University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science

Health institutions create between 10 and 15 percent of their total waste as hazardous waste, consisting of substances contaminated with patient blood or bodily secretions, and need special handling to make it safe for disposal due to its environmental and public health risks. The data was collected by designing a self-assessment questionnaire. Three government hospitals in Basrah were randomly selected.
The results showed that only one hospital got a high level, while the remaining two hospitals received a medium level because of transportation issues and inadequate medical waste storage. As it related to assessing healthcare providers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward medical waste, the results were positive at 91.6 % knowledge level, 85.4 % attitude level, and 87.8 % practice level. The situation of medical waste in the governorate requires additional effort on the part of the responsible authorities in terms of adopting new technologies in hospital waste management and promoting more education and training for staff.

Coronavirus disease–2019 (COVID-19) was detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, resulting in a 2% fatality rate. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes this illness, and it is a newly discovered zoonotic strain.TLRs, which identify microbial components originating from invading pathogens, are implicated in the activation of innate responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the hyperinflammatory phenotype of COVID-19. Aim: Determining the most common clinical factors in people with Covid and adopting them as the initial clinical diagnosis. To reduce the risk of disease.
Results: The highest age group of patients with covid_19 was (45-54 years) were 26 (29.5%) of all study patients. The most frequent symptom was fever (82.9%), and the least was diarrhea (21.6%). The study found no significant positive effect on smoking and non-smokers

Laboratory performance is a relative concept, but it is crucial in the whole testing process, as are quality and safety. The study aimed to assess the quality of performance of workers in medical laboratories within the health sector during the Corona pandemic.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at 3 hospitals, 19 PHCCs distributed in 5 sectors, and 1 Public Health Laboratory randomly selected ( using a Multistage random sampling method) in Muthanna governorate. The period of study starts on 1 December 2021 – 31 March 2021.
Results: The study found that 77.0% of the participants had a moderate assessment score, followed by 20.4% having a good assessment score. At the same time, the lowest percentage (2.6%) of the employees have a poor assessment score.
Conclusions: The study finds that the overall evaluation of employees towards laboratory services is moderate and acceptable. Laboratory performance is a relative concept, but it is crucial in the whole testing process, as are quality and safety. The study aimed to assess the quality of performance of workers in medical laboratories within the health sector during the Corona pandemic.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at 3 hospitals, 19 PHCCs distributed in 5 sectors, and 1 Public Health Laboratory randomly selected ( using a Multistage random sampling method) in Muthanna governorate. The period of study starts on 1 December 2021 – 31 March 2021.
Results: The study found that 77.0% of the participants had a moderate assessment score, followed by 20.4% having a good assessment score. At the same time, the lowest percentage (2.6%) of the employees have a poor assessment score. Conclusions: The study finds that the overall evaluation of employees towards laboratory services is moderate and acceptable.

Background: Zinc is an essential trace element in maintaining human health. Zinc deficiency has many adverse effects on the body's growth and validity and delays the individuals’ daily performance of duties. The study aimed: to find the association between serum zinc levels and different socio-demographic factors.Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to achieve the study's aim from November 2021to May 2022. The size of sample comprises 140 participants. All study members were adults ages ranging from (18-65) years taken randomly from Al-Najaf Governorate. The data was collected by estimating serum zinc and using a simple questionnaire, then analyzed using a statistical program. Results: The association between serum zinc with educational level and monthly income wasa significant p-value (0.048 and 0.027, respectively). Other socio-demographic characteristics were not significant. Conclusion: The study concluded that educational level and monthly income could affect serum zinc level more than Other socio-demographic characteristics.

Infertility remains a global health challenge with devastating psycho-social consequences in many communities, and the underlying long-term risk of couple separation is also a major clinical and social problem. Infertility is defined as the inability of a couple to conceive naturally after one year of intercourse.
A case-control study was carried out among males who have infertility and who attended the Infertility and in vitro fertilization Center of Basrah province in the period extended from September 2021 to June 2022. A questionnaire was used to record The special notes. Seminal fluid samples were collected from (176 patients and controls were divided into 88 patients of male samples and 88 samples of the control group). In the present study, age was divided into three groups, which were statistically non-significant. The residence was also non-significant, which included central and peripheral areas. The results also showed no statistical significance between smokers and nonsmokers. The laboratory results showed that the analyzed seminal fluid parameters such as volume, sperm count, grade A, grade D, and Morphology of sperm in the patient's group differed significantly from that of the control group (P. value <0.05). Compared to primary infertility (N=61,34.6%) or secondary infertility (N=27,15.4%), the analyzed seminal fluid parameters showed no statistical significance. In addition, the seminal fluid abnormalities, which were divided into six groups, that were found significantly statistically significant in patients from controls, include asthenozoospermia, necrozoospermia, teratozoospermia, and leukocytopenia. (P. value <0.05).

