University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science

Dissimilar to all other pandemics in the past five decades, the humanity has been ravaged by the coronavirus disease COVID-19. Starting from its outbreak, the disease's understanding has advanced quickly; multi-organ involvement is the key factor affecting the prognosis of the disease. Mortality and morbidity are closely related to acute respiratory distress syndrome, renal failure, cardiac failure, liver damage, multi-organ failure, and shock. In the initial phases of viral infection, detecting and controlling pro-inflammatory responses are essential. Throughout patient monitoring, it is crucial to consider the COVID-19 treatment's unknowable response. It has been discovered that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is causally linked to greater mortality. It is a reliable indicator regarding the progression of clinical profile as well as the prognosis of the disease. A highly important cytokine, after the activated macrophages, is it. As a result, a measure for COVID-19 could be the control regarding systemic IL-6 levels in the individuals that have been infected by SARS-CoV-2. This study has demonstrated the significance of IL-6 in COVID-19's immunopathology.

Skin aging has both underlying and extraneous factors. the outermost organ of the human body, the skin suffers from environmental damage to agents such as air pollution and cigarette smoking, the resulting skin aging is called extraneous aging, which is also known as photoaging or the exposure to sunlight via UV radiation. Retinoid refers to the synthetic and natural analogues of vitamin A. Retinoids are a class of compounds derived from vitamin A or showing structural and/or functional similarities to vitamin A. Retinoids as dermatological agents that are widely applied in cosmetics and effective against acne, psoriasis, skin aging, and other skin conditions. Their susceptibility to degradation is a limiting factor for their widespread use, In other words; retinoid concentration in cosmetics is restricted, and one particular form–retinoic acid, is banned due to safety reasons. These include retinol, retinal, tretinoin (retinoic acid), isotretinoin, and alitretinoin, etretinate, adapalene, bexarotene, tazarotene, and Trifarotene. The aim of this review is to introduce the different uses of different types of retinoid in cosmetic and dermatological treatments

The present study, fabricated DSSCs using pure ZnO NWs and ZnO NWs/Graphene nanocomposite as photoelectrodes. Graphene was incorporated into pure ZnO NWs through a cost-effective Hydrothermal Process to act as an electrical charge carrier. J-V curve of prepared nanocomposite was recorded with a light intensity of 100 mW.cm-2. The created nanocomposites were thoroughly investigated by using different electrical and structural characterization techniques such as SEM, XRD, and J-V characteristics. According to SEM examination, the ZnO NWs/graphene composite-based electrode has more porosity than the electrode made using pure ZnO NWs, increasing the surface area and the amount of dye that can be absorbed. From the graphene advantages ,the reduced internal resistance and electron recombination loss, these properties allow electrons to transfer to the collection electrode efficiently. Based on these benefits, the ZnO NWs/Graphene nanocomposite photoanode with a thickness of 965.11 nm that was used in the DSSC2 was demonstrated a Jsc of 19.50 mA.cm-2 and conversion efficiency of 9.829053%, which opposite to the result of the DSSC1 without graphene. These results can be encouraged for future improved optoelectronic devices.
Keywords: ZnO NWs, Graphene, Nanocomposite, Hydrothermal, and DSSCs.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent infections in cancer patients . Two hundred urine samples were taken from patients with bladder cancer in the period between the first of April 2021 and 15 of October 2021 while they were enrolled in the third floor of Ghazi Al- Hariri Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad Province, and private clinics in Nasiriyah Province (100 from patients treated with Mitomycin C (MMC) and 100 from patients treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Forty urine samples were taken from patients with UTI without Bladder Cancer (control). The most commonly pathogens were Escherichia coli ,followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphyllococcus aureus and other genera of UTI bacterium. The total ESBLs Producers in the current study from of 40 isolates was represented 27(72.5%) of tested cases .The highest ESBLs Producer in all Groups was E.coli (44.44%, 23.07% ,33.33%) followed by K.pneumoniae ( 27.7% ,15.38%, 22.22%) and P.aeruginosae recorded ( 16.6%,7.69%,22.22%) .According to PCR out of 38 Clinical specimen from all groups ,the results of the bla CTX-M gene indicated its presence in 21 isolate (55.2%),while the presence of bla TEM gene was 26(68.4%) of total isolates.

