which is (the Holy Qur’an), which was one of the beginnings of dramatic television production in the Arab world and then followed it to the international level, a rich source of tales and stories that were turned into series and Television series, but this transformation was the result between two fields of knowledge, the first of which is artistic expression in the form of artistic factors and elements that are in fact tools in the hands of the television creator, and the second of which is the primary source for creating the form and artistic form of both image and sound, which is the mental image that It is described as a relative mental process based on the creator of the work’s awareness through his receipt of messages and intellectual texts with certain objective characteristics and characteristics, so that he in turn forms emotional feelings and implicit opinions regarding what he receives, which is represented here by the text (the Holy Qur’an), whose narrative structure is represented narratively. On the elements of artistic expression that make the representation of the mental image a visual reality embodied on the television screen

Abstract
This study aims to model consumer behavior under marketing oppression through an exploratory investigation of the opinions of a sample of customers of a leather factory. It seeks to analyze the nature of the relationship between marketing oppression practices and consumer behavior, represented by purchasing decision, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. The study is based on the premise that aggressive marketing practices such as advertising overload, psychological pricing, choice restriction, and manipulative persuasion may directly influence consumer decisions and behavior. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 170 customers of the leather factory. Data were analyzed using several statistical techniques, including Pearson correlation, simple and multiple regression analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Structural Equation Modeling (AMOS-SEM).
The results revealed a positive correlation between marketing oppression and purchasing decision, while negative relationships were found with customer satisfaction and loyalty. Regression analysis indicated that marketing oppression positively affects purchasing decisions and negatively affects satisfaction and loyalty, explaining a significant proportion of variance in consumer behavior. The findings also showed statistically significant differences in the perception of marketing oppression according to demographic variables. The study concludes that marketing oppression may achieve short-term sales effectiveness by stimulating purchasing decisions; however, it negatively impacts long-term customer satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, it is necessary for organizations to adopt more balanced and ethical marketing strategies to ensure sustainable customer relationships.

Abstract
This research discusses the topic of faith in divine decree and predestination (Al-Qadaa’ wa Al-Qadar) and monotheism (Tawheed) through Surah Maryam, as they are among the most important foundations of Islamic creed that strengthen faith in Allah Almighty and reinforce certainty in the hearts of believers. The study aims to explain the concept of divine decree and predestination and its levels, as well as to clarify the impact of believing in them on human life. It also highlights the verses that address manifestations of Allah’s decree in the stories of the prophets mentioned in the Surah, such as the stories of Zakariyya, Yahya, Maryam, and Isa (peace be upon them).
The research also explains the concept of monotheism and its categories, and demonstrates the evidences of Allah’s oneness contained in the Surah, the refutation of polytheism, the negation of offspring attributed to Allah, and the call of the prophets to worship Allah alone. The study relies on the analytical and deductive approach through interpreting the verses related to the subject of the study and linking them to the discussions of Islamic creed, in order to reach the most important findings that confirm the significance of faith in divine decree, predestination, and monotheism in building and strengthening faith in the life of a Muslim.

Abstract
The study of political relations between the Zengids and the Fatimids is of particular importance because it contributed to reshaping the political map of the Islamic East in general and the Levant and Egypt in particular, and paved the way for the emergence of the Ayyubid state, which later succeeded in uniting Egypt and the Levant and confronting the Crusaders. The importance of the research lies in highlighting the role that Zengid and Fatimid relations played in achieving the political and military unity of the Islamic East, and in demonstrating their impact on changing the regional balance of power. This research is divided into a preface and two sections, preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion.

Abstract
This study aims to examine the impact of digital organizational innovation on improving service quality and customer satisfaction in Iraqi travel and tourism companies. The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach, using a questionnaire designed to measure the dimensions of digital organizational innovation, service quality, and customer satisfaction. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation and impact of digital organizational innovation on both service quality and customer satisfaction. The use of digital systems and modern technologies contributes to enhancing service efficiency and improving customer experience. The results also indicate that digital innovation serves as an effective tool for enhancing service performance and increasing competitiveness in the tourism sector. The study recommends adopting clear digital transformation strategies and developing employees’ skills to improve service quality and achieve higher customer satisfaction.