Abstract-Background: Neonatal screening is a preventive medical act aims to early detecting neonates affected by specific disorders that endanger their lives or cause long-term health problems and require prompt intervention. This can result in significant reductions in morbidity, death, and related costs and disabilities. The panel of neonatal screened disorders has been gradually expanded. Expansion has been empowered with the introduction of tandem mass spectrometry, which allowed for the screening of up to 40–50 diseases with a single blood spot. Part of the implementation of neonatal screening program must include, just like any other program, monitoring and evaluation task in order to identify difficulties or barriers to improve procedures and methodologies. This study aimed to evaluate the Central Public Health Laboratory/ Karbala Directorate of Health performance in Neonatal Screening program. Method: The evaluation method has been carried out in Holy Karbala Governorate for the period between the first of September 2021 and the end of June 2022 using a check list of standards taken from the National Guideline for Newborn Screening for Care Providers in Primary Health Care Centers in Iraq. This was to evaluateCentral Public Health Laboratory by meeting the manager employee and evaluate theCentral Public Health Laboratory room. Results: The Central Public Health Laboratory showed an acceptable level of implementation. However, from the structure point of view, there were some difficulties in maintaining sustainability of providing some vital material resources like test kits. From the process point of view, there have been difficulties in the transmission of blood samples to the laboratory, which happened only two days a week.Conclusions: Since the program's importance in detecting diseased cases early and can save infant lives, it is critical to organize work in the program and maintain the availability and continuity of laboratory materials required for the continuation of work. Recommendations: The research was conducted during the program's stop due to the lack of laboratory supplies, thus it is recommended to re-evaluate the same organization at a period when work is active.

Background:Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major health issue globally, posing a significant financial and social burden on individuals, families, and communities.The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the risk factors of T2DM and its relationship with macrovascular complications.
Methods:A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 1189 individuals with T2DM attending Thi-Qar Specialized Diabetes Endocrine and Metabolism Center (TDEMC) in Nasiriya City, Thi-Qar, Southern Iraq. All patients’ data were gathered from the direct interviewees and the digital records of TDEMC, which used an internal network system and Microsoft Access Program.
Results: The mean age was 55.9 ±11.7 years, female 58%, body mass index 31.2 ±5.5 kg/m2, waist circumference 108±11.6 cm, One-fifth (20.9%) of this cohort were having an established atherosclerotic cardiovascular. Dyslipidaemia in T2DM was a common biochemical derangement of 77.6% and it increases the risk of all elements of macrovascular complication at a rate of 87.8% P/<0.001 heart disease, (85.4% P/0.015) stroke and (79.6% P/ 0.063) clinical PAD. Hypertension (63.5%), family history of T2DM (64.9%), history of CVD, sign insulin resistance (61.7%), centralobesity (84.3%), history of gestational diabetes mellitus and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73m2 were having a significant effect on overall macrovascular complications among T2DM.
Conclusion: History of dyslipidemia is the most significant (p=<0.001) independent risk factor for the prediction of macrovascular complications among T2DM, while other risk factors were considered as dependent to further cofounders

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely accessible over-the-counter (OTC), liberally recommended by locals medical practitioner, and frequently misused by women for the purpose of treatment of skin conditions, joint pains, febrile illnesses and asthma. Unfortunately, ladies misuse a lot of over-the-counter GCs and glucocorticoids containing cosmetic creams, both imported and locally blended in order to deposit fat as a connection between beauty and propensity. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the epidemiological and socio-demographic characteristics of GCs misuse among reproductive women in the South of Iraq.
Methods: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 251 reproductive-aged women who were misusing GCs for any cause and attending Thi-Qar Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Center (TDEMC) in Nasiriya City. They were evaluated for demographic characteristics, medical and social histories, and then examined carefully for any signs of GCs misuse.
Results: The mean ages of women were 33.21±8.6 years, BMI 30.68±7.3 Kg/m², and 208 (82.9%) women were either overweight or obese. More than half (51.3%) of the women were misusing two or more forma of GCs and one quarter (26.7%) of them were misusing tablets. The types of GCs misused were presented as 77.7% dexamethasone, 19.5% prednisolone, 22.3% hydrocortisone, 21.1% betamethasone, 17.5% local GCs types, and 13.5% Inhaler GCs types. The major source of GCs misuse was pharmacy 201 (80.1%) and 18 (7.2%) from street vendors. Approximately, all women had many features of GCs-induced adverse effects and there were many misconceptions about their safety like 41.8% thought that using GCs was safe, and 45.8% did not really feel guilty about using those medications. About 90 of them (35.9%) were still misusing drugs during the time of meeting, 53 (21.1%) reported that physicians recommended them at the first time for using glucocorticoids and the majority 198 (78.9%) were misusing GCs by themselves, friends, or first-degree family to become beautiful or marry.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder that affects body systems and leads to reproductive and metabolic complications.Among women of reproductive age, it is considered as one of the main cause of infertility. The present study aimed to evaluate a biochemical hormones (FSH, LH, LH/FSH ratio and TESTO) of infertile women with and without polycystic ovarian syndrome in Basra City - Iraq, in order to know whether they represent biomarkers of polycystic ovarian syndrome.
Method:The present study included 60 patients infertile women (30 with PCOS and 30 without PCOS) aged between 16 to 40 years, which was admitted to Infertility and IVF Centre in Basra Hospital for Women and Children (IbnGhazwan) in Basra Government-Southern Iraq. A control group of 30 entirely healthy participants with an age range of (16 -40) years were considered. Body mass index was calculatedfor the two groups. There follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Software of SPSS 26 was used for the statistical analysis.
Results: The results of the present study showed a significant increase in each of (LH and LH/FSH) concentration in PCOS compared to the control. Moreover, the results illustrateda significant increase in patients without PCOS(LH and BMI)compared to the controls.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a significant increase in LH, LH/FSH levels in addition to BMI among women with PCOS and without PCOS compared to Fertile women.

