Kirkuk Journal of Science

inspecting the attributes of derivatives and integrals of fractional orders known as fractional derivatives and integrals. In this article, a far-out complex integral transform known as the Rohit transform (RT) is put into use for working out general homogeneous and non-homogeneous differential equations of fractional or non-integral orders of particular forms entailing the Caputo fractional derivative operator and the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative operator. The Rohit transform (RT) of the Mittag-Leffler function, the Caputo fractional derivative operator. and the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative operator are obtained, and then the solutions of fractional systems characterized by fractional homogeneous and fractional non-homogeneous differential equations entailing the Caputo fractional derivative operator and the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative operator are obtained by utilizing the Rohit transform (RT). This article showcases the ability and efficacy of the Rohit transform (RT) to straighten out fractional systems characterized by fractional homogeneous and fractional non-homogeneous differential equations. While other methods, present in the literature such as the homotopy-perturbation method, Adomian decomposition method, fractional variational iteration method, Lyapunov direct method, and generalized Mittag Leffler stability, may also be capable of solving the examples presented in the paper, the Rohit transform introduced innovative concepts or methodologies that offer new insights or perspectives on the problems examined in the paper, distinguishing itself from existing transforms and potentially opening up new research directions. The simplicity and ease of implementation of the Rohit transform make it a preferable choice for practical applications, requiring fewer computational steps, less complex algorithms, and simpler parameter tuning.

Groundwater is becoming more and more recognized as a crucial and indispensable water supply on a worldwide basis. The previous few decades witnessed a high increase in its demand due to the overpopulation and improving living standards. Natural radioactivity in water has garnered a lot of attention in recent years. Twenty-two groundwater samples from Kirkuk region in Iraq were tested for radon using RAD7, an electronic radon detector coupled to a RAD-H2O accessory (Durridge Co., USA) with an average value of 10.31 BqL-1, the observed radon concentration ranged from 0.18 BqL-1 to 23.005 BqL-1. The radon concentration readings that were measured fall well within the range of the maximum contamination limit (MCL) of 11.1 BqL-1 set by the EPA. The annual effective dose for individual consumer was 0.039 mSvy-1 within the public exposure limit of 1 mSvy-1 set by the WHO and UNSCEAR. Farmers can feel secure here, and the population is not particularly at risk from radon concentrations, based on the measured values for subterranean water in the study location. This study ended without considering how radon concentration is impacted by the physics of groundwater and chemical properties like PH and EC. After the sample is kept for a month, the radon concentration is recalculated.

Copper and Cadmium Toxicity on Freshwater Snail Physella acuta as Biological Indicator

Many antibiotics have proven ineffective due to the increase of multiple drug resistance problems among pathogenic bacteria in the community or hospitals. Consequently, there is an urgent need to find effective materials to inhibit the activity of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. Therefore, this issue was presented in this study as a problem in urgent need of a solution, including finding alternatives to antibiotics. Hence, the present review aims initially to illustrate nanotechnology and its various medical applications and show its role in infectious diseases, therefore, it presents nanoparticles and the possibility of using them as alternatives to ineffective antibiotics against some mortal pathogens. Thus, the review shows the nanoparticles and their exceptional chemical and physical characteristics of nanoparticles, including the easiest of manufacture, low cost, and time and effort saving, and shows their promising benefits in many biological and medical applications, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer. In addition, the study reviews the potential of using nanoparticles in future clinical trials. Finally, it shows the obstacles to using nanoparticles, thus, emphasizing the need to study the toxicological effects of nanoparticles before applying them in clinical settings.