Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has been attained in the past few years due to its important using in wide range of application. The readings of data derived from WSN nodes are not always accurate and may contain abnormal data. This paper proposed an anomaly detection and classification algorithm in WSNs. At first, an integration of Contourlet Transform (CT) algorithm and One Class Support Vector Machine (OCSVM) algorithm (CT-OCSVM) is utilized to detect outliers then Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) is used to identify the source of these outliers. The underlying aim of this paper focuses on treating the collected streams of data as raw datum of an image, which is then passed through some filters using CT to get compressed size of directional subbands coefficients. The coefficients of CT are examined by OCSVM algorithm to detect anomalies. Finally the source of anomalies is identified based on using FIS and by exploiting the spatial temporal correlation existing between the sensed data. The integrated algorithm is tested using different types of filters. Real datasets collected from a small WSN constructed in a local lab are used for testing the integrated algorithms. The simulation results have shown a high rate of accurate classification with high detection rate and low false alarm rate.

This paper presents the effect of filling ratio on thermal performance;of a loop thermosyphon. The experimental setup consists of an evaporator, a condenser, a riser and a downcomer. The dimensions of the loop thermosyphon under consideration were chosen so that they are mostly suitable for use in the cooling of electronic components. Distilled water was used as a working fluid. Experiments were carried out to estimate the performance of the loop thermosyphon for a range of input power from 10 to 100 W. Four fill ratios were considered in the present work, namely; 15%, 25%, 50% and 85%. Results showed that the maximum value of wall temperature in evaporator was 95°C, at 100 W input power and 15% fill ratio. The fill ratio of 50% gave the minimum evaporator wall temperature which was 80°C. Increasing fill ratio tends to decrease the evaporator wall temperature for evaporator.

In recent years, many researchers used polymethyl methacrylate in dental applications due to good mechanical and physical properties. In this research, the eggshell powder had mixed with polymethyl methacrylate resin for the preparations of new composite materials have good mechanical properties and low cost compared with industrially processed powders. The hand lay-up technique was adopted for the preparation specimens composite materials that made from a polymethyl methacrylate as a matrix with (1%, 3%, 5% and 7%) weight fraction eggshell powder (before and after burning) a reinforcement material. The mechanical properties were analyzed by utilizing (SPSS) according to (One-Way ANOVA). The results showed that the addition of the eggshell (before and after burning) powder at a ratio of (7% weight fraction) improves the values of tensile properties and fracture toughness, while this ratio leads to a decrease in values of elongation percentage at break and impact strength compared with other specimens. Also, the results showed that the Sig value was lower in all mechanical properties of specimens reinforced with eggshell powder after burning than specimens reinforced with eggshell powder before burning with a polymethyl methacrylate resin, where the percentage of improvement was in ultimate tensile strength 64 %, modulus of elasticity 13 %, elongation percentage 6 %, impact strength 75% and 81% fracture toughness.

This paper adopted a thermal network method (TNM) based on Motor-CAD software for investigating of temperature distribution inside different parts of a totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC), squirrel cage, three-phase induction motor, with taking ambient considerations like ambient temperature, altitude, relative humidity, and contamination into account. The thermal model of the test motor was done according to its design documents. The results obtained from Motor-CAD were verified by comparing it with that obtained from the finite element analysis taken from Flux2D software with a good agreement.

A thermodynamic modeling for the simulation of a spark ignition engine running on gasoline fuel and other alternate hydrocarbon fuel is presented. This paper aims to develop a simple, fast and accurate engine simulation model by using MATLAB (GUI) program. The model is based on the classical two-zone approach, wherein parameters like the first law of thermodynamics, equations for energy, mass conservation, equation of state and mass fraction burned, heat transfer from the cylinder. Curve-fit coefficients are employed to simulate air and fuel data along with frozen composition and practical chemical equilibrium routines. The mathematical model has the ability to predict the cumulative heat release, cylinder pressure, cylinder gas temperature, heat transfer from the gases to cylinder wall and work done for hydrocarbon fuels using a Zero-dimensional combustion model. In addition, the program has the ability to predict engine performance and exhaust emissions at any condition of engine. The validity of the mathematical model has been tested against experimental data obtained from four-stroke S.I. (Mercedes Benz 200E) engine. A good agreement was obtained between the results of the present model and the experimental results. Remarkable similarity has been found with the literature published. In comparing model predictions with experimental data, it is found that all brake specific fuel consumption predictions are accurate to within ± 3%, while all brake thermal efficiency predictions are accurate to within ± 4%.