Obesity and overweight are still very common diseases affecting most regions of the world. According to studies, the increasing obesity prevalence in both adults and children of all ages, regardless of geography, race, or socioeconomic status. The Abdominal obesity is featured by fat accumulation in abdomen or atrophy of the large muscle group or both. So, the waist circumference (WC) is greater than the hip circumference (higher WHR) because of the accumulation of fat inside the abdomen. This study aims to find an association between abdominal obesity and dietary habits.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey; of 384 participants randomly selected from the formations of the Southern Technical University in Basra Governorate southern Iraq from (The College of Health and Medical Technologies, Technical College Administrative. Technical College of Engineering and Technical Institute in Basra) the data was gathered by conducting in-person interviews with the participants and utilizing thorough self-reporting survey questionnaires. Results: The present study reveals that more than half (51.0%) of students rest in the normal range. While 49.0% of them have abdominal obesity. Conclusion: With the exception of rice and soft drinks, the results of the current study showed no significant correlation between dietary habits AND WC. TO ADDRESS THE HIGH INCIDENCE OF ABDOMINAL obesity, among university students who need health education programs

The most frequent pregnancy issue is a miscarriage, which is defined as the spontaneous end of pregnancy before the fetus reaches viability. The current research aims to identify the potential significance of selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE) as predictive diagnostic biomarkers in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).
Methods: A case control study that included three study groups; 35 women with RPL, 30 non-aborted pregnant (NAP) women, and 25 healthy women. After rigorously applying the eligibility requirements, patients were chosen from those visiting Bint Al-Huda Teaching Hospital and Suq Al-Shuyukh General Hospital in Thi-Qar Province (Iraq). Serum VE and serum Se levels were determined using the ELISA and atomic absorption spectrophotometer techniques, respectively.
Results: The outcomes showed that the RPL group's serum VE and Se below normal levels were (88.6% and 62.9% respectively) lower than in the healthy control group (28% and 24% respectively). The level of VE was depleted in NAP group (93.3%) compared to HC group (28%) with significant differences, whereas the level of Se was significantly lower in RPL group (62.9%) compared NAP group (13.3%).
Conclusions: A significant positive association of VE and Se in RPL and a significant negative association of VE and Se in NAP and HC.

─Background: Health professionals working in the radiological departments of Al-Muthnia Hospital are at high risk of radiation exposure due to a lack of personal protective equipment (PPE) such as thyroid shields, genital shields, and lead glass in all radiological departments, as well as a lack of staff awareness of the need to use these PPI.
A study of the extent of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for radiation workers in hospitals.
Method: To determine the scope of radiation workers' obligations in hospitals about wearing personal protective equipment, a cross-sectional investigation was carried out among participants in All Radiation Units in Hospitals in the AL-Muthana Governorate. Results: This study involved 95 participants from radiological units 95 people responded overall. Their average age was 37 years, 70.5 percent of them were men, 33.0 percent of them worked as radiographers in x-ray units, the majority of them were married, and 41.1% had diplomas or other credentials. According to the study, only 45.4 percent of staff members wear PPE(lead coat) when dealing with radiation, while 50.9-92 percent of staff members report that additional PPI, including lead glasses, genital shield, and theroid shield, are unavailable. Occupational health and safety training is only provided to 63.2 percent of the staff. At a P value of 0.05, all questions are statistically significant.
Study objective: Identify the extent of the obligations of radiation workers in hospitals in terms of wearing personal protective equipment.

