Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

In this research, it will be shown that the owners of dictionaries in general, including Al-Raghib Al-Isfahani (d. 502 AH) in "Mufradat Alfaz Al-Quran", do not present the linguistic interpretation of words according to one method, but rather their methods and approaches in that are multiple.

In this research, we have counted the paths of linguistic interpretation that Al-Raghib relied on in "Mufradat Alfaz Al-Quran", and they reached ten, which are: interpretation by synonymy, semantic differences, contrast, metaphorical relations, generality and specificity, descriptions and considerations, technical meanings, derivational roots, morphological functions, and grammatical relations.

In the research, we explained the concept of each of the previous paths, their benefits, and their use in deducing the linguistic meanings of words.

The research sheds light on the rules of the Arabic language, its syntax, morphology, and rhetoric, and what is related to its vocabulary and structures and is united with the dimensions of its meanings in terms of arts. It addresses the effective impact and definite contribution of all of this in understanding the meanings of the Holy Qur’an and recognizing its wisdom and rules. It consisted of an introduction and six main chapters, followed by a conclusion that included the most important results I reached through that study, and a list of the most important sources and references that I benefited from in enriching the scientific material of the research. I devoted the first chapter to explaining the status of the Arabic language and its impact on understanding the meanings of the Holy Quran. The second chapter came to follow the steps of linguistic understanding of the Quranic text, followed by the third chapter, which identified the most important features and other characteristics that must be combined for complete understanding. I held the fourth chapter to pour out the essence and essence of what I said in this regard, and the fifth chapter came to review a carefully selected group of opinions of scholars specializing in this regard. I will conclude with a final word on this matter; that is in the sixth chapter, followed by the conclusion, and a list of sources and references.

The research discusses a fundamental issue of contemporary linguistic studies, which is the issue of (terminology). It will examine the concept of the term (Quranic grammar) among the early grammarians, and its methodological and objective foundations. It will also reveal the efforts of modernists in defining it in a way that shows the originality of the term in grammatical studies, and the call to approve it in linguistic academies after proving the origins of its historical and cultural origins. And civilization, and its prevalence among students and specialists.

Poetry in the land of the lost paradise was not limited to writers and poets only, but it extended to jurists and religious scholars and even the general public of society. Our research deals with a poet whose news has only reached us in a few scattered fragments in some ancient and modern Andalusian literature books, but he was a great poet in addition to being a brilliant jurist. Our poet is Ali bin Abdullah bin Ali, nicknamed Abu al-Hasan and nicknamed al-Istij, in reference to the city of Istijah where he was born and raised. He devoted most of his poetry, even all of it, to describing the rich nature that God Almighty has blessed those precious and beautiful lands with. The research sought to mention the manifestations of the beautiful nature that appeared in this poetry, which was dominated by short poetic stanzas with a few verses. The research shed light on the most prominent artistic and objective manifestations in the poetry of this jurist poet. And God is the Grantor of success.

The Holy Quran is the primary source of the legal rulings that Muslims are charged with, and it is the most important source for deriving Islamic jurisprudence. One of the important rules for understanding the Quranic text correctly to properly derive legal rulings from it is the rule of Quranic context.

The context means: the set of verbal and current clues that indicate the speaker's intention through the sequence of speech and the regularity of what precedes and follows it.

The Quranic context is: what surrounds the Quranic text of internal or external factors that have an effect on understanding it, from what precedes or follows it, or the state of the speaker, the addressee, the purpose for which it was presented, and the atmosphere in which it was revealed.

The Quranic context is considered one of the important clues through which the speech is accurately understood.

In the research, I conducted - with the help of God - an applied study of the rule of taking into account the Quranic context in deriving legal rulings. The applied study dealt with the verses of changing the direction of prayer in Surat Al-Baqarah, as the research showed the types of context surrounding the verses and their effect in accurately determining the intended meaning of the verses.

