Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The research is to recycle the aluminum residues into cathodic protection electrodes (Sacrificial Anodes) after producing a composite material reinforced by ceramic material with three weight ratios (1%, 1.5% & 2% wt). The ceramic reinforcement material is iron oxides (Fe3O4 & Fe2O3), cathodic protection (Without Impressed current) to protect the steel X20 was used in the oil fields. It was observed from polarization test (Tafel Extrapolation) in (3.5%NaCl) solution that the corrosion current density of the steel X20 is 1.95 mA / Cm2, which is much more corrosive than the aluminum alloy (1100ASM) and the composite materials without cathodic protection .The composite material reinforced by (1%Wt) of iron oxides gave the optimum protection for steel as a sacrificial anode among the other protection electrodes such as (aluminum alloy 1100ASM) and the composite materials reinforced by (1.5% & 2% Wt) of iron oxides. In the traditional weight loss method, the corrosion rate of steel X20 was reduced from 0.00112gmd to 0.00025 gmd due to the sacrificial anode reinforced by (1%Wt).

The green areas represent a critical element of any city is seeking to bring the convenience and prevention component for its population, since they are considered the city Lang and the importance of this function is determined not only by the size of space occupied, but be associated with the requirements of the population, environmental, health and planning of life, but the Failures by Municipality the rapid urban growth and the spread of the phenomenon of secretion of random housing has led to residential overtaking on these areas. Studies in several ways, leaving its impact on the planning and design standards for residential area, so the research defined its problem: that there is a knowledge gap on the impact of residential overtaking green areas on the planning and design standards for residential area, the objective of this research is to: determine the forms of overtaking, with a theoretical framework residential excesses on the green areas in front of the homes which decided as gardens parks or wooded areas. The research concluded: that overtaking led to a change in the size and style of the residential parts of the region, and disrupt the balance between the built and green areas spaces, and contributed to the heterogeneity of Constructivism densities, and reducing the width of the internal streets of the neighborhood, and depriving those areas of environmental, aesthetic and structural function of green areas as well as distort the physical appearance of the residential landscape.

Due to the current diffusion of reinforced concrete (RC) walls structures and the introduction of new concrete cords, RC walls are an important structural element such as beams, plates and columns. The experimental program included casting and testing of eight two-way thin geopolymer concrete wall panels by using local Iraqi material such as metakaolin and recycled concrete aggregate. The specimen divided in to two groups, group (A) consists of four geopolymer concrete wall panels including recycled concrete aggregate and group (B) consists of four geopolymer concrete walls including ordinary aggregate. In both groups the iron filings percentage volume is varying from 0 to 0.5, 0.75% and 1%. The result showed that the load capacity of the geopolymer concrete wall panel is increased by 17% for geopolymer concrete with recycled concrete aggregate (GCRA) and 4% for geopolymer concrete with natural aggregate (GCNA) by increasing the iron filling ratio to 1%. Also the lateral deflections decrease to 15% for geopolymer concrete with recycled concrete aggregate (GCRA) and 18% for geopolymer concrete with natural aggregate (GCNA) by increasing the iron filings ratio to 1%.

Iris identification plays an important role in many applications like security, banking, access to buildings, and surveillance …. etc. Since the iris part of the eye image can be significantly affected by some factors, such as lighting conditions source, eyelids, eyelashes, pupil, sclera, and shadowing, therefore iris identification research is still wide and rich. The work proposed in this paper operates the iris identification system on the distorted colored images captured under visible light. The proposed idea minimizes the number of iris regions affected by distortion, by dividing the iris region into separable regions. Only the region without distortion part or region with distortion is less probable is used. The paper studies the effect of different color model such as HSV, YIQ, YCbCr, and RGB color models on iris identification. High quality feature extraction is introduced in this paper by using Contourlet Transform (CT). Euclidian Distance (ED) or Neural Network (NN) is used as classifiers. Simulation results show that the proposed method operating on non-distortion iris region outperforms the conventional method operating on the whole iris region for any selected color model and for standard databases (UPOL andUTIRIS) and a suggested one.

Thirteen simply supported steel beams were tested to explain the effect of strengthening by external prestressing strands. All of these beams have the same steel section, clear span length and strengthening by two external prestressing strands. The tested beams are divided into two categories according to existing of external prestressing strands, the first category consists of one steel beam as a reference, while, the second group deals with steel beams strengthening by external prestressing strands are divided into two groups according to jacking stress. Each group consists of six steel beams divided according to the eccentricity location of prestressing strand ranging from (0 to 165) mm at jacking stress1120.061 MPa and 814.589 MPa respectively. During the teste, it was found that the load deflection curves behavior for the beams strengthening by external prestressing strand are stiffer than the reference beams and the percentage of stiffening is slightly increase with increasing the jacking stress at constant eccentricity. Also, the maximum applied load with increase slightly rising as eccentricity increased at mid span. On the other hand the increasing percentage in maximum deflection decreases when the jacking stress increase from (814.589 to 1120.061) MPa at constant eccentricity locations.