Obesity and being overweight are rising and becoming a global issue. Obesity has a negative impact on all body systems, including the endocrine system. The present study aimed to determine whether there is an association between BMI and pituitary gland hormones in infertile women's serum in Basra City, Iraq. The study was conducted at Ibn-Gzouan Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Basra City, southern Iraq, between October 2021 and March 2022. Thestudy included 60 infertile women (30 with hypothyroidism and 30 without hypothyroidism) aged between 18 and 45 years,with a pathological period of infertility from 2 to 15 years. The studied infertile women were divided into two groups according to the measured BMI. The first group had a BMI of less than 25 (24 women) and the second had a BMI of greater than 25 (36 women).The results showed that there are significant elevations in LH level and cortisol levels as well as in LH/FSH ratio. Cortisol showed a positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.374, p = 0.025), FSH showed a positive correlation with LH level (r = 0.428, p = 0.009) in the same direction LH showed a positive correlation win LH/FSH ratio (r = 0.668, p = 0.000). In infertile women with a BMI greater than 25, FSH showed a negative correlation with the LH/FSH ratio (r = -0.342, p = 0.041). From the above results, we can conclude that BMI is an essential parameter in any treatment of women’s infertility.

Abstract Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Leptin, an adipokine with the primary function of regulating energy balance, is found to mediate insulin secretion and sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Aims: Hence, we aimed to determine the role of leptin in the development of insulin resistance (IR) in newly diagnosed T2DM patients and determine tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α). Materials and methods: A case control study a total of 80 patients and 50 control groups, used Cobas E311 device to measure glucose, whereas HbA1c used D-10 hemoglobin Hba1c device whereas other parameters used ELISA methods were used to analyses 130 samples Results: Highly significant increase level of Fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, Insulin, Leptin and HOMA- insulin resistance whereas significant decrease level of TNF alpha and , Plasminogen activator inhibitors -1 in patient type two diabetes mellitus compared to the control group. Conclusion: increased the level of leptin levels while TNF-α levels were decreased in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND: The inflammatory mediators releasedby injured endothelium enhance the interactionof circulating leukocytes with endothelial cells and contribute to development and progression of atherosclerosis. In this study we designed to determine some interleukins (IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-8) as diagnostic markers in stable angina pectoris.
METHODS: The study was carried out on30 patients who were diagnosed
with stable angina pectoris (18 males and 12 females).They visitedNasiriya Heart Center throughout the period from the beginning of November 2021 to the end of April 2022, and 20 age matched healthy person (13 males and 7 females). IL-1β, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 were assayed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Troponin I (cTnl) was determined by using monoclonal cTnI-specific antibody. D- dimer by electro-chemiluminescence method. CK-MB by monoclonal CK-MB-specific antibody. Myoglobin by monoclonal MYO-specific antibody.
RESULTS: Male and female patients with stable angina showed significantly elevated serum levels of troponin (P<0.001), D-dimer (P<0.001) and (P<0.01) respectively, CK-MB (P<0.01), myoglobin (P<0.01), IL-1β (P<0.01 and <0.05 respectively) and IL-6 (P<0.05), with non-significant changes in the levels of IL-5 and IL-8 in comparison with healthy male and female individuals respectively.
CONCLUSION: In addition to troponin, D-dimer, CK-MB and myoglobin; the proinflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, and IL-6 are helpful diagnostic markers instable angina pectoris.

Self-medication is described as the use of medications to address illnesses or symptoms that one has independently diagnosed, as well as the irregular or continuous use of a prescribed substance to treat persistent or recurrent illnesses or symptoms. The fundamental issue with antibiotic self-medication is the development of pathogenic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is an issue that exists today, primarily in developing nations.
The main objective was to study the public's beliefs and behaviors on antibiotic use as well as self-medication with antibiotics in Basra were studied.
Methods: a cross-sectional survey was conducted by using a validated questionnaire. This survey included 470 participants. (74 %) self-medicate with antibiotics. Community pharmacies (41.1%) were the most common source ofantibiotics for self-medication. (74.5%) of the participants know that antibiotics are not useful for a commoncold. (59.1%) of the participants have an idea of the possible harmful effects of using antibiotics. More than half of the participants 287 (61.1%) thought that self-medication with antibiotics is not an acceptable practice. (40.51%) stated as very bad practice and (32.72%) stated as bad practice.
Conclusion: Most of the participants beliefs that self-medication with antibiotics is not an acceptable practice, while 74% used this practices. It is important to properly follow up the regulations and controlling the distribution of prescription medications.

