Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

d-alpha tocopherol succinate, (Vit.E) is one of the most important vitamin, that is incorporated in food
and nourishment due to its high biological activity against free radical formation inside cells.
This study was illustrated in the followings: - Microcapsules of d - alpha tocopherol were prepared from different core:wall ratios 1:1 , 1:2 and 1:3
by solid dispersion method using ethyl cellulose (Ethoel ®) polymer . - The powdered microcapsules with 1:1 core:wall ratio is formulated as tablets with good appearance
and hardness. - The drug release was found to be increased as a function of increasing, core:wall ratio, stirring speed
and pH – medium. - The profile of cumulative different pH – medium release of the drug gives rise an indication of
prolonged release dosage form. “ during 6hrs. of dissolution”

This study was designed to shed some light on the influence of living Rhizobium meliloti (non
pathogenic bacteria) on the immune system of mature mice.
Thirty male mice, 6-8 weeks old, 19-22gm weight divided into two groups, test group (n.=20), orally
administrated with 100μl (4x106 CFU/ml normal saline) for 12successive days, at the same time and
rout control group (n.=10) received 100 μl of sterile normal saline.
Tests for immunomodulation effects of this bacteria were applied after immunization of both groups
with 0.2ml, (10% sheep red blood cells) interaperitonialy on day 4 and 8 of scheduale. Arthus reaction,
delayed type hypersensitivity, E-rosette forming test, serum antibody level, phagocytosis index and
nitro blue tetrazolium reduction were assessed on day 11 and 12 of program, mean while effect of the
bacteria on the body weight of each group were studied.
Interestingly, this non-pathogenic living bacteria showed immunopotentiating activities in
experimental animals reflected by these in vivo & in vitro assays.

Oxidative stress has been recently implicated in the pathogenesis of lead poisoning. Consequently, the
potential protective effects of antioxidant agents had been raised. This study was designed to explore
the potential protective effects of zinc against the oxidative stress due to chronic exposure to lead
Lead-exposed workers were treated with 100mg zinc sulphate / day for 2 months, and the extent of
oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring of erythrocytes and plasma content of GSH and MDA, in
addition the Cu, Zn and Pb blood level were measured also. The results of this study showed that
treatment with zinc sulphate significantly lowered MDA production and increased glutathione levels
in plasma and erythrocytes. Blood lead levels, which were elevated significantly due to chronic
exposure, showed a reproducible reduction after treatment with zinc sulphate, associated with
improvement in copper and zinc levels in the plasma of lead workers. In conclusion, daily
supplementation with zinc as antioxidant to lead exposed workers seems to be beneficial in the
prevention of oxidative stress associated with chronic exposure.

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common, autoimmune unpredictable, nonscaring form of hair loss.
Melatonin is the most potent antioxidant known, it protect cells from so called free radical damage.
Orally administered prednisone has proved effective to stimulate new hair growth for patients with
AA, but its potential side effects which include weight gain, metabolic abnormalities, acne and
menstrual problems makes difficulty in prescribing cortisone in high doses for patients with AA.
This study was designed to assess the clinical significance of the melatonin in reducing the dose of
corticosteroids (prednisolone), and as a consequence, their side effects in patient with AA. The results
of this study reveal the potential clinical significance of two months treatment with this antioxidant
(melatonin) in reducing the dose of prednisolone from 100mg to 10mg administered each other day
and improving the rate of hair growth by attenuating free radicals damaging effect on immune system,
thereby decreasing the immune complex deposition. According to the results of this study, the use of
melatonin may have an important role in protecting the immune system, and decreasing the dose and
side effects that result from the use of high dose of corticosteroids.

This study was designed to synthesize chemically 2-aminothiadiazole derivatives and conversion to
Schiff’s base. The principle synthesis of these compounds was to involve three steps:
First : by thermal cyclization of thiosemicarbazied with carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium
hydroxide dissolved in anhydrous ethanol to yield 2-amino-5- mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
Second : by thermal cyclization of thiosemicarbazied with substituted carboxylic acid and sulphuric
acid, to yield 2-amino-5-R-1,3,4-thiadiazole.
Third : Schiff’s base formation by reflux of aromatic aldehyde with 2-amino-5-R-1,3,4-thiadiazole in
the presence of ethanol.
The chemical structures of all prepared compounds were confirmed by spectral data (UV-visible and
IR spectroscopy) tables (1, 2, and 3).