Culex pipiens mosquitos are thought to be vectors for many arboviruses, including West Nile virus and encephalitis virus, which have a global impact on human health. The natural management of this pest's aquatic stages is critical for sustaining an insecticide-free environment. The current study focused on the biological and biochemical effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harizanium on Culex pipiens laboratory colony 3rd instar larvae. The results showed that B. bassiana had the highest larval mortality (22%) with a concentration 1x106 spore/ml and the period exposure recorded (36.6%) shortest lethal time (120 hrs), followed by T. harizanium (17.3%) with a concentration 1x107 spore/ml and the period exposure recorded (29.1%) shortest lethal time (120 hrs), and had the lowest percent mortality (16%) with the concentration 1x103 spore/ml and period exposure with (6%) longest (24 hrs) for B. bassiana and had the lowest percent mortality (4%) with the concentration 1x103 spore/ml for T. harizanium and period exposure with 24 hrs (12.5%).

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease associated with many factors , such as cariogenic microorganisms. Candida is associated with early colonization of cariogenic , leading to dental caries. The current study aims To isolate and diagnose Candida species from caries lesions and the surrounding dental plaque concerning concernin dental caries. This study was conducted from July 2021 to December 2022 in the Thi-Qar governorate. Samples were collected from 100 patients using sterile procedures for ages 4 to 65 years for both genders for various factors such as daily intake of sweets, daily brushing of teeth and smoking Eighty-three Candida isolates of six species were isolated, C. albicans was 44, C. glabrata 11, C. dubliniensis 14, C. tropicalis 10, C. krusei 3 , and C. utilis 1, in all age groups and for both genders. The current study proved the existence and role of different species of Candida in causing caries disease, not just C. albicans.

The molecular structures and optical properties of six different N.dimethylphenylendiamino dyes were analyzed using a combination of DFT functions (B3LYP and CAM-B3LYP/6-311+G(p,d)). The six dyes are D1-D6. The various parameters of the solvated phase, such as the polarizabilities, hyperpolarizabilities, peak absorption wavelengths, and HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, were calculated and analyzed. The results of the study are in agreement with the results of the NLO activity order thiophene linker then pyrrole bridge. Compared to the dipyrrole versions, the designed dithiophene-linker dyes exhibit longer absorption wavelengths and smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps. The predicted first hyperpolarizability of dyes D1-D3 are higher than that of D4-D5. This is mainly due to its enhanced electron-withdraw ability and the long -conjugating action of the thiophene moiety. Highly elevated total hyperpolarizability of the designed dyes, suggests its potential application in organic NLO devices, which is expected to be useful.

The present study was carried out in the labs of Technical Institute –Al-Nasiriyah /Community Health Department and Nasiriyah Heart Center in Thi- Qar province, during the period of research was extended from January to July 2022 . The aim of study was to determination polymorphisms of IL-6 gene in patients with Coronary Artery Disease and measuring its levels in serum using a technique enzyme-linked immune sorbent adsorptive (ELISA). The study included a total of 100 Iraqi patients with coronary artery disease(CAD) and healthy control group their age between 3-85 years. DNA has been isolated and PCR was performed by using primers specific for genotypes of IL-6 gene (572 C/G and 174 C/G), the results showed that gel electrophoresis for amplified IL-6 gene of CAD patients, gel electrophoresis of 167bp (IL-6 572C/G) PCR products and 198bp PCR product(IL-6 174C/G). Frequency of genotypes for the IL6 gene showed a high frequency of GG genotype compared to the GC and CC genotypes in all study groups , the frequency of G and C allele in IL6 gene was 95 % and 5 %, respectively with significant differences between genotypes in various groups, in the patient group (90 %) had GC genotype, (10%) were heterozygote and had (0%) had CC genotype compare with control group, (100%) had GC genotype, (0%) were heterozygote and had (0%) had CC genotype. The immunological study showed that there was a significant increase of concentrations of (IL-6) in patients compared to the healthy control group. Thus it seems There is no correlation between IL-6 gene polymorphisms and the risk of coronary artery disease in Thi- Qar province and the Serological Assay (ELISA) showed a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 in patients with coronary artery disease compared with the healthy control group.

