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Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

Volume: 37

Issue: 1

Publication Year: 2024

Publication Date: January 2024

Articles in This Issue

Pages 1-476

1

Glutathione Mediates Growth Regulation of Chickpea Plant Cicer arietinum and Mitigates Salinity Stre

Amel Ghanim Muhmood Al-Kazzaz, Eman Hussain Al-Hayany, Rahaf Wail Attarbashi, Phanom Sutthisaksopon

Pages: 1-8 English

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Abstract

Glutathione is water-soluble with a low molecular weight and is commonly spread in plants. It is a co-factor in several biochemical reactions and acts together with signaling molecules and hormones, and its redox state activates signal transduction. The experiment was conducted in the botanical garden, Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn AlHaitham, University of Baghdad, during the growing season 2020-2021 to evaluate the potential effects of foliar spraying with (25, 50, 75 mg.L-1) glutathione in addition to the control (0) on the growth of chickpea plants subjected to sodium chloride salt (100, 200 mM.L-1) addition to the control (0). The results point out that salinity clearly decreased, as did plant height, branch number, shoot dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium concentration, protein percentage, and increased sodium concentration in chickpea plants. A foliar spray of Glutathione, notably 50 and 75 mg.L-1 , enhanced the tolerance of chickpea plants by improving growth traits.

Keywords

Chickpea Glutathione Growth regulation Salinity stress

2

The Dynamic Role of PD-1, Vitamin D, RANKL, and Sclerostin in Iraqi Patients with Systemic Lupus Ery

Anwar Khalil Ismael, Hazima Mossa Alabassi

Pages: 9-18 English

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Abstract

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune disease, with a wide range of clinical symptoms. Some studies have indicated the association between RANKL, Sclerostin, PD1, and vitamin D concentrations and the pathogenesis of SLE. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of RANKL, Sclerostin, PD-1 and vitamin D in the pathogenesis of SLE. The study included 180 females diagnosed SLE patients and healthy control (60 females as early diagnosed patients without treatment, 60 females as patients under treatment with (prednisolone, and hydroxychloroquine), and 60 females healthy as a control group, with ages ranging from 20 to 45 years. The serum concentration levels of RANKL, Sclerostin, PD-1 and vitamin D were assessed by Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results of the current study showed no significant differences in the serum levels of RANKL and Sclerostin in both SLE patients’ groups (early diagnosed group and treated) compared with the control group (p<0.05). The serum level of PD-1 was significantly higher in both SLE patients’ groups compared with the control group (p<0.05). The serum level of vitamin D was significantly lower in both SLE patient groups compared with the control group (p<0.05). Based on these results, PD-1 may be considered a good therapeutic target for SLE and the level of vitamin D must be sufficient level especially in SLE patients.

Keywords

PD-1 RANKL Sclerostin SLE Vitamin D

3

A Morphological and Anatomical Study of Tamarix aphylla (Tamaricaceae) in Iraq Central Region

Anwar Naji Al-Msary, Mazin Nawaf Al-Ani

Pages: 19-26 English

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Abstract

The Tamarix aphylla is a wild perennial shrub with erect stems that are long and glabrous. They have leaves that are simple, alternate, sheathed, and the apex of the blade is acuminate. And a scaly clawed bract and the the inflorescences were simple, spike-like. The pistil consists of ovary pyramidal, 3 styles, and 3 stigmas. The androecium consists of five stamens that are antisepalous. The perianth was distinct with five sepals and five petals. The fruits were capsule-shaped, pyramidal, and smooth. The seed has an apical pappus of unicellular hygroscopic hairs; endosperm is absent. The anatomical study of the leaves contained a uniseriate epidermis consisting of one
layer of elongated cells covered by a layer of papillary cuticle. The upper epidermis cells are larger than the lower epidermis cells, and the stomata were anomocytic. The mesophyll consists of one layer of palisade cells and several layers of irregular, spongy cells. The stem epidermis is uniseriate, which is a single row of circular to ovate cells covered by a layer of papillary cuticle. The cortex is composed of two tissues, collenchyma and parenchyma; lamellate collenchyma tissue consists of 1-2 layers of cells; and parenchyma tissue consists of several layers of cells. The vascular bundle was ovate. The pith tissue consisted of circular parenchyma cells that were thin-walled and occupied the central part of the stem.