The research dealt with the effect of context in preferring the derivation of the ruling of facing the Qiblah for the worshipper who is far from the Kaaba, as the jurists differed in the ruling of the one who is far from the Kaaba. Is it obligatory for him to strive to hit its exact location when facing it? Or is it obligatory for him to strive to hit its direction only?

The research dealt with studying this jurisprudential issue in light of the Quranic context.

God Almighty has succeeded in dividing this research into two sections:

The first section: The Quranic context, its definition, its authority and its types: It contains two requirements

The first requirement: Definition of context in language and terminology

The second requirement: The authority of the Quranic context and its types in terms of level

The second section: The ruling of facing the Qiblah in the Quranic context: It contains three requirements:

The first requirement: The opinions of jurists on the ruling of facing the Qiblah

The second requirement: The Quranic context of the verses of changing the Qiblah

The third requirement: The effect of the context in indicating the ruling of facing the Qiblah

Then I followed that with a conclusion with the most important results.

Verifying and confirming the biography of the Messenger (PBUH) is a necessity that is not hidden from anyone, because this biography is a role model for every Muslim, and Allah Almighty has commanded us to follow his guidance, so it was necessary to document and confirm everything attributed to his biography (PBUH). The credit for this verification and confirmation goes to the early scholars who were interested in narrating, recording and preserving this biography, especially those who were addressed in this research. Here lies the goal of the research in identifying the efforts of the prominent scholars who were keen to narrate and record the events of the Prophet’s biography with honesty and truthfulness, so that it would take its final form in the second century AH, and to be a source of knowledge for the sons of this nation.

We reached the most prominent conclusions through our study of Catalonia and its political and military history during the study and presentation of the components of this research, which attract interest and historical benefit, and can be summarized in the most prominent results reached by this study in the following points:

The study concluded that the military operations led by Muslims in Catalonia led to the strength of Islamic influence despite the cases of rift and loss in the Andalusian Islamic state.

The study demonstrated that the princes of the era of the Taifa states after the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate were keen to maintain the state, despite their request for assistance from the Christian kings and the arrival of mercenary soldiers due to the conflicts between them.
The reasons for the strength of the Christians during the last Islamic eras of its history lie in the continuous wars between the Muslim rulers of Catalonia themselves, so that we find some of them seeking help from Christian enemies on the one hand, and on the other hand the strength of the relationship that linked Catalonia with the state of Gaul and the establishment of alliances and the support of Christian elements for each other until such alliances ended with the union of Catalonia with the Kingdom of Aragon in the year 532 AH / 1137 AD. The importance of the religious factor as a factor of strength and assistance in the strength of the Christians is evident, as it is no less important and influential than the political and geographical factor, especially with the efforts of the popes such as Pope Urban II who wrested the Catalan Tarco from the hands of the Muslims in the year 410 AH / 1010 AD, in addition to the role of the Knights of the Order, especially since its beginnings appeared in Catalan Barcelona.

The Hijaz suffered from economic and financial crises during the Mamluk period, which had an impact on the lives of the population.

Economic crises may arise for either natural or human reasons. Among the natural reasons are the spread of epidemics and diseases that affected its population and livestock, or the lack of rainfall for long periods, which leads to drought, which is reflected in its agricultural crops due to its dependence on rain and wells.

As for the human reasons, they include internal strife and conflicts between its rulers, or external conflicts that lead to cutting off supplies to the cities of the Hijaz. All of these reasons lead to economic and financial crises.

Despite the occurrence of these crises, we note that the Mamluks had a distinctive role in dealing with them as much as possible. They used to send large quantities of supplies to the Hijaz, and continuously throughout their rule, which extended from 648 AH to 923 AH.