Applying some material such as Flunkout or sodium silicate on concrete surface has a great effect in enhancing the strength of concrete and eliminate the damage resulted from exposure to aggressive environments. Besides, it's extended the service life of concrete. This research present a study on the effect of (Flunkout and sodium silicate) on the flexural behavior of 24 reinforced concrete beams with dimensions (100*100*900mm). Several variables were studied such as the type of surface treatment (Flunkout and sodium silicate), the method of curing (air and water curing) and the age of testing (30, 90, 180, and270days). In addition, the test result was compared with the normal specimens (without surface treatment). The test results showed that, by using surface treatment there is a noticeable enhancement in the concrete strength, also surface treatment affect mode of failure. In the second part of this study, an analytical study was done by using ANSYS (R.15). It was concluded that the results obtained from ANSYS models were underestimate the result of the study beams, however the maximum discrepancy in central deflection is found to be approximately (15.9%).

The aim of this research paper is to minimize chloride ion concentration in water using natural materials such as pomegranate peels powder and tea leaves as adsorbent materials. The water samples that tested in this study were collected from one of Baghdad’s public swimming pools. Influence of contact time and temperature on removal efficiency was investigated. The results showed that after 60 minutes of contact time the chloride ion’s concentration was decreased from (873.3 mg/L) as initial concentration to (213 mg/L) and (234.3 mg/L) when using pomegranate peels powder or tea leaves respectively. In addition, results showed that increasing solution temperature would improve adsorption capability of adsorbent material that used in this study, increasing solution temperature to (100 oC) reduces chloride ion concentration from (873.3 mg/L) as initial concentration to (206 mg/L) and (220.1 mg/L) using pomegranate peels powder or tea leaves respectively. Comparing the effect of contact time and temperature on adsorption process showed that temperature had rapid effect for both adsorbent tested material, while pomegranate peels powder was more effective than tea leaves in chloride ion’s concentration reduction.

The aim of this paper is to reach the best balance point between the maximum reliability and minimum lost cost when injecting Distributed Generation (DG). The new Al-Kadimeya substation in Al-Kadimeya sector in Baghdad was chosen for this research, because there is a group of four diesel generator injected in it is mesh. These DGs suffers from stop working and interruptions in the supply of energy, which causes its failure to do its task of supporting the national grid in electrical power. This substation has fifteen different feeders. Five diverse feeders were selected to inject DGs in it. The injection was in several locations on the selected five feeders sequentially. Zone branch methodology applied in analysis these feeders and the required calculations were carried out until the best site with the lowest failure rates was reached to inject these generators, which is feeder 2. The failure rates of the five feeders were reduced by 151 times, about 14%. Outages duration were reduced by five h/y, approximately 3.67%.The lost power costs for all previous test sites of injecting distributed generation were then calculated too. Then the site with the highest lost power (i.e. the one of the highest lost cost) was selected to inject the generators to it which was feeder 2 also, where the expected lost costs due to interruptions were reduced by 510,000 USD /y, about 16.4%. Results show that feeder 2 represents the best location for injection of the DGs instead of the current location on feeder 4.

It is essential to measure the response of existing tunnel-lining due to newly constructed pile to assess the safety against the additional forces/moment caused by pile driving and loading and to evaluate the critical distance for the proposed construction of any structures from the tunnel location. This study presents an experimental work to investigate the effects of driven pile during insertion and loading on existing tunnel embedded in the sandy soil. It is found that the effects of driving and loading of pile on stresses transfer to tunnel depend on the horizontal separation distance between pile’s tip and tunnel, and the stresses generated due to the loading of a pile is higher than the stresses during construction period furthermore the ultimate bearing capacity of pile increased due to the presence of tunnel.

Artificial soils were prepared by mixing kaolinite with different percentage of organic material (animals waste) represented by 5, 10, 15 and 20% of soil dry weight. Series of Standard tests were conducted to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the soil such as, Grain size distribution of soils, Atterberg limits, soil compaction, vane shear test and oedometer test. The test was conducted on the soil with and without organic content. The results revealed that, the organic waste have a significant effect on the physical properties of soil such as, liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index. In addition the organic waste have significant effect on the compression index and on the coefficient of secondary compression. The analyses were performed using two cases: The first case is using constant value of undrained shear strength (this achieved by adding different water content to the artificial soils) and the second case is using a soils at constant water content and constant dry unit weight.