the role of nutrition in developing pre-diabetes among obese children and adolescents remains a major problem. Method: A cross-sectional study based on food frequency questionnaire data was conducted on obese children and adolescents aged 6–18 years at Al-Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center (FDEMC) in Basra (South Iraq) from November 1, 2021, to the end of May 2022. This study aimed to assess dietary patterns for obese children and adolescents who are at risk for pre-diabetes. Results: 155 obese children and adolescents aged 6–18 years participated in the study, 60% of whom were males and 40% female. 40% (n=62) had Impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 16.8% (n=26) had Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Regarding the dietary pattern, this study discovered that 58.7% (n=91) of the participants have a neutral eating habits score, followed by 40.0% (n=62) of them have an unhealthy eating habits score, while only 1.3% (n = 2) of participants have healthy eating habits. However, this study found significant static associations between dietary habits and education level, socio-economic status, and father education. Conclusion: Healthy eating habits, weight reduction, and increased physical activity are all factors that assist in preventing pre-diabetes and its complication such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The study aims to identify mothers' knowledge about children's nutrition under five years in Babylon city. Materials and methods: This study is a cross-sectional study on mothers' knowledge about children's nutrition under five years in primary health care centers in urban and rural of Al- Hilla city. The study period runs from November 1st, 2021, to March 1st, 2022. The data was collected by questionnaire through questions and an interview with mothers after obtaining their approval. Results: shows the total knowledge score of mothers, most of them (54.3%) scored moderate knowledge, followed by (43.9%) scored good knowledge. Conclusion: the study reveals that it did not find a statistically important association between demographic characteristics and total knowledge score, except for age groups, house type, and educational level of mother and father. Aims of the study: To identify mothers' knowledge about children's nutrition under five years in Al-Hilla city, To find an association between total knowledge score and demographic characteristics.

After the emergency approval of different COVID-19 vaccines the administration of millions of doses, many concerns arise for adverse effects, especially in vulnerable groups such as diabetics. In this study, we investigate what effects different COVID vaccines could have on several biomarkers in diabetic patients and whether that raises a concern for this group or not. Materials and methods: this study includes two groups of diabetics each group consists of 20 participants ; One of the groups under study, where they received the COVID-19 vaccine either AstraZeneca or Pifizr-BioNTech vaccine and the other groups were controlled or the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, the other group-the control group- did not take any vaccine. Blood samples were taken from both groups about a week after the first dose andstatistical studies were conducted on the results. Results: Noticed an increase in all biomarkers. Increase in RBS could simply be due to immune response, same thing could be said for the CRP increase. Ferritin increase was not important; it was only apparent in three patients and that could be due to active infection. The increase in D-dimer levels was apparent in all patients and that raises the biggest concern. Conclusion: the biggest issue was seen in the rising of D-dimer levels because it raises concern about clotting disorders and heart disease which is already a concern for diabetic patients. Further investigation should be done and careful monitoring for clotting risks is necessary after the vaccine.

food habits are a representation of the cumulative impacts of the foods that people eat, and they effectively explain how nutrition may influence overall results of wellness measurements. The overall purpose of the research is really to determine whether food habits and body composition are related amongst Al-Hilla city's students in primary schools. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study was done in Babylon Governorate (Al-Hilla District) in Iraq from 1st ofNovember 2021 to 1stof March 2022 on 384studentswho had been selected randomly and ranged in age from 6 to 13 years. The Body Mass Index (BMI)was calculated for students.Results: According to the results of the current study, 61% of individuals had normal BMI, 17% were obese, 16% were overweight, and 6% were underweight.BMI and gender have no statistically significant association.According to the survey, the majority of individuals (87%) possess neutral food patterns, while the minority (3%) has bad eating habits.Except for consuming snacks, the study have shownno significant connection between BMI and food patterns (P. value <0.001*). Conclusion:Most primary school students have neutral eating habits. Consumption of snacks and the educational level of the mother have been discovered to be significantly correlated with body weight.

Medical waste is a global issue because of its detrimental effects on societal safety and the environment.
Due to its contagious and harmful nature, which can have negative consequences on people and the environment, medical waste treatment is crucial.
Objective: assessment of the medical waste management during the Coronavirus epidemic was occurring in Al-Diwaniyah Hospitals.
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was used to carry out the investigation. To randomly select cases, a self-administered Arabic language questionnaire was used. The analysis uses SPSS Version 21.
Results: General trash has been accounted for the majority of the waste produced in hospitals, with hazardous medical waste accounting for the second-highest percentage (63%) of waste handlers. In Al-Diwaniyah General Hospital, management levels were subpar, and medical waste management (MW) awareness among the entire medical teams was lacking.. the administrative employees, health professionals, and the cleaning staff did not have the necessary level of understanding concerning medical waste. The report suggests that integrated medical waste management should be clarified, suitable roles should be established, regulatory and legislative departments need to be supported, and increasing the training programs in the that medical institusion

Viral respiratory infection such as severe acute coronavirus-2 disease (SARS-CoV-2) and bacterial co-infections commonly are identified and a major cause of morbidity, mortality requiring prompt and antibacterial diagnosis. Sputum samples were collected from 100 patients including 68 males and 32 females with age ranged between 16 -85 years from the beginning of October 2021 to the end of March 2022. Specimens have been collected from isolation wards at Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Thi-Qar province, south of Iraq from patients that were diagnosed with COVID-19 and taking preventive treatment for bacterial infections. The results have shownthe most common isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae as the pathogen registered in 20 (32.2%) of the total 62 bacterial positive cases, followed by the Candida spp. 18 (29%). The current study also has demonstrated that the bacterial isolates were varied in their resistance and sensitivity to the antibiotics. A DNA fragment encoding the open reading frame (903 bp) of Cation-efflux pump FieF was successfully shown apositive PCR band and isolated from only 10 (47.6%) isolates of K. pneumoniae isolates were named Thi-Qar1-Thi-Qar11 by conventional PCR using Cation-efflux pump FieF gene specific primer. The obtained nucleotide sequences of the Cation-efflux pump FieF from the above-mentioned Thi-Qar isolates were deposited in the GenBank under accession numbers MZ069095-MZ069104.