The above research reached a number of points, some of which were mentioned at the end of the book "Ibn al-Jazari" regarding the novels that it received. Moreover, they are not included in the book in a single form and have branched out in different directions in terms of the treatment style, which was found in three directions as part of his theory of presentation, whether in reading or in the novel or in how to present those novels, which overlapped with some reflections and aesthetic influences and the way of receiving trends, whether direct or indirect. It created some critical issues that showed his position in the novel, and this reason is attributed to the fact that Ibn al-Jazari was modern, but this matter was accomplished in light of the general approach that is based on systematic analysis and scrutiny of the novels in full. The analysis process depended on the type of text that determined the type of novel, and attempts were made on other added novel texts to shed light on the technical issues that occurred when reading the novels in a systematic way (line D) in the spectrum of the trend. We also see that this matter shows the type of narration, whether they say that the omission is most of the time, but the omission is gained by the interpreter, whether it is general or otherwise, or the type of narration is explained based on its style in particular.

Whether you did not specify the names of the narrators and his passion in his narration was to be accurate according to his critical theory that aims to explain the most important artistic and critical contexts of it through an artistic framework dedicated to those contexts. Some artistic frameworks for the narration were prepared based on the methodology of contexts by following the contextual methodology presented by Ibn al-Jazari according to the methodology of direct and indirect perception in the folds of this research

The Lausanne Conference is a milestone in the series of international conferences held after World War I (1914-1918), especially since the conference was held in exceptional circumstances and for multiple purposes. Each country that participated in the conference had specific goals and objectives that it wanted to achieve through the conference at the expense of other countries. However, the achievement that Mustafa Kemal achieved for his new state was a true victory, especially since he worked hard to bring the Turkish issue into existence, and he succeeded in doing so, so a sovereign state emerged, recognized by enemies before friends. Thus, the Turkish government achieved what it saw as necessary in strengthening the new state and bringing it into existence so that it would later become one of the countries to be emulated.

The book "Al-Hiba min Kitab Mu'in Al-Mufti 'ala Jawab Al-Mustafti" by the author Imam Shams Al-Din Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Khatib Al-Tamartashi Al-Ghazzi Al-Hanafi (d. 1004 AH) is one of the most important books in the jurisprudence of Imam Abu Hanifa Al-Nu'man (may Allah have mercy on him) because it contains topics that are pointed out by the finger, collected from the most important books approved in the creed and reviewing the statements of the scholars of the schools of thought, important statements in his own time or in previous eras. The current research aims to conduct a study and investigation on this book to clarify the important points in it. It is worth mentioning that this research has not been studied previously by any researcher despite the existence of similar studies. We ask Allah Almighty to grant us success in our endeavor, by His permission.

Many small-sized fiqh treatises have not received the attention of researchers despite their many benefits, due to the inability to submit them for master's and doctoral degrees, or due to the difficulty of identifying such treatises, which are usually included in many collections, and it is difficult to identify their authors or subjects. Among these small and beneficial treatises is a treatise called (A Gift to the Beloved in the Answer to the Question of the Dabba) by Al-Jawhari Al-Saghir - may God Almighty have mercy on him - and despite the small size of the treatise, it included useful information and a commendable effort in discussing the statements of Shafi'i jurists regarding the ruling on the Dabba. The benefit of this treatise is the possibility of comparing it to other silver or gold tools that are widely used today.

The study conducted in this book reached many results. They are as follows:

The historian was an eyewitness to the events that took place at that time. He lived his childhood in Damascus, which was his homeland in the Mamluk era during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan who ruled the city of Circassia. He wrote most of the events closely. He mentioned many news items that no historian had mentioned before.

The book included rich topics in the political, social, religious and historical fields. The historian followed the events, and the importance of this book lies in the honesty of the author and the narrators who narrated the book. As we notice, the book contains poetic verses and hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), and this reason is attributed to the author's teaching style and his influence by the poetic verses and his companionship with the elderly, judges and scholars.