Removal of Crystal Violet (C.V) and Janus Green (J.G) dyes was studied using poly acrylic acid hydrogel beads . The adsorption Isotherm of the process was examined in addition to correlated factors such as Temperature, ionic strength, effect of dry beads and mixing dyes. has been found that the adsorption isotherms of both dyes follows Freundlich equation more than Temkin and Langmuir equations. A relation was noticed between adsorption of dyes and temperature especially at the presence of salt at temperature (20 0C). Regarding wet beads of poly acrylic acid hydrogel beads no changes were detected. The adsorption is also increased at shaking. Thermodynamic function increased when the temperature increases. The adsorption increased in investigated (ΔH,ΔG,ΔS) to explain that the process are emitter or absorbent and spontaneous and the random of the process . a kinetic parameter has been studied Lagergren equation ( first order) and by (second order) equations, depending to the results of the experimental, data shown us that the adsorption obeys the pseudo-second order furthermore the first-order equation .

Bikaverin is a reddish pigment produced by a variety of fungal species, the majority of which belong to the Fusarium genus. This pigment has antibiotic activities against protozoa, bacteria, and fungus. This study investigated the toxicity of Bikaverin to some microbs, production, and characterization of the pigment from the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. The yield of total bikaverin in F. oxysporum shake flask culture was improved by optimizing cultivation variables such as complex medium, carbon supply, nitrogen source, temperature, medium pH, and incubation period. After 10 days and at 28°C in Potato dextrose broth [PDB] supplemented with 2% glucose, 2% corn step liquor, and a pH of 5.5, the maximum production of complete bikaverin was discovered. The isolates of more sensitive bacteria to bikaverin were Staphylococcus aureus and S. typhi, with inhibition zones 24 and 23 mm respectively, at a concentration of 75 μg/mL. The isolates more sensitive bacteria to bikaverin were E. faecalis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa while fungi was C. albicans with inhibition zones of 18, 22, 20 and 13 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 75 μg/mL. The results showed that the toxic antimicrobial activity of bikaverin was clear against fungi and bacteria.

Nanomaterials are at the forefront of the fast-paced development of nanotechnology. These materials are outstanding and indispensable in various human activities as long as their size-dependent characteristics. One of the most promising applications of nanomaterials is biomedical. This work reviews the hybrid quantum dot-metal nanoparticle applications in biomedical. An analytical model for the double quantum dot–metal nanoparticle system is proposed, and the system exhibits high susceptibility, which can be used in biomedical applications.

Mortality of any respiratory viral disease is usually attributed in part to other reasons than the damaging effect of the virus alone. One of these reasons is the bacterial super-infection. For this reason, this scoping review attampts to evaluate the significant contribution of bacterial super-infection on the mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and determine the true prevalence of bacterial super-infections in that population. Accordingly, a systematic search was employed with precise criteria on the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PUBMED, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases published in the English language three years from January 2020 to January 2023. The prevalence of bacterial super-infection (BSI) among COVID-19 patients constitutes a point of contention among publications. This heterogeneity among publications came from the semantic dilemma of co-infection and super-infection.Co-infection was determined to be found in a relatively narrow range (1.2-3.1%), while prevalence of bacterial super-infection among COVID-19 patients varied from 18.2 to 50%. The bacterial super-infection significantly increases COVID-19 mortality, with the Odd ratio ranging from 1.76 to 10.53 [CI 95%]. Bacterial super-infection among hospitalized COVID-19 patients represents a non-recognized threat, especially during the first wave of the pandemic. The Prevalence of bacterial super-infection is comparable with those observed in previous influenza and SARS epidemics. A significant contribution of bacterial super-infection, especially the pulmonary to mortality of COVID-19 patients, was observed clearly

Despite research indicating that sperm counts are decreasing globally and that male infertility is becoming more common, limited studies have been conducted on the probable causes and risk factors for male infertility. Because there are few primary treatments for male unproductiveness, knowing the reason and risk characteristics will help identify particular ways to prevent it

Mortality of any respiratory viral disease is usually attributed in part to other reasons than the damaging effect of the virus alone. One of these reasons is the bacterial super-infection. For this reason, this scoping review attampts to evaluate the significant contribution of bacterial super-infection on the mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and determine the true prevalence of bacterial super-infections in that population. Accordingly, a systematic search was employed with precise criteria on the MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PUBMED, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR databases published in the English language three years from January 2020 to January 2023. The prevalence of bacterial super-infection (BSI) among COVID-19 patients constitutes a point of contention among publications. This heterogeneity among publications came from the semantic dilemma of co-infection and super-infection.Co-infection was determined to be found in a relatively narrow range (1.2-3.1%), while prevalence of bacterial super-infection among COVID-19 patients varied from 18.2 to 50%. The bacterial super-infection significantly increases COVID-19 mortality, with the Odd ratio ranging from 1.76 to 10.53 [CI 95%]. Bacterial super-infection among hospitalized COVID-19 patients represents a non-recognized threat, especially during the first wave of the pandemic. The Prevalence of bacterial super-infection is comparable with those observed in previous influenza and SARS epidemics. A significant contribution of bacterial super-infection, especially the pulmonary to mortality of COVID-19 patients, was observed clearly