Abstract
Through field observation of the final exams for the third intermediate grade, the researcher noted that students with hyperactivity – despite their academic excellence and high annual averages (97% and 98%) – face significant difficulty in maintaining the same level of performance in the final exams, where their scores dropped to (83% and 75%). This decline is attributed to multiple factors, primarily the stressful exam environment and the examiners’ lack of awareness regarding the characteristics and educational and psychological needs of this group, leading to increased anxiety, tension, and reduced concentration. This situation is not limited to one or two students but occurs across several schools included in the study, where approximately 11 high-achieving students experienced a decline in their final scores due to these circumstances. This reveals an educational gap that requires intervention, raising the study’s main question: How can self-confidence be enhanced among hyperactive students during general exams? This study aims to explore the relationship between the conduct of examiners and supervisors and the performance of hyperactive students in third intermediate grade final exams, as well as to examine the impact of systematic educational approaches on students’ self-confidence during these exams.
The study seeks to identify the challenges faced by this group during exams, analyze the effect of monitoring pressures and examiner behavior on their self-confidence, and propose educational and awareness strategies to enhance their self-confidence and academic performance. The study’s scope is limited spatially to four intermediate schools involved in the exams, temporally to the final exam period of the current academic year, topically to enhancing self-confidence among hyperactive students during exams, and humanly to the students with hyperactivity (1–3 students per school) as well as the examiners, supervisors, and assistants. The study followed a descriptive analytical educational approach, aiming to describe the phenomenon of declining performance among hyperactive students, analyze the influencing factors, and propose appropriate educational interventions.
Data were collected using multiple tools, including direct observation of student behavior during exams, questionnaires directed at examiners and supervisors, and semi-structured interviews with some students and parents to explore their experiences. The study population included all third intermediate grade students in the four schools (625 students), along with 62 examiners, and the supervisors and assistants. A purposive sample of hyperactive students (approximately 11 students) was selected, along with a sample of examiners and supervisors directly involved in managing the exam halls. Data analysis employed quantitative methods such as percentages, frequencies, and means, alongside qualitative methods like content analysis and coding, combining both approaches to achieve accurate and comprehensive results supporting the study objectives. The study concluded that systematic educational handling by examiners and supervisors significantly contributes to improving academic performance and enhancing self-confidence among hyperactive students during final exams. Accordingly, the study recommends training examiners and raising their awareness of supportive educational methods for this group, as well as adopting strategies to strengthen the self-confidence of hyperactive students to ensure better performance in general exams.

Abstract
This study aimed to identify differences in the levels of competitive anxiety and mental toughness between players of top-ranked and bottom-ranked teams in the Iraqi Premier Handball League for the 2022–2023 season. The researcher employed a descriptive survey method. The sample consisted of 40 players equally distributed across four clubs: Al-Shurta and Al-Quwwa Al-Jawiya (top-ranked teams) and Al-Karkh and Al-Barid (bottom-ranked teams). Two instruments were administered: the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) to measure competitive anxiety across its three subscales (cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence), and an adapted Arabic version of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire to assess four dimensions (control, commitment, challenge, and confidence). Results revealed statistically significant differences across all subscales of both instruments. Top-ranked teams demonstrated significantly lower levels of cognitive and somatic anxiety and significantly higher self-confidence scores compared to bottom-ranked teams. Similarly, top-ranked teams scored significantly higher on all mental toughness dimensions and the total scale score. The study concludes with recommendations to integrate structured psychological preparation programs into Iraqi handball training systems, with particular emphasis on anxiety management strategies and mental toughness development.