In this study, forty-two Iraqi Arab Women with PCOS were involved and they were classified into
three groups according to type of treatment:
1) Group І: fourteen patients who administered metformin (500mg t.i.d).
2) Group П: fourteen patients who administered combination of metformin (500mg t.i.d) with vitamin
C (250mg t.i.d)
3) Group ΠI: fourteen patients who administered combination of metformin (500mg t.i.d) with
vitamin E (200mg t.i.d).All groups were treated for three months .
The present study includes the measurement of serum malondialdehyde, Vitamin E and its metabolite
(tocopheronic acid) play an important role in alleviation of oxidative stress(MDA) and may potentiate
the metformin activity in maturation of follicles

Recent studies have shown that inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein (CRP) predicts future
risk of diabetes mellitus (DM), and the data about the relationship between inflammation and the role
of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme with type 2 DM are scar. In the present study, the clinical use of
COX-inhibitors to improve glycemic state in type 2, poorly controlled DM patients was tested. Thirty
eight(38) type 2 diabetic patients (12 males and 26 females) with age range of 55±S.E.1.25yrs., who
are maintained on hypoglycemic agents for 6.5±S.E.0.92 years, but with poor glycemic control, were
included in the study and randomly allocated into 3 groups; first group was treated with 25mg/day
rofecoxib and the second was treated with 100 mg/day diclofenac for 2 months. The third group
served as control for comparison. Fasting serum glucose (FSG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), CRP
and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated pre- and post-treatment. All the poorly controlled type
2DM patients included in the study were presented with high CRP levels. Treatment with rofecoxib
and diclofenac for 60 days, showed relatively non-significant decrease in CRP, and did not produce
any significant improvement in glycemic control. It could be concluded that COX pathway may not be
the major contributor to the inflammatory events associated with DM and its associated complications.
Further extensive pharmacologically based evaluation in this respect was necessary.

The biocompatibility of the Eugenol, as one of the commonest root canal filling (RCF), material was
evaluated through an intraosseous implantation of this material in the mandible of the Syrian
hamsters.
Forty Syrian hamsters were divided into 5 groups, 8 animals in each group, group 1 as control, and
group 2, 3, 4, 5 as experimental groups.
After the animal was anesthetised, the skin was reflected and a hole of 2mm. diameter X 2mm.
depth was drilled in all the hamster mandibles.
A mixture of Eugenol and Zinc oxide as a paste was placed in that hole of each animal of the
experimental groups and left for different periods, 7 days, 14 days, 21 days, and 28 days. After the
hamsters were sacrificed, a histological examination of the implantation site was performed, the
results showed that Eugenol elicited a severe inflammatory reaction at day 7, and this inflammatory
reaction is increased to become more severe at day 14, and the reaction begin to decrease with the 21
day giving about the same histopathological picture of after 7 days to become moderate after 28 days.
Our conclusion is that the Eugenol is a biologically irritant material even after 4 weeks of its
intraosseous implantation.