The Indian medical systems hold promise for the genus Alstonia. Different types of Alstonia, primarily Alstonia scholaris, have been used by the various ethnic communities in India to treat various human illnesses. A historically significant medicinal herb is Alstonia scholaris. The Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asian nations are the native habitats of this evergreen tree. The plant is used in conventional, Ayurveda, Unani, homeopathic, Sidhha/Tamil, and other alternative medical systems to treat a variety of illnesses, including asthma, malaria, fever, dysentery, diarrhea, epilepsy, skin conditions, and snakebites, among others. Alkaloids make up the majority of reported phytochemicals. In this review, reports on pharmacological and phytochemical varieties of A. scholaris are compiled.

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), which was dormant in the dorsal root ganglia or cranial nerve, reactivates to produce the viral illness shingle. Immunosenescence, which includes the documented decline of cell-mediated immunity with aging, can result in the VZV reactivation. While Herpes Zoster(HZ) is typically mild in young, persons who are in good health, while older individuals are more likely to experience complications. The present study was carried out during July 2022 to January 2023 in the province of Thi-Qar We estimate the levels of VZV IgG , IL-4, IL-12,IL-17 and checking level vitronectin (VTN) in the blood of 70 HZ patients who did not suffer from superinfection. 30 individuals of a comparable age who were healthy and free of infectious and inflammatory diseases made up the control group. blood samples were collected from them and examined via the ELISA system. While the plasma vitronectin level dropped in HZ patients when in comparison to the control group, both the serum levels of the cytokines IL-4, IL-12, and IL-17 as well as the VZV IgG titer considerably rose. According to the results, HZ patients without chronic illnesses had significantly greater levels of IL-17. compared to individuals suffering from chronic illnesses. Additionally, IL-12 levels were noticeably higher in females than in males. Age and sex differences were not found to be significantly different in the research.

The purpose of the recent study was to profile of two resistance genes (mecA and ermC) in S.epidermidis which isolated from acne patients. In the study, 150 samples of acne from acne sufferers were collected between August and September 2022 in a private clinical place in the Thi-Qar province of Iraq. The S. epidermidis was only found in (40%) isolates. Microscopical examination, morphological characterization , diverse biochemical testes, and accurate identification with Viteks-system were used to recognize S. epidermidis isolates.. The PCR technique results recorded that (90%) of S. epidermidis isolates had mecA genes and low percentage of ermC (10%).

Cardiovascular diseases(CVD) which include ischemic heart disease, stroke, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, and several other cardiac and vascular illnesses, are the world's leading cause of mortality and significantly lower life expectancy. The research included measuring and evaluating Homocysteine vitamin B6 , B12 and Selenium for cardiovascular patients. Methods: This study was conducted at Nasiriya Heart Center ,Nasiriya General Hospital and Biochemistry Laboratory in the College of science University of Thi-Qar in the period between (October ,2022 to March, 2023) . In formed oral consent was taken for patients. The study included 88 subjects , ages between (40 – 70 ) years. The subjects were divided into two groups : Control group included (38) supposed approximately healthy subject, and Patients group included (50) patients with Heart disease. Cases excluded from subjects: Kidney diseases, Liver failure, Thyroid diseases Immunological diseases, Urinary tract infections, Acute joint diseases Pregnant women, Diabetes. Results: There was a significant increase in homocysteine concentration in the blood serum of the patients group compared to the control group. Significant decrease in the level of vitamin B6 , B12 and Selenium in the serum of patients compared to the control group. Conclusions: The study indicated that homocysteine was elevated in cardiovascular patients, which is a risk factor for heart disease. In addition, the levels of vitamins B6, B12 and Selenium decreased against the increase in homocysteine through the negative relationship between homocysteine and vitamins B6, B12 and Selenium.