Abstract
This study examines the juristic preferences of ʿIzz al-Din ibn ʿAbd al-Salām (d. 660 AH) in his book Qawāʿid al-Ahkam fi Masaliḥ al-Anam, focusing on selected issues related to acts of worship. The research aims to collect the issues in which the author expressed a legal preference, analyze the opinions of jurists and their evidences, and compare them to clarify the basis of his preference.
The study adopts an inductive and comparative analytical method. It concludes that Ibn ʿAbd al-Salam’s legal preferences are closely connected to the objectives of Islamic law, particularly the realization of benefits and the prevention of harm, reflecting his profound juristic insight and methodological balance between textual evidence and legal objectives.
This research employed an inductive approach to tracing the issues addressed in the book, and a comparative analytical approach to studying the jurisprudential disagreements, discussing the evidence for the various opinions, and weighing the evidence against each other. The research reached several conclusions, most notably that Imam al-Izz ibn Abd al-Salam relies heavily on considering the objectives of Islamic law and the realization of public interest in many of his legal opinions. His rulings reveal a profound understanding of Islamic jurisprudence that combines strong evidence with a focus on the objectives of Islamic law, thus highlighting the scholarly value of his book, *Qawa'id al-Ahkam* (Rules of Rulings), in the fields of jurisprudence and legal maxims.
The research also underscores the importance of utilizing Imam al-Izz's methodology in legal reasoning, given its profound scholarship and rigorous approach to balancing evidence and linking rulings to the objectives of Islamic law.

Abstract
This study addresses a pressing practical juristic issue in the life of the contemporary Muslim: how an air traveler should determine the prescribed times of the five obligatory prayers, and how to face the correct direction of the qiblah aboard high-speed aircraft. The study examines this issue through a comparative juristic methodology that combines induction, analysis, and deduction, engaging with the opinions of the four Islamic schools of law, giving preference to the view supported by stronger evidence, and applying the relevant rulings to contemporary real-life scenarios. The study reveals a number of precise findings, most notably: that the condition of prayer time stands foremost among the conditions for the validity of prayer by scholarly consensus; that prayer time aboard an aircraft differs fundamentally from prayer time on the ground due to altitude and speed; that the stronger opinion permits combining prayers for an air traveler; and that facing the general direction of the qiblah, rather than its exact physical point, is what is required of a distant traveler, as unanimously held by the Companions. The study also explains the modern technological means that facilitate determining prayer times and the qiblah direction aboard aircraft.

Abstract
Sound repetition emerges as one of the most prominent stylistic phenomena in the Qur'anic text, transcending its status as a mere aesthetic or musical feature to become a semantic tool bearing psychological, pragmatic, and rhythmic dimensions. Repetition in the Qur'an is not mere padding or rhetorical embellishment, but rather a precise technique that serves the meaning, solidifies it in the mind, and directly influences the listener. Therefore, the aim of our research, entitled "Sound Repetition and its Significance in Surah Al-Mursalat," is to examine the phenomenon of repetition in its most intense form, as this surah is considered one of the Qur'an's most frequent users of sound and syntactic repetition, making it a rich subject for analysis. This study adopted the descriptive-analytical phonological approach, which examines linguistic sounds as functional units that play a role in constructing meaning. Among the research findings, Surah Al-Mursalat represents a unique and concentrated model of the phenomenon of phonetic repetition in the Holy Quran. Repetition manifests itself on three integrated levels: the level of consonants (sukoon letters), the level of vowels (short and long vowels), and the level of the syllable. These three levels work together to create a cohesive phonetic fabric that serves the overall meaning of the surah. Among the recommendations is conducting comparative studies between surahs in which phrasing phrases are repeated (such as Al-Mursalat and Ar-Rahman) to reveal the subtle differences in the use of repetition.

Abstract
Advice is one of the methods introduced by the Holy Quran and the purified Sunnah of the Prophet, due to its paramount importance in Islam. It involves direct communication between those in authority and the ruled, and among Muslims themselves, with the aim of rectifying shortcomings, correcting deviations, and reforming the human soul by pointing out deficiencies and errors in words and deeds.
Therefore, Islamic law has made advising, guiding, and directing those in authority one of its most important principles for preserving religion and public order. This study focuses on clarifying the concept of advice, its conditions, and its importance for those in authority. They need counsel, advice, and support just like everyone else; indeed, they need it even more than others due to the numerous tasks and responsibilities they undertake in managing the state and overseeing its affairs.
The conduct of those in authority in managing state affairs necessitates that the ruled monitor their behavior. If they act well, the ruled should thank them for their good deeds. If they act badly or make mistakes, then advice and guidance are the best way to alert them.

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