Current study generated complexes of the novel heterocyclic ligand 3-(1-methyl-2-((1E,2E)-3-phenylallylidene) hydrazinyl)-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole with Cr(lll), Co(ll), and Cu(II). Using techniques including 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry, FT-IR, and elemental analysis, scientists could determine key characteristics of the novel ligand. As spectra, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), magnetic susceptibility, atomic absorption, and conductance measurements were used to describe ligand complexes in contrast. Bacteria were used in an assay to test the antibacterial activity of each novel compound (Staphylococcus and Escherichia coli). Quantum chemical simulations performed using the DFT approach at the B3LYP/6-311++G level complemented the experimental data. Using Hyperchem 8.02 and the PM3 approach, this study hasdetermined the ligand's electrostatic potential and its complexes' geometries. The electrostatic potential that reveals useful data about the location's complexity

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram negative rod bacterium.It is commonly found in soil, water, plants and humans. Notably, P. aeruginosa has become an emerging opportunistic pathogen in hospitals, which has a major threat to the global health systems, including Iraq. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of cephalosporin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were identified by standard microbiological procedures followed by PCR confirmation. Antibiotic susceptibility testing, for 5 antimicrobials, was conducted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) standardized by disk diffusion methodsand VITEK 2 methods. Of the 160 clinical specimens, 81 were positive for P. aeruginosa.The results showed that 81 isolates were identified as Pseudomonasaeruginosa of which 97.53%,79%, 83%, 81.50 %, 100 and 80.30% were resistant to Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime and Cefepime respectively. These findings highlighted a high prevalence rate of cephalosporins antibiotics resistance P. aeruginosa at Basra hospitals in Iraq.

Cholecystitis represents inflammation of the gallbladder. It can lead to many complications,cholecystitis can be either acute or chronic. The inflammation is caused by a blockage in the gallbladder, which stops the flow of bile that flows directly into the small intestine to digest fats. Often this blockage is caused by gallstones, which leads to condensation and stagnation of bile.
Adults who haveobese, are at increased risk of many chronic diseases such as diabetes, gallstones, high blood pressure and heart disease. Obesity is associated with increased bile cholesterol excretion.
The study has included (175) samples of cholecystitis patients who attended the hospital for the period from January to September 2022, the samples were divided according to gender and obesity status. It was found that the highest incidence of cholecystitis in males was in the age group (55-64) and it was (14%), then the age groups (35-44) and (>65) was (12%).The highest incidence of cholecystitis among women in the age group (35-44) was (27%), then the age group (45-54) was (23%) and then the age group (55-64) was (15%).
This study has found that, both obesity status and (BMI >25) were higher in women (79%) while it was in males (52%), and it hasfound that, blood pressure, diabetes and metabolic syndrome arethe most common comorbid conditions associated with cholecystitis.
It was also found through this study that most cases of cholecystitis for both sexes are at high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and low levels of HDL. This is consistent with most studies confirming that most gallstones consist of cholesterol, that cholesterol metabolism has a role in the mechanism of gallstone formation, and that most patients underwent and that most patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (70%).

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most infectious and deadly diseases, especially after the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, in this study, we developed a method to evaluate the ability of using CXCL10, CXCL9, MMP9, suPAR and the expression gene (NF-κB) and their rolesin the diagnosis and treatment of the disease in patients. Also, we used ELISA and qPCR techniques to compare the serum levels of CXCL10, CXCL9, MMP9, suPAR and NF-κB gene in drug resistant and drug sensitive TB. The serum levels of CXCL10, CXCL9, MMP9, suPAR and the expression of NF-κB gene was compared among drug resistant and drug sensitive TB using ELISA and qPCR Techniques, respectively. Our results showed an increasing in the serum levels of CXCL10, CXCL9 and suPAR, in the drug resistant of TB patients but not in the drug sensitive group, however, all of them did not reach the significant level, it was found that expression of NF-κB in drug sensitive group was higher (3.22-fold) than that in the drug resistant-TB patients (2.70-fold).