To investigate the effects of Hubbard on-site Coulombic correction on the structural and electronical characteristics of wurtzite zinc oxide, first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT) were carried out. Because of the changes in structural characteristics brought about by the correction of hybridization between Zn 3d and O 2p states, suitable Hubbard terms need to be constructed before one can make an accurate forecast of the properties of ZnO. The computations were carried out by applying Hubbard corrections Ud to Zn 3d states and Up to O 2p states. These adjustments were based on the Wu-Cohen functional. When the Hubbard corrections Ud and Up were introduced to the calculation, the lattice parameters were more comparable to the experimental data and were found to be accurately predicted. The combination of the correction terms Ud and Up was successful in improving the underestimated bandgap of the wurtzite ZnO, which may have solved the difficulties that are associated with the traditional DFT. There is a strong agreement between the experimental bandgap and the best Hubbard parameters that were discovered for (GGA-PBE-WC+U). These parameters were found to be Ud = 8 eV and Up = 8 eV.

T2DM and coronary artery disease (CAD) pose significant threats worldwide, contributing to excessive morbidity and death; these co-morbidities interact synergistically with inflammatory processes. The study's goal was to look at Preptin, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels. Serum Preptin, LDH and FBG levels were determined in 50 patients with acute myocardial infarction, 50 patients with (type 2 diabetes with myocardial infarction) and 50 healthy subjects. The results demonstrate a substantial rise in serum concentrations of (Preptin, LDH, and FBG) in the (T2DM with AMI) group as compared to the (AMI and controls) groups (p0.05). However, there was no significant difference in serum Preptin and FBG concentrations between the (AMI and controls) groups (p≤0.05). There was also no significant difference in serum LDH concentrations between the (AMI with T2DM and AMI) groups (p≤0.05). Assessment of Preptin with lactate dehydrogenase and fasting glucose may Predict pancreatic as well as cardiac dysfunction and its helpful in stratification of severity risk

In newborns, Candida are responsible for the common oral thrush and rash in skin folds and in the diaper area. Before the advent of modern sanitary measures and topical antifungal treatments, infants died from dehydration due to this disease. Oral thrush is more likely to occur in infants and older adults due to reduced immunity. The study aimed to shed light on the relationship between Thrush and Candidia and to molecular identification of Candidia spp. isolated from Thrush. One hundred samples of Oral swabs were collected from pediatric with Thrush at ages ranging from (1day-12 years). All samples cultured on Sabouroud dextrose agar; Mannitol salt agar and Malt extract agar. Several tests were used to identify the types of isolated yeasts, including growth on Chromogenic agar medium, as well as biochemical and molecular tests using primers ITS1, ITS4. The Results found that a six species of Candida were isolated on Chromogenic: C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. krusei and C. kefyr, Also, showed the number of yeasts that were genetically identification by molecular diagnosed was five species of yeasts as follows 2 isolates C. tropicalis from 22% and one isolate for each of the following types C. albicans, C. kefyr, C. dubliniensis and Candida species with 11% of all isolates where C. albicans showed the highest percentage. The results of the statistical analysis of the isolates showed that the most affected age group of pediatric was (one month -1 year) in the rate of 24%. Antifungal susceptibility was studied, as the results indicated that all Candida isolates were sensitive to Itraconazole, while all Candida isolates were resistant to fluconazole Furthermore, most species of Candida were resistant to Nystatin and Amphotericin B, except for three type’s C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. kefyr. The most common pathogen in pediatric is Candida spp. In pediatric, the results indicated that the best treatment to eliminate Candida Itraconazol, Clotrimazol, Nystatin, and Amphotricine B Nystatin respectively.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a very common infection in pregnant women .It causes severe consequences for both the fetus and the mother. This study was accomplished to detect the prevalence of microorganisms causing UTI in pregnant women. One hundred and twenty participants of pregnant women were included in this study. Urine samples were collected from each participant and cultured on blood and MacConkey agars, followed by macro and microscopic identification and biochemical tests. API 20E and API Staph compact systems were used as a confirmatory test. The results showed that the ratio of positive urine culture was 53 (44.2% ) , and the highest positive urine cultures were detected in the second trimester 23/53 (43.3%). Also, gram positive bacteria especially, Staphyiococcus spp bacteria were the most common frequency (60.2 %) in this study. Also, it was found that Staphylococcus aureus was the most common microorganism isolated from pregnant women with UTIs followed by Escherichia coli (19%) . UTI stills a major health problem among pregnant women especially during the last two trimesters of pregnancy. And Staphylococcus aureus is the most dominant pathogen nowadays causing UTIs in different trimesters.
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Thyroid disorders are the second biggest endocrine problem in society after diabetes. Environmental and genetic factors lead to the development of thyroid disorders. So this study was designed to determine the prevalence of thyroid disorders in Nasiriya City. One hundred-twenty subjects of both genders were involved in this study 80 of whom were patients, and 40 were healthy people. A blood sample and personal information were collected from all. The levels of thyroid hormones were estimated by the Cobas e411 electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLI). The study found that the incidence of females was more than males (77.5%, 22.5%) and the ratio was 3.4:1. The results showed hypothyroidism disorder was more prevalent than hyperthyroidism and (83.64%) of hypothyroidism were female, and only (16.36%) were male, also (64%) of hyperthyroidism were female while male represented only (36%) of them. The majority of patients were aged 35-46 years. The results indicated that (43.75%) of patients had a family history, (26.25%) were diagnosed with hypothyroidism, and (17.5%) were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism. It was concluded that thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism, constitute a serious concern for public health, and middle-aged people and females were the categories most susceptible to thyroid disorders.