Malignant lymphomas are among the common tumors that are associated with and may complicate
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. Although the strongest association is with the endemic Burkitt
lymphomas (BL), the trend of association with sporadic lymhpomas reveals a consistently increasing
prevalence of the virus in Hodgkin’s disease (HD) in recent years compared to the non-Hodgkin type
(NHL) which may point to a possible role for the virus in the predisposition and etio-pathogenesis of
the disease.
evaluate the association of EBV with Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin lymphomas in relation to age, sex
and HD subtype retrospectively using archival tissue biopsy sections.
Method: EBV was detected by In Situ Hybridization (ISH) using EBERs RNA probes in paraffin
embedded tissue sections prepared from archival tissue biopsy blocks.
(a) EBV was detected in 25 of 40 HD cases (62.5%), 9 of 30 (30%) NHL cases, 4 of 10 (40%) BL
cases, and in 5 of 20 (25%) other (non-BL) NHL cases. (b) Among the EBV-positive HD cases, 19
(76%) were of the mixed cellularity (MC) subtype, 1 (4%) of the Nodular Sclerosis (NS) subtype, 1
(4%) of the Lymphocyte Predominance (LP) subtype and 4 (16%) cases were of the Lymphocyte
Depletion (LD) subtype. (c) Age distribution of HD cases revealed a bi-modal pattern characterized by
an early major peak (67.5% of cases) below 35 years and a minor peak (32.5% of cases) above the age
of 40. On the contrary, NHL cases revealed a nearly even age distribution (43.3% versus 56.6%)
below and above the age of 40, respectively. (d) No difference was observed in the incidence of HD
between males and females where the ratio was close to 1:1. On the other hand, a slight male
predominance was seen among NHL cases with a male to female ratio of 2:1.
(a) the prevalence rate of EBV infection was high among HD cases and fell within the prevalence rates
found in previous similar studies revealing a range of values from 20 to 90%. (b) the higher prevalence
of EBV positivity in HD compared to NHL found in this study points to a more substantial role for
the virus in the pathogenesis of former compared to the latter disease which also comes in agreement
with the greater environmental element compared to the genetic element in the etiology of HD. (c) The
unexpected high EBV positivity in the LD subtype of HD may be interpreted as result of the
progression of some of the early less aggressive MC-HD cases to the advanced more aggressive LD
HD subtype. (d) the bi-modal age distribution of EBV-positive HD cases follows the same pattern of
distribution of the disease in general and testifies for the influence of environmental factors in the
incidence of the disease.

The ability of local mucoadhesive vaginal aqueous gel to deliver the antibacterial, antiprotozoal
tinidazole (TND) to vaginal endolayers is dependent on its releasing out of the drug from vehicle to
the mucosal layer of the vagina and then exert its local effect. This depends upon the physicochemical
properties of the drug, vehicle & the composition of the releasing medium used.
The effect of different concentration of carbomer 941(0.5, 1&2% w/w) on the release of TND
(2%w/w) from the aqueous gel base in absence & presence of various concentration of propylene
glycol (PG) to the stimulant vaginal fluid (S.V.F) medium was investigated. The release of TND from
low concentration of carbomer (0.5% w/w) aqueous gel base was higher & its followed fickian
mechanism of the release while an anomalous mechanism holds the releasing of drug from a high
concentration of carbomer (1&2% w/w) aqueous gel base, the release of TND from aqueous gel
containing low concentration of PG was markedly higher than that of aqueous gel having a higher
concentration of PG. The solubility of TND in different concentration of PG : water solution were also
investigated. The releasing method were carried out using both S.V.F (pH4.2) & citrate buffer
(pH4.2). It was found that the using of S.V.F considered to be useful for the evaluation of topically
prepared vaginal dosage form as a releasing medium.
Furthermore the swelling index or (swelling percent) of 1gm carbomer polymer in S.V.F was
measured after 4 hours incubation of the dry polymer in the fluid. The initial rate of swelling & the
swelling equilibrium of (0.5, 1&2% w/w) dry carbomer in the S.V.F were also investigated, 0.5 %
w/w cabomer aqueous gel has a high rate of swelling & swelling to equilibrium size rapidly, while
1&2% w/w carbomer aqueous gel having a low rate of swelling & swelling to equilibrium size slowly.

This study has been performed on 54 patients with Amoebiasis after they head diagnosed by
microscopic examination and we have ignore other causes of diarrhea. The aim of this work is to study
the effect of diarrhea caused by Amoebiasis in children on some of biochemical variables. The patients
were divided into three groups according to the age, the control consist of 22 children with out
Amoebiasis (healthy chilled) .The results of each age group of patients were compared with the same
age group of the control, also the results indicated that the level of serum total, direct and indirect
bilirubin in patients with Amoebiasis was significantly higher than that for control for each age group.
The results indicated that the level of serum sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium and phosphorous of
the patients was significantly lower than that for control in each age group.
This study indicates that the diarrhea caused by Amoebiasis affected some of the liver and the intestine
functions, which leaded to some biochemical changes in serum.