Thepresent study was conducted from January to May 2018 to identify the infection rate of fasciolosis and cystic echinococcosis in cattleslaughtered in the slaughterhouse of Nassiriyah Municipality, Thi-Qar province. During this study, 524 (247 males and 277 females) cattle were submittedfor postmortem inspection. Chi-square is used to analyze the data. The prevalence of fasciolosis in the examined cattle was (7.25%) while the rate of infection with cystic Echinococcosis was (8.40%) with no significant difference.Infection with fasciolosis and cystic echinococcosis was higher infemales than males.The current study showed significant relevance between the sex of cattle andthe prevalence of both fasciolosis and cystic Echinococcosis (P≤0.05). The prevalence of fasciolosis and cystic Echinococcosis were significantly affected among the age groups in cattle (P≤0.05).

Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative Bacilli belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. It has a rod-shaped coliform . A number of neuropsychiatric conditions, likeanxiety, schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, and depressive disorder, Have been reported to be associated with the microbiome. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disturbance. A sample of fifteen E.coli bacteria were isolated E. coliisolates From ASD children's stools.ASD children. The isolates were identified by phenotypic identification using API 20 E. The molecular analysis was processed for Integron I,II,I, cfr, procfr genes.These resultsshowed Integron II less prevalence Than in IntegronIand III. I,III while pro-cfr, more prevalence than cfrgene.Multidrug-resistant in E. coli has widespread.

Background; Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease pandemic, several effective vaccines have been introduced. These vaccines work through several different immunogenic pathways to produce effective immunity. There have been a number of reports of patients developing sub-acute thyroiditis and thyroid dysfunction after receiving the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine. This study aims to demonstrate the physiological effect of the covid -19 vaccine on human thyroid hormone. Methodology; For this purpose, 25 samples of male and female blood from people vaccinated with the corona virus used, 25 samples of blood from unvaccinated people were considered as a control group. The effect of this vaccine on the functions of the thyroid gland and on the concentrations of hormones was shown. A significant increase in the concentration of hormone T4 was observed in the group of vaccinated people compared to the control group. Conclusion, the current study Showed that the level of hormones increased significantly in the vaccinated compared to the control group, as well as concluded these results was indicate that thyroid function is negatively affected by the vaccine.

Background:Infertility is a global problematic that impacts nearly 15% of all couples, and is definite as, incapability to conceive following 12 months of free-contraceptive un-protected interaction.
Material and methodology:serum OD of anti-follicle hormone as stimulation antibody and anti-sperm antibody was identified through assay method of enzyme–linked immune-sorbent. One Protamine 1gene polymorphic sites was genotyped on 72 couple’s Sterility. Other 20 couples group was obviously healthy ones. Genotypes were assessed through (PCR-RFLP) method.
Results: Regarding the Serum positivity of anti-sperm anti- body and anti-follicle stimulation hormone antibody in peripheral blood of sterile couples.The results observed significant association between anti-sperm antibody, anti-follicle stimulation hormone antibody and sterile women (P value 0.18, 0.32 respectively), while non-significant for anti-sperm antibody in sterile males P value (0.129), the reported SNP frequency was of no significance difference in comparison to males of normal fertility, that propose that the SNP might not aid as a good molecular genetic diagnosis indicator for males sterility (MI).
Conclusions: The SNP G197T are absent totally and are not related to MI with above-mentioned, thus such SNPs might not signify as a molecular indicator for the MI genetic cause diagnosis in the current population of the study.

Analyze the impact of a newborn intensive care unit nurse education program on the nurses' infection control knowledge and practice.
Theoretical/Probabilistic (pre-test and post-test for the study group). Both Al-Mussawi Hospital and Bint Al-Huda Maternity Hospital in Nasiriya city housed two of Nasiriya's pediatric hospitals for the research. A total of 50 nurses were included in the research. A questionnaire and a checklist were used to gather the data (to measure practice). Analyses of the data were carried out utilizing SPSS version 19 (SPSS). The knowledge of nurses was significantly different between the pre- and post-tests (P< 0.05). 18 (36 %) of the nurses correctly answered the sterilization definition prior to attending the training, but 47 (94 %) correctly answered the definition after attending the program. Disinfectant, per dictionary definition After attending the session, 38 (78 %) of the nurses gave the proper definition of disinfectant, compared to 14 (28 %) of the nurses gave the correct response before attending the program. Use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is considered a common precaution in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Before the program, the percentage of nurses who properly answered questions concerning standard precautions and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in NICU care was lower than the increased percentage of nurses' answers following the course. After a pre- and post-test assessment, the mean value of nurses' replies to the first statement (definition of sterilization) was (0.69±0.48), which climbed to (0.89±0.32), with an enhanced understanding. A substantial difference in infection control behaviors was reported in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after the posttest compared to the pretest (P < 0.05).
Following the implementation of the program, the educational program had a considerable influence on the nurses' knowledge and practice abilities.
It is possible to improve the quality of care for healthy and sick neonates, and administrators of hospitals should strive to create an organizational atmosphere in which adherence
to recommended infection control practices is considered an integral part of providing high-quality care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