In this study a series of shaking table tests were carried out to investigate the effect of tunnel model depth and direction of ground acceleration on the horizontal acceleration of tunnel model and soil beside it, ground surface settlement, and the dynamic earth pressure on the tunnel wall. Square tunnel model embedded in both dry and saturated soil (Karbala Sand). It subjected to three input sinusoidal motions 0.05g, 0.1g, and 0.2g. Two relative densities used, 30% for the upper layer and 70% for the lower layer. The results obtained indicate that the direction of seismic loading has significant effect on the horizontal acceleration of tunnel model. The increase of tunnel model depth lead to decrease the horizontal acceleration of tunnel model. While, the settlement of soil surface increases with an increase of tunnel model depth and ground acceleration especially at 0.2g earthquake loading. The change of direction of seismic loading leads to a small change in the settlement for dry soil. The results appear that dynamic earth pressure (DEP) was positive in dry soil and negative in saturated soil in all test. In saturated soil, the effect of direction of ground acceleration and depth of tunnel model on DEP in 0.2g is quite little.

In this research, the technique of the jar using alum as coagulant was used as the most common in the world and abundance in the Iraqi environment, the preparation of artificial samples similar to the real dairy wastewater and taking the temperature of the laboratory as a reference in the completion of experiments. Experiments have seen the ability of aluminium sulphate to remove phosphorus from wastewater of the dairy plant by up to 95%. These removals are realized at certain working conditions in terms of the speed of rotation of the paddle which expressed as gradient velocity that achieved at 1076.915 sec-1 and the potential energy that can lead to better collision between the particles to achieve an increase in particle size and then sedimentation. This led to optimum dosage of aluminium equal to 0.5 mg/L at 20 °C.

Pool boiling of Nano Al2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2 of concentrations 0.1, 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 g/L in distilled water (which is taken as a base fluid) were experimentally studied in a test boiling chamber of stainless steel cylindrical vessel of 15 cm diameter and 30 cm length, provided with a 500 W heater. Results showed that the Nano-fluid heat transfer coefficients are higher than that for distilled water. The increments of heat transfer coefficient of Al2O3-H2O Nano-fluid was more than that for TiO2-H2O Nano- fluid which is more than that for ZrO2-H2O Nano fluid. The increment beyond 1 g/L were slight for nanomaterials used.

Seven simply supported steel beams were tested to explain the effect of existence of external prestressing strands on the shear behavior of steel beams. All of these beams have the same steel section, clear span length and strengthening by two external prestressing strands. The tested beams are divided into two groups according to existence of external prestressing strands, the first group consists of one steel beam as a reference, while, the second group deals with six steel beams strengthening by external prestressing strands divided according to the eccentricity location of prestressing strand (e) ranging from (0 to 165) mm at jacking stress (fpj=814.589 MPa). During the test, it was found that the shear load strain curves for tested beams were slightly stiffer than the reference beams and the percentage of stiffening increase with increase the eccentricity locations from the effective depth for shear zone, while, the maximum shear load increased about (0.173%, 26.086%, 33.043%, 48.521%, 13.739% and 69.565%) with increase the eccentricity location from (0 to 165) mm respectively as compare with the reference beam. On the other hand the maximum shear strain was decreased to 0.507%, 1.015%, 20.304%, 1.776% 25.634% and 28.172% with increase the eccentricity location from (0 to 165) mm respectively as compare with the reference beam.

The monument is a one of the needs of the inherent society and a means to reflect its ideas and beliefs and authority as well as events that have passed through the ages; Therefore، the monument is related to the transmitted messages and how to analyze and interpret these messages and their recognition by the recipient. This has been reflected in the attention paid to many studies and their disregard of the regulatory environment surrounding the monument (Both natural and industrial) in addition to the appearance the (iconic buildings) and their difference of space organization from the normal monument. Hence the problem of research (the ambiguity of knowledge about the impact of space organization in the perception of monument and monumental buildings alike). Which requires the adoption of a method based on the establishment of a conceptual basis on the monument and spatial organization through the analysis of previous studies for the purpose of completing the vocabulary of the theoretical framework and applied to six research samples in three different countries. The research finds out that the importance of the impact of space regulation in the measure of social communication through its association with the concepts of coexistence and communication. Space regulation involves the organization of borders (both horizontal and vertical). These effect includes the effect of border regulation (horizontal and vertical planes) as well as complementary elements and type of organization (central، linear، annular) in the perception of the monument from two aspects: the recognition of its meaning and its symbol and the realization of its aesthetic properties. And show how different these effects are whether the monument is a monumental building or a monument.