The book contains precise details about the political, social and economic conditions of Damascus. Al-Badri was not an ideal narrator of the news and events he narrated. On the contrary, most of his stories were shortened or phrases were changed as required, but in most cases he did not want to explain or expand the narration as is customary in famous historical events.
The author followed the descriptive approach in his book because he presented the events using verbal embellishments. He resorted to poetry more than historical writings. In addition, the author relied on the accounts of poets, scholars, writers and even doctors at that time.
The author used some phrases taken from the colloquial language in addition to using some verbal embellishments. The reason for this may be due to the aim of reaching intellectual harmony with all readers of the book from scholars to ordinary people or because he was influenced by the topics he adopted in his book or it may stem from his feelings and simplicity when talking about the subject. His book also contained some precise phrases and jokes.
The book "Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al-Afaq" is considered one of the literary sources because it contains a lot of contemporary poetry at that time. Or as they say, if you want to reach the mind of the Arab reader, you have to understand their poems and in addition to that they are easy to memorize. For this reason, the author resorted to poetry and literature more than historical events and made them a source in his book, although his book deals with a historical topic.
The book refers to some historical stories related to the Ice Age, the Umayyad, the Abbasid and the Zangid. Although the author lived in the Mamluk era, we did not see any Turkish or Mamluk terms spread at that time.
The author defines in his book the economic conditions of the city of Damascus, represented by (agricultural, industrial and commercial conditions) that flourished due to the geographical location of Damascus surrounded by two rivers and green meadows. In addition, it is located on the path of pilgrims to the House of God, and thus Damascus became famous worldwide, and the credit also goes to the availability of raw materials and the manufacture of medical drugs in addition to the production of food and types of essential oils and other things.

Anbar Governorate occupies approximately one-third of the area of ​​Iraq, and thus has diverse natural characteristics, as it contains different topographical forms and soils vary and differ from one region to another according to the nature of their formation. This expansion in area led to a variation in climatic elements according to the location of each station. The Euphrates River passes through the study area, thus providing the necessary quantities of water to carry out various activities, including agricultural activity. The study area contains good quantities of groundwater suitable for agricultural activity, and through these natural characteristics, an ecosystem specific to Anbar Governorate was formed. The aim of the study was to determine the extent of environmental suitability for a number of industrial agricultural crops (sesame, field pistachio, sunflower) that can be grown in the study area according to the minimum and maximum data of tolerance and suitability of each crop in terms of soil type, surface, climatic elements, water quantity and salinity.

The Research Aims To Identify The Impact Of The Understanding Strategy In A Achievement Of Subjects of history among The Second stage of the Faculty of Arts students. Researcher Used The Experimental Design A Disciple The Posttest, Chose Researcher Division (A) To Represent The Experimental Group That Studied According To The Understanding Strategy, And Represented Division (B) Of The Control Group، Which Is Studying The Traditional Method. The Number Of Students (74 Students) By (37) Students In Each Division . Equivalent The Two Groups In Variables: Age Of The Students، Intelligence، Higher-Order Thinking Test .The Researcher Prepared The Achievement Test And The Higher-Order Thinking Test, Were The Validity And Psychometric Characteristics And Constancy, The Results Showed The Superiority Of The Experimental Group That Studied According The Understanding Strategy In Educational And Higher-Order Thinking . Researcher Recommended Using The Understanding Strategy In Teaching.
Key Words: Understanding Strategy, Higher-Order Thinking