One of the most important virulence factors produced by uropathogenicEscherichia coli (UPEC) is cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1). It plays a vital role in regulation of Ras homolog family member A (Rho), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac), and Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42)guanosine triphosphatase (GTPases) proteins, which involved in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells. Also, CNF1may play a role in cell proliferation, surviving and gene transcription. Therefore, detection of the gene encoding CNF1 in UPEC would be imperative in characterization of these organisms and establishing a proper management regime to prevent the poor prognosis of the associated diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigatethe prevalence of the gene encoding cnf1 in UPEC strainsthat have been isolated from urinary tract infection and bladder cancer patients.Out of three hundred and fifty midstream urine samples, 136E. colistrains were isolated (98 urinary tract infection, 18 bladder cancer, and 20 healthy people). Detection and determination of the gene encoding CNF1 based on PCR technique and sequencing of PCR amplified target DNA. The present results showed that thirty five percent (35.34%) of the tested isolates have cnf1gene. All cnf1+strains were isolated from urinary tract infection patients. This finding should bring attention to predict the prognosis of the infections caused by these organisms and follow up patients to prevent any further complications.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is the most commonly occurring systemic autoimmune disease caused by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. It affects 0.5-1% of the worldwide population and increases in incidence with age. Tumor necrosis factor-α, major candidate gene in the pathogenesis of RA. Gene polymorphisms occurring in this pro-inflammatory cytokine may increase the risk of RA. This study aimed to evaluate the association between polymorphisms in TNF-α gene at location -308(rs1800629), -238(rs361525) and -376(1800750) (G/A) and RA susceptibility. The study also evaluated the effects of these polymorphisms on their corresponding gene levels in serum.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 49 individuals (30 RA patients and 19 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers as controls). Genomic DNA extracted from all participant blood, then amplified by PCR and genotyped by sequencing.Additionally, the serum level of TNF-α was quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results: The results showed that thehomozygosity for the TNF-α -308 G allele significantly act as a genetic factor associated with increased RA risk (p = 0.029, OR: 4.727, 95%CI: 1.175–19.016). The A allele of -238 and -376 polymorphisms may act as a possible risk factor for RA (OR: 7.63, 95%CI:0.409-14.07; OR:6.13, 95%CI:.0.32-11.214). However, no significant differences were observed.
Conclusion: The GG genotype ofTNF-α -308 SNP associated with increased rheumatoid arthritis risk.

Background and objective: diabetic foot infections (DFIs) and Diabetes foot ulcers (DFUs)are linked to lower-extremity amputation, hospitalization, and a high morbidity and mortality rate. DFIs/DFUs have varied bacterial communities that influence illness prognosis. Bacterial diversity is assessed in DFUs/DFIs to determine an appropriate therapy.
Methods: The Al-Faiha Specialized Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism Center conducted this cross-sectional research from September 15, 2021, to March 22, 2022. The study included 46 patients (26 male and 20 female) suffering from diabetic foot. Bacterial isolates, sensitivity and resistance were diagnosed by Vitek (bioMerieux, French).Results: 21.74% of patients have Gram positive bacteria, 67.39% of patients have Gram negative bacteria, whereas 10.87% showed no growth. In the positive culture showed following percent: Pseudomanasaeroginosa (33%), E. coli (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7%), Enterococcas faecalis (5%), Protuse mirabilis (4%), Staphlococus homenous (4%), Staphlococus ureuse (4%), Lactococcus garvieae (2%), Pseudomanasputida (2%), Serratia plvmuthica (2%), Staphlococus epidermidis (2%), Streptococcus uberis (2%) and no growth (15%).Conclusions: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common bacterium among the polymicrobial infections seen in the majority of DFI specimens. For initial care of these wounds, combination antimicrobial therapy may be necessary.

The aim of the study is to describe and analyze the most important causes that lead to postpartum hemorrhage. This research was carried out at The Bent al-Huda Hospital for Maternity and Children's Hospital in Nasiriyah, where the study included (63) cases of women with postpartum hemorrhage from the reviews of the hospital for the period from February 2020 to December 2020 as shown in the hospital records, and collected information for the study through a simple questionnaire, including information: age of women, place of residence, place of birth, type of birth and causes of hemorrhage. Age groups between (40-44) accounted for (22٪), (35-39), which are the highest age groups at risk of postpartum hemorrhage. The most frequent deliveries take place in the hospital, because natural or cesarean deliveries increase in this percentage. The results of the current study also show that there is no difference between natural childbirth and caesarean section with the occurrence of postpartum hemorrhage , that the condition of non-constriction of the uterus (inertia of uterus) constitutes (30%) and is considered the highest percentage among the causes of hemorrhage after birth, and then the causes such as the remnants of part of the placenta and the frequency of caesarean section by (16%), the use of accelerated medicines for childbirth and by percentage (14%) while the other causes came in low rates of cases postpartum hemorrhage.