Globally, diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious health issue. Different aerobic bacteria, that can colonize DFUs including Gram positive cocci, such as Staphylococcus aureus, and (beta-haemolytic) Streptococcus. Coagulation-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, and Cutibacteria are frequently found in ulcer cultures in clinical practice; Gram-negative bacteria account for about one third of DFIs. About 70 participants in all, including 29 individuals with type 1 diabetes and 41 patients with type 2 diabetes who have diabetic foot ulcers. The aims of study: is detecting of some aerobic of pathogenic bacteria in diabetic foot ulcers. Scarping of ulcers takes place after regular saline wound cleansing to eliminate surface pollutants, and then exudate is sampled. Pus, or discharges from the base of the ulcer, is then submitted to the laboratory as quickly as possible using an aseptic approach. Then, the bacteria were inoculated onto various culture media, such as MacConkey and Blood agar as enrichment media, and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 hours to isolate aerobic bacteria. The following day, the bacteria were checked for growth, and a pure colony was then prepared. According to morphological examination of bacteria in the culture, microscopic examination of slides, and particular cards of the automated VITEK2 system, isolated bacteria were identified. Results: based on the bacteriological profile of diabetic foot ulcers, S. aureus among the gram-positive isolates and E. coli among the gram-negative isolates were the predominant pathogens. In recommendations, further studies are needed for isolation and identification of another microorganism such as anaerobic bacteria, fungi and virus

Liver is a primary organ for lipid and glucose homeostasis and is the focus of cardio metabolic disease. The NAFLD definition combines the existence of steatosis in more than 5% of hepatocytes and metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity and T2DM, and exclusion of excessive alcohol consumption defined as ≥ 30 g per day for men and ≥ 20 g per day for women, or other chronic liver diseases In the year of 2020, it was suggested that the nomenclature of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) should be updated to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), Moreover, it was found that diagnosis of MAFLD should be based on the presence of metabolic dysfunction not the absence of other conditions , MAFLD can coexist with other liver diseases and a reference to alcohol should not be included in the MAFLD acronym. Biochemical parameters play a significant role in the careful diagnosis and also for the risk assessment and adopting treatment that improves clinical outcome. This article, focused on the nomenclature and diagnosis of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease which before 2020 was called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and explain some of the biochemical parameters in this disease

The study investigated the Impact of flooding in the Kogi state community in Nigeria. The motive behind the research was ignited by the hardship and adverse conditions faced by the community as par the flood in Kogi state. In line with this, a structured questionnaire was utilized for interviewing 300 people who are residents of the affected state. The validation of the instrument was done through peer review and pilot testing. Data was collected and a summary was done. In the same vein they were computed using frequency, percentages and Linkert scaling test. The results from the analysis indicated that 94% of the respondents agreed that flooding destroyed their livestock and farm products, blocked their roads, submerged their buildings and rendered many homeless. It affected daily road transportation, businesses were distorted, thereby impacting negatively on their economy. However, it is recommended that government should assist the victims of this flooding by providing them with relief materials, an alerting device, Internally Displaced People’s Camp with portable water and mosquito nets, while periodic meetings should be held between the weather forecasters and the community members to educate them