The discussion of the issue of transition to democracy comes as a reaction and result of the deep crisis experienced by authoritarian regimes that have lost flexibility and adaptability to social, political and economic changes. This transition is affected by internal and external factors that greatly affect it. We must understand that democratic transition does not necessarily represent a path to prosperity, freedom and good governance. The matter depends on the quality of the political institutions that result from the transitional phase and their efficiency in addressing inherited and resulting problems. The study of democratic transition raises many hypotheses and adds new experiences, after confirming the existence of a real crisis in the relationship between the state and its society, and between the traditional understanding of the state based on narrow loyalties and affiliations, and the modern understanding of the state based on inclusive civil citizenship, a vast gap clarified by the nature of the social contract regulating the state's relations with society, and in connection with that, a set of challenges and problems related not only to practice and the future, but also to the concepts and prospects for the development of the democratic transition and transformation process and its main conditions. Constitutional institutions constitute the legal framework within which the political process is organized and determines the mechanisms for exercising power and its scope, and the rules to which it must be subject. However, political practice, within the framework of constitutional institutions, remains subject to political forces, their nature and source of existence, and the social, political and cultural values ​​that govern their actions. The intellectual dimension of the process of transition to democracy comes at the forefront of the dimensions and factors influencing democratic transformation, as the nature of authoritarian authority, its deviation in exercising power, the widening gap between the authoritarian ruler and the ruled, and the lack of legitimacy for the authority of authoritarianism make raising the issue of democratic transformation an urgent necessity, especially after peoples subjected to the yoke of authoritarian rule realized that there is no escape from confronting authoritarian regimes after they grew tired of intellectual, political, social and economic stagnation. Democratic transition means the transition from an authoritarian, authoritarian regime to a democratic regime through a gradual process through indicators that indicate the validity of the transition process, such as the erosion of the authoritarian regime and the emergence of a reformist elite and a conservative one within it, the emergence of civil society institutions and their strong influence in monitoring power, achieving the demands of individuals and seizing them from power, and the emergence of effective political parties that express real, not superficial, pluralism that works to curb the authoritarian authority by organizing demonstrations and protests and the language of conscious political opposition, on the one hand, and on the other hand, the commitment to implementing its electoral programs and promises made to voters during the election season. In brief, the transition to democracy is witnessing the emergence of political actors in the political life scene after it was colored by one authoritarian political color. It also means the process during which the exercise of political power becomes less arbitrary and less exclusionary of others, affected by a set of internal factors that are inseparable in the nature of their influence from external factors, variables and international circumstances.

The importance of the role played by the means of communication in forming the mental image of individuals about other countries and peoples of the world increases with the lack of opportunities for individuals to interact and travel to these countries, and to be aware of what is happening in their territories. Organizations, institutions, and even personalities cannot work in a good climate that enables them to achieve their interests and perform their role, unless their mental image among the masses is positive, where the masses understand their role and accept to cooperate with them. That is, these sectors work within the framework of the mental image imprinted on them in the minds of the masses that deal with them. Therefore, organizations, institutions, and countries seek to build a positive image of themselves in the minds of the public, using the media, which has become a major role in building the mental image.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a research model which linguistically addresses the predominant social problems by opposing prevalent ideological status. The critical attribute in CDA implies showing the opaque relationship between discourse and societal structure; that is, those hidden relations that are imbued within the text so as to expose the workings of how language use positions of those characters it addresses by subordinating, excluding or even colluding them with the assumed readers of such texts. Women's status in society is anchored in fragmentation in that women are unable to pull themselves together to protest against their fragmentation because they have been trained to think and live in fragments. This fragmentation training in the patriarchal world has roots deep enough to creep to the Children World Literature.
This study aims at analysing Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (2001) by the British novelist J. K. Rowling (1965) by applying the model (critical social analysis) of Norman Fairclough (1941- ), a British sociolinguist, which deals with CDA and Feminism.

 

The importance of including Fitzgerald in American Literature anthologies cannot be overestimated. He believed that he was an original. Fitzgerald's style is completely his own and perhaps the most incomparable aspect of his prose. It is neither so subtly different that it takes perfect pitch to identify nor so eccentric as to be self-consciously sui generis as some other modernist writers. He frequently exploited and became famous for his material rather than because of his technical innovations. The central thematic concerns of Fitzgerald were those of his time and of his country. As writers' material—the subjects, experiences, ideas that they examine and re-examine—is what makes them the kinds of authors they are, this paper tries to investigate more intensely on the influence of three important literary movements: Realism, Modernism and Existentialism on Fitzgerald’s creative works, his material, subjects and themes and techniques and style based on his creative novels.

Keywords:
F. Scott Fitzgerald, American Dream, Double Vision, Emotional Bankruptcy, saturation method, writing style, literary movements.