Keywords

Anomocytic Capsule. Spike Tamarix

4

The Efficacy of Feed Restriction Program on Broiler Production: A Review

Hamdeen Yahia Dawood

Pages: 27-32 English

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Abstract

Poultry often intake energy to meet their energy needs, which is associated with both more fat
and protein deposition, which is also conditioned by the presence of adequate other nutritional
nutrients. The most significant supplement in creature sustenance or diets is protein, with
exceptional thought given to the proportion among energy and protein in consumes less calories
(energy: protein ratio EPR). This implies that a specific protein level relates with the fundamental
measure of energy in the eating regimen. The article evaluated the manipulation of energy to
protein ratio and its effect on broiler performance and carcass lipid profile. The author's
methodology depends on analyzing and comparing other scientists’ studies and work to evaluate
the impact of protein-to-energy ratio on broiler performance and carcass fat deposition and found
that high-energy or high-protein diets and widening the energy-to-protein ratio significantly
increased fat deposition. Also, a low-energy diet increased broiler total cholesterol.

Keywords

Broiler carcass Fat. Protein ratio

5

Morphological Features of Tongue in Domestic Cat Felis catus

Marwa Khalil Ibrahim, Ashwaq Ahmed Hussein, Baydaa Hussein Mutlak

Pages: 33-42 English

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Abstract

The current study aimed to identify the morphological description of the domestic cat tongue;
thus, for this purpose, five domestic cats were collected from the local markets of Baghdad city,
and then the animals were anesthetized and the tongue was removed from them. Fresh tongue
samples were fixed and the preserved samples were dyed with methyl blue. The results showed
that the tongue is an elongated organ divided into three regions: a somewhat flat, rounded apex;
this region contains a central depression called the middle groove. The second region, the lingual
body region, represents the largest region of the tongue, whereas the last region, called the root,
has a lingual prominence on its dorsal surface. In addition, the dorsal surface of the tongue is
covered by five types of lingual papillae, the most common of which are filiform papillae that
spread over the entire dorsal surface of the tongue, while the presence of cylindrical papillae is
limited to a specific area of the lingual body close to the apex. Moreover, the fungiform papillae
spread between the filiform papillae and gradually increase in size towards the lingual root, while
the presence of circumvallate papillae is limited to the lingual root and its number is 5 papillae.
Finally, the foliate papillae are located on both sides of the lingual root, while the ventral surface
of the tongue is smooth without lingual papillae. The results of this study showed that the
distribution pattern of the lingual papillae in the domestic cat differs from that of the rest of the
mammal species.

Keywords

Cat. lingual papillae Morphological tongue

6

Synthesis and Characterization of Proteolytic Enzyme Loaded on Silver Nanoparticles

Mohammed A. Ashij, Hanady Salim Al-Shmgani, Khalil A. A. Khalil, Hamdoon A. Mohammed

Pages: 43-53 English

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Abstract

Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme rich in cysteine proteases, extracted from the stem and fruit of pineapple (Ananas comosus). There are several therapeutic applications of the bromelain enzyme, where it has anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and antimicrobial activity, reduces joint pain, and accelerates wound healing. In the current study, bromelain enzyme was loaded on silver nanoparticles (Br-AgNPs) prepared using the citrate-reduction Turkevich method. Different characterization analyses were performed, including UV-Vis spectrophotometers, FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of prepared Br-AgNPs was evaluated by DPPH assay. The results of UV-Vis showed a peak at 434 nm, which referred to the AgNPs formation, and FTIR results revealed groups of (C=O, C=C) at 1519.91 and 1539.20, respectively, and the amine group at 1384.89 and the flavonoids group at 1357.89. SEM results exhibit that the synthesized Br-AgNPs were spherical in shape, with average sizes of about 84.73 nm. Also, the
AgNPs were crystalline in nature with face-centered cubic symmetry. The synthesized BR-AgNPs showed strong in vitro antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, successfully synthesized silver nanoparticles and bromelain had a potent antioxidant effect and may be a possible therapeutic agent for many diseases in the future.

Keywords

antioxidant Bromelain silver nanoparticles Turkevich method.

7

Effect of Mycorrhizal Inoculation and Fertilization with Plant Residues on the Growth of Chard Plant

Radhiyah Ali Hasan Ahmad

Pages: 54-65 English

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Abstract

In order to study the effect of inoculation with mycorrhiza and fertilization with plant residues on the growth of plants, we used two factors: the first two levels of mycorrhiza inoculation, Glumus mossea (0 and 10 g.pot-1) and the second factor, four levels of plant residues (10 g.pot-1) celery plant residues, 10 g pot-1 mint residues, and 10 g pot-1 black bean seed residues. Mychorrizal treatment (10 g pot-1) increased the number of mycorrhiza spores and the infection percentage of mycorrhizal by 917.44% and 13088.23%, respectively; celery treatment (10 g.pot-1) increased the
chlorophyll index in the leaves and height of the chard plant by 31.34% and 94.04%, respectively; and black seed treatment (10 g.pot-1) increased the percentage of dry matter in the leaves and the percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves by 81.51% and 53.36%, respectively. The results showed the bilateral interactions between the experimental factors that the treatment of mycorrhizal inoculation exceeded (10 g pot-1) and celery (10 g.pot-1) residues in most of the study parameters in each of the Total Chlorophyll index in the leaves (SPAD), plant height, percentage of dry matter in the leaves (%), percentage of carbohydrates in the leaves, number of mycorrhiza spores, and
infection percentage of mycorrhizal were (46%, 150.89%, 139.88%, 92.07%, 3283.45%, and 4000%, respectively, compared to the control treatment.

Keywords

Black bean Celery Chard plant. Mint Mycorrhiza

8

Effect of Alcoholic Phenol and Nanocapsules Extract of Grape Seed (Vitis Vinifera) on Egg Hatching a

Pages: 66-74 English

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Abstract

Pulses are the second-most significant economic crop that has been attacked by many storage pests. One of these pests is the cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius, 1775). This study aims to study the effect of phenol grape seed Vitis vinifera extract (1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3500 mg/L) on eggs and adults. The results showed that the alcoholic extract of the grape seed Vitis vinifera recorded for egg hatching was (80, 56.67, 53.33, 40.00, and 10.00%), respectively. Results in the use of nanocapsules at concentrations of 100 and 500 mg/L showed the egg hatching
ratio was (53.33, and 16.67%), respectively. While the results of alcoholic extracts of the grape seed Vitis vinifera recorded for adult mortality were (20.00, 70.00, 73.33, 76.67, and 96.67%), respectively after 72 hours of treatment. The results showed that the nanocapsules at concentrations of 100 and 500 mg/L had an adult mortality rate of (26.67, and 93.33%), respectively after 72 hours of treatment. The adult mortality rate increases by increasing the
concentrations of both alcoholic extract and nanocapsules.

Keywords

Callosobruchus maculatus Nanocapsules phenol Vitis vinifera

9

A Study Correlation between Levels IL-15, IL-23 and TNF-α in a Sample of Iraqi Psoriasis Patients

Samara Ammar Sabri, Shaima R. Ibraheem

Pages: 75-85 English

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Abstract

Psoriasis is defined as a series of events that begins in its initial stage with dermatitis and then progresses to more widespread inflammation and increased oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine whether psoriasis and the levels of IL-15, IL-23, and TNF-α are related, the ELISA technique was used to detect the levels of inflammation in psoriasis patients and to compare them with healthy individuals. This study included 150 samples, including 90 patients with psoriasis and 60 healthy individuals, and the study was conducted from November 2021 to April 2022. The current study revealed that there was a significant difference in the level of TNF-α in
the group of psoriasis patients compared to its level in healthy individuals. Also, there was a significant increase in the level of IL-23 in psoriasis patients compared to its level in the healthy individuals, while there was no significant difference in the level of IL15 between the two groups. However, the statistical study showed a positive and highly significant correlation between IL-15 and IL-23 levels in psoriasis patients, as well as the same relationship between IL-15 and TNF-α levels, in addition to a significant correlation between IL-23 and TNF-α levels in the group of
patients. This shows that there is a clear association between these interleukins and psoriasis and its association with the inflammatory status of psoriasis patients, although there was no increase in the level of interleukin-15, the association of interleukin-15 with other inflammatory indicators proves its involvement in psoriasis and an indirect effect on the inflammatory state of psoriasis.

Keywords

IL-15 IL-23 Psoriasis TNF-α

10

Assessment of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Fertility Hormones in Iraqi Women with Polycyst

Sura Fouad Alsaffar, Sara Khaleel Ibrahim

Pages: 86-93 English

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Abstract

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a well-known endocrinopathy and one of the most
frequent endocrine-reproductive-metabolic syndromes in women, which can result in reduced
fertility. While the actual cause is unknown, PCOS is regarded as a complicated genetic
characteristic with a great degree of variability. Moreover, hormones and immune cells, including
both innate and acquired immune cells, are thought to interact in PCOS. Chronic low-grade
inflammation raises the risk of autoimmune disease. The study's purpose is to investigate the
chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and fertility hormones in samples of
women patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the City of Medicine. Sixty PCOS
women comprise 30 healthy control women; their average age was 20–40 years, and their weight
ranged from 60 to 100 kg. The results showed an increase in the level of MCP1 in PCOS patients,
but this increase was not significant (P<0.05), which was not influenced by BMI or fertility
hormones. As well as elevated fertility hormones, this study, when compared to controls as well
as patients with PCOS, showed a significant increase in the level of testosterone (14.63 ±2.30
nmol/L) while in control women (0.627 ±0.04), LH hormone in patients and control group (6.54
±0.51 mIU/mL), and 2.93 ±0.18, respectively. Prolactin hormone was increased in PCOS patients
(16.27 ±1.25 ng/mL) when compared to the control group \ (12.85 ±0.62). There was no significant
difference in FSH hormone in women with PCOS (5.27 ±0.28 mIU/mL) compared with the control
group (5.59 ±0.18).

Keywords

FSH LH MCP-1 PCOS prolactin Testosterone

11

First record of Phoretic Mite from Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugiuneus (Olivier, 1790) from B

Shurooq Abdullah Najim, Hussain Ali Jabbar, Basil Yousuf Mahdi

Pages: 94-100 English

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Abstract

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790), which belongs to the family Curculionidae, order Coleoptera, is one of the most important palm pests, which leads to heavy losses in date palms. In the last few years, it has been recorded in Iraq, from Safwan city south of Iraq, where it was detected on date palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L, Arecales: Arecaceae). In the current study, specimens of adult weevils were collected from infested date palms (Phoenix dactylifera), that showed signs of infection in Safwan district, south of Basra province. The results of the investigation showed the presence of phoretic mites associated with the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790). Two genera of Uropodid mites, deutonymph, were attached by anal pedicel to body parts of adult red palm weevils. They were collected and identified as Centrouropoda (Uropodidae), and Uroovbovella (Urodinychidae), according to accurate taxonomic keys. The differentiation between two genera of mites was studied. The deutonymphs were examined and photographed by an AM Scop camera installed on a light microscope, and the insects were photographed by a LEICA microscope. The infestation symptoms were illustrated with pictures.

Keywords

Basrah Centrouropoda spp. Uroobovella spp Date palm Iraq red palm weevil.

12

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Aloe vera Leaves and Chemical Analysis of the

Mohammed Ali Abdul Razzaq Al Nuaimy, Sumaiya Naeema Hawar

Pages: 101-117 English

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Abstract

The study\'s goals were to separate and identify endophytic fungi from Aloe vera leaves by looking at their morphology and molecules, as well as to find the chemical compounds in the leaf extract by using HPLC, GC, and GC-Mass instruments. The results showed that 53 endophytic fungi were isolated from a total of 120 pieces of A. vera leaves, with a total colonization rate of 44.16%. The fungus Aspergillus terreus had a colonization rate of 14.16%; Aspergillus niger had a colonization rate of 13.33%; Penicillium chermesinum demonstrated a colonization rate of
6.66%; Paecilomyces variotii had a colonization rate of 2.5%; Talaromyces radicus; and Aspergillus flavus achieved a colonization rate of 1.66%. Finally, the fungi Aspergillus quadrilineatus, Talaromyces verruculosus, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum, Alternaria solani, and Aspergillus niveus achieved a colonization rate of 0.83%. The results of examining the alcoholic extract of the leaves using the HPLC device showed the presence of the chemical compounds aloin
at a concentration of 125.39 ppm and aloe emodin at a concentration of 66.59 ppm. We looked at the leaf alcoholic extract with a GC machine and found a group of fatty acids. These included linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic. The GC-MS test revealed a group of active compounds, including Heptane, 1-(ethenylthio), Ethanedicarboxamide, N-allyl-N\'-(2,5-dimethylphenyl), 2HPyran, 2-(3-butynyloxy) tetrahydro, 1,2-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, 3-methyl-dimethyl ester and 4 (1H)-Pyrimidinone, 2-(propylthio). The presence of endophytic fungi from which effective
enzymes or compounds can be isolated could probably have an important role in future medical and therapeutic uses. Also, the leaves of the A. vera plant have medicinal and therapeutic uses for many diseases.

Keywords

Aloe Chemical analysis Endophytic fungi GC GC-Maas. HPLC identification

13

Seasonal Variations Of Attached Cyanophyceae Algae on Cocreate Brideges In Tigress Rivere From Baghd

Buthaina Abdul Aziz Hassan Al Magdamy, Zainab Faleeh Moussa

Pages: 118-127 English

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Abstract

The attached Cyanophyta community is a model for monitoring aquatic systems and interpreting environmental change in aquatic systems. The present study aims to conduct a seasonal study on Cyanophyta attached to the concrete abutments of three bridges (Al-Jadriya Bridge, Bab Al-Moadam Bridge, and Al-Muthanna Bridge) in the Tigris River within the city of Baghdad, central Iraq (from October 2021 to June 2022). The study included the quality of Cyanophyta and, the eleven environmental parameters (water temperature, electric conductivity, salinity, pH, total alkalinity, Calcium, Magnesium, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen). Monthly samples were taken from the water under each bridge from three sampling sites in the river, and the results were presented as four seasons. A total of 45 Cyanophyta taxa were identified in the three orders. Order: Chroococcales 11%; Order: Oscillatoriales 64%; Order: Nostocales 25% dominance of Oscillatoriales from the second site, and the highest number of species recorded in the autumn. The study showed clear differences in the total number of algal species attached to different sites. The study was able to add a new record species to the Iraqi algae flora, which is Lyngbya sordida Gomont.

Keywords

Attached Algae Cyanophyta. Environmental Parameters

14

Study the Quality of IMRT and VMAT Treatment Planning Techniques (TPS) Using Indices of Achievement

Ayat Methaq Khalaf, Basim Khalaf Rejah

Pages: 128-139 English

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Abstract

Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) are comparable for nasopharyngeal cancerous radiation therapy. This research intends to analyze the high-quality plan using accomplishment, conformance, and homogeneity criteria. The study involved 40 patients with a postnasal cancerous tumor. The patients underwent computed tomography (CT) simulation to scan the anatomical details of the patients' heads. Then, their data was forwarded to the treatment planning system (TPS) workstation for IMRT and VMAT planning. The plans were evaluated using the IOA, HI, and CI indices. The nasopharynx coverage results consist of the GTV and PTV at 95%. The statistical study reveals that VMAT provides much more coverage than IMRT for 95% GTV and 95% PTV. The results reveal that VMAT has a substantially better-quality plan (IOA) than IMRT. IMRT provides a superior CI, but VMAT protects the cochlea and optic nerves more effectively. In addition, the IMRT is advantageous for the preservation of additional OARs. There is no statistical difference in protection for the mandible and parotid glands between the two procedures. The VMAT has superior coverage for the gross and planned target volumes and achievement indices. The conformity of IMRT in the tumor target area is better, while VMAT can better protect the cochlea and optic nerves.

Keywords

Gross Target Volume IMRT Indice of Achievements Nasopharyngeal VMAT

15

The Effect of Partial Substitution of Ge-S-Cd Alloys on the Density of Energy States

Zainab Abd Al-hadi, Kareem Ali Jasim

Pages: 140-147 English

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Abstract

Five samples of the ternary alloy Ge-S-Cd were created using the melting point method, and the effects of partially substituting cadmium for germanium were determined. and partial substitution of germanium by cadmium was used to study the change in electrical conductivity. Electrical experiments were performed on Ge35-xS65Cdxternary alloy with x = 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20. It was discovered that the conductivity (σdc) rises with rising temperature in all samples under experiment. This confirms that the samples have semiconductor behavior. It has been observed that there are three regions of electrical conductivity in the electrical conductivity curve at low, moderate, and high temperatures. The preexponential elements and effective energies of each of the three conduction regions were calculated for each of the Cadmium values. It was found that all of them were impacted by a rise in the value of cadmium in the ingot. A numerical analysis of the conductivity equation was also performed to calculate the energy of the expanding states' density in local states and at the Fermi level. It has been observed that all of the values of samples change with the rising value of cadmium concentration.

Keywords

Electrical measurements Melting point method numerical analysis energy density of the exte ternary alloy

16

Comparison of the Optical Efficiency of Two Designs of the Maksutov–Cassegrain Telescope

Alaa Badr, Marwa W. Abdulrahman, Sameer H. R. Aldeen

Pages: 148-162 English

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Abstract

The research aims to develop the best possible design for the widely used Cassegrain telescope. The system consists of two models of different designs: (a) the telescope consists of a Maksutov lens, a spherical primary mirror, and a secondary mirror attached to the lens; (b) it consists of a Maksutov lens and a spherical primary mirror, plus a non-lens attached secondary mirror located between the lens and the primary mirror. The image was evaluated and analyzed using the analysis tools in Zemax software. The results of the two designs showed that the telescope whose secondary mirrors are not adjacent to the Maksutov lens produces high quality image that is almost free from aberration, and then comes the telescope whose secondary mirrors are adjacent to the Maksutov lens in terms of image quality. In the first design, the tangential and sagittal axes in the MTF function of the remaining angles (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) contain two curves, which show how the loss of symmetry has changed the value of the function for the two axes. In the second design, the sagittal and tangential axes are identical in the angles of incidence (0, 0.1, and 0.2), and the transverse and sagittal axes of the remaining angles (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) contain two curves. In PSF for the first design, there are several pretty high peaks on the surface of the image at the angle of incidence (0, 0.1). Since the shape is regular, the point spread function indicates that there isn't an aberration, but in terms of the angles (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5), we observe a gradual loss in intensity and the appearance of elevations on both sides of the picture. In the second design, at the angles (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3), we observe in Figure 5 that there are several high peaks free from aberration.

Keywords

Cassegrain telescope Gregorian telescope incidence angle. Rutten telescope Zemax program

17

Theoretical Study of the Lasing Output for a Quasi-Three-Level Operation in Nd 3+:YAG Thin- Disk Las

Manahil Ameen, Mudhir Shihab Ahmed

Pages: 163-174 English

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Abstract

In this research, the effect of each of the concentrations ( Nd+3) was studied (N) the thickness of the thin disk (d) the number of times that the pumping beam passes through the effective medium of this laser (Mp) the reflectivity of the laser output mirror (R 2) The losses of the effective medium (L) and the pumping power used in achieving the reverse qualification (PP) on each of the pumping threshold capacities (Pp.th) and the output power of the laser (Pout) and