In this research molecular mean field theory (MMFT) has been investigated based on Gibbs-Bogoliubov free energy function of a ferrimagnetics mixed spin-3 and spin-5/2 Blume-Capel model with different magnetic crystal fields. The free energy of the proposed ferrimagnet has been evaluated depending on the trial Hamiltonian operator. Minimizing the free energy, one may induce characteristic features of the longitudinal magnetizations, phase transitions and spin compensation temperatures, in the ranges of low temperatures, respectively. In particular, this research has studied the effect of crystal field domains on the critical phenomena for the proposed model. The sublattice magnetization dependence of free energy function has been discussed as well. the results predict the existence of multiple spin compensation sites in the disordered Blume-Capel Ising system for a simple cubic lattice

Male infertility is a problem that affects 10–15% of males in reproductive age. The current study aimed to detect the role of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) cytokine and some hormones in infertility outpatients males at Al-Nasiriya Teaching Hospital/ Infertility Unit/Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. During the period from September 2022 to March 2023, 88 Serum samples from (76 infertility males and 12 control) were collected to assay the levels of TGF-β1, Testosterone, follicle Stimulating and Prolactin hormones by Sandwich-ELISA technique. Infertility patients were distributed to primary and secondary infertility type with a 66(86.84%) and 10 (13.016%) patient, respectively (P≤0.01). All infertility patients showed an elevated mean sera levels of TGF-β1 with (0.734±0.45 ng/ml), as compared with controls (0.670±0.393 ng/ml). No statistical differences were presented between the two groups included in present study regarding this cytokine (P>0.05). The levels of Testosterone, follicle Stimulating Hormone and Prolactin were (3.12 ± 0.76, 7.69 ± 3.67, 15.65 ± 2.75), (3.69 ±1.15, 5.77 ± 0.89, 13.23 ± 0.57) in primary and secondary infertility types compared to control was (6.08 ± 1.42, 7.08 ± 0.73, 11.37 ± 1.15). The present study results may shed light the role of TGF-β1 and some hormones as a serological and diagnosis tool in male infertility. This finding may be contributes as a useful tool in disease classification and assessment

The main activity of community pharmacies throughout the world is directed with regard to dispensing medication and patient care rather than compounding. Patients counseling has improved health-related outcomes in many acute and chronic conditions. The aim of this study is to assess the knowledge of community pharmacist about the counseling practice of patients in a sample of pharmacists in Thi-Qar/Iraq and Providing the appropriate means for developing the counseling and continuing education programs for community pharmacist. A cross-sectional study plan employing questionnaires was arranged based on previous studies and accomplished on a good specimen sample of sixty-one community pharmacists from Thi-Qar from separated areas of Thi-Qar participated in this survey. There were about 33% males and 67% females of respondents. The generality of pharmacists were giving advising to the patients and 65% of them drained 1-5 minutes for the purposes of deal with a prescription and provide counseling. Pharmacist concentrated on side effect, indication, duration, frequency and the dose of the drug during counseling in different proportions. Most pharmacists reported that patient response to counseling was mostly positive. One of the main strategies was highlighted to overcoming the obstacles in patient counseling which was providing special area in the pharmacy for counseling. Another important strategy was preparation of continuous pharmacist education programs that can assist in ameliorate the counseling practice furthermore.

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile bacilli and is a common cause of a wide range of infections in humans, Klebsiella spp. a major causative bacteria in Thalassemia patients. The present study aimed to shed light on the supposed role of bacterial infection in Thalassemia patients during the period from August 2022 to December 2023 in Genetic Blood Diseases/Thi-Qar Governorate. Forty blood samples were collected from all patients and subjected to Conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction assay by using the Universal gene. Nine PCR products were selected and subjected to partial DNA sequencing for the 16S rRNA gene to follow up their possible relationship between them and what was recorded globally in Gene bank. The results revealed that 9/40(25%) isolates were K. pneumoniae. PCR product of 16S rRNA was recorded globally in Gene bank under the official accession numbers ofOQ928953.1,OQ929666.1,OQ928950.1,OQ929250.1,OQ927231.1,OQ928942.1,OQ927249.1,OQ927229.1 and OQ927253.1). The phylogenetic tree that was constructed by MEGA-10 software showed that there were different molecular relationships among the local K. pneumonia isolates with analogous ones around the world.

As a three-variable dimensionless model, we look into the optoelectronic feedback (OEFB) of a quantum dot light emitting diode (QD-LED). We examine complex bifurcation scenarios for photon intensity together with time series, fast Fourier transform (FFT), and attractor of all dynamic variables in order to better understand the dynamics of the QD-LED. The bifurcation graphic shows that the chaotic dynamics of the QD-LED is completely controlled by the OEFB strength and delay-time fluctuations. Our results show that the light transmitted to the OEFB recurs regularly under a short delay time. Additionally, we investigate the synchronization of chaos in two QD-LEDs that are coupled via a unidirectional and bidirectional coupling scheme. When periodic systems are non-identical, both unidirectional and bidirectional systems depending on the coupling strength parameter the system exhibits complete synchronization. Residual chaos, the mean coherence and entropy are discussed as well.

Background: IL-1α is pro-inflammatory cytokine. In healthy cells, the IL-1α precursor is essentially present in almost all cell types, but it becomes a bioactive mediator upon necrotic cell death. IL-1α is also expressed by infiltrating myeloid cells within injured tissues. Aim and Objective: In this review, we focus on the biology of IL-1, its relationship to polycystic ovarian syndrome, and its developing role in the development and maintenance of the inflammatory processes that underlie the pathophysiology of PCOS women. Materials and Methods: Between the ages of (16 and 43), the 75 female patients enduring polycystic ovary syndrome are compared to the (50) healthy females in the oversight group. IL-1 alpha concentrations were noticeably greater in PCOS women compared to the control group, with p-values between (0.05-0.01) indicating a significant difference. These findings examined a non-significant difference in IL- levels between PCOS women and the control group, according to BMI. The research showed that PCOS women had considerably more IL-1 than women without PCOS in all BMI groups. IL-1-, however, in PCOS women and the Control Group The present findings looked at a non-significant variation in IL-1- concentration between PCOS women and the control group, according to Age. According to Age, the current results investigated at a non-significant difference in the concentration of IL-1- in PCOS women and the control group.

Diarrhea is an essential contributor to morbidity and mortality in all parts of the world and among people of all ages. Fecal-oral transmission and consumption of food and water tainted with pathogenic organisms are the leading causes of acute infectious diarrhea, according to studies. this study was conducted to isolate some types of bacteria that cause diarrhea in humans, and 350 stool samples were collected from all ages of both sexes who suffer from diarrhea in Al-Shatrah General Hospital, Bint Al-Huda Hospital, and the Public Health Laboratory in Thi-Qar province during the period from October 2022 to January 2023. Morphological traits routine and advanced biochemical tests were adopted in this study, The results showed that the percentage of bacteria isolates that cause diarrhea was (5.71%), Salmonella spp (4) (20%), Aeromonas spp (2) (10%), Enterobacter spp(14) (70%). Enterobacter spp had the highest rates of resistance to Cefotaxime/clavulanic acid (28.571%), while Aeromonas spp had the highest rates of sensitivity to the same antibiotic (50%). Enterobacter bacteria were the most infected in cases of diarrhea; this work showed that the anti-amikacin is the best in treating cases of diarrhea, and the anti-amoxicillin-clavulanic acid is the antibiotic that is characterized by high resistance to bacteria.

The CCL3L1 gene is very important in regulating of immunity against of pathogens. CCL3L1 inhibits HIV-1 replication by competing with CCR5 co-receptors, which are essential receptors for virus entry into target cells. The aim of the study, which was done in Thi-Qar province from February 2022 to February 2023, was to monitoring the immune status by estimate the gene expression of the CCL3L1 gene in people infected with HIV-1 compared to the group of control. Where 30 samples were collected from infected people and 30 samples from non-infected people as a control group. There was an increased level of gene expression in patients, where it was (17.02778) compared to the control group, which was (1.428108) using qPCR. There is a need for more molecular studies and follow-up of genetic and immunological changes in infected patients.

The pathophysiology of migraine has been the subject of many works, the precise molecular mechanism regarding the disturbances that underlie migraine remains unknown. Additionally, it was found that oxidative stress contributes significantly to migraine development. For many years, the idea that migraine sufferers experience oxidative stress was addressed. In the last few years nutraceutics, includings antioxidants, have received a lot of attention among the substances which may be utilized to cure migraines. Antioxidants that are supplied with the food prevent the oxidative stress through suppressing the propagation, initiation, and actual oxidative chain reaction. The agents now being utilized to prevent migraines do in fact have a certain antioxidative activity. Antioxidants that have been addressed in this research are growing more regularly utilized through the migraine sufferers not just because of low or even lack of side effects, yet as well due to their efficiency (shortening of an episode duration or reduced frequency of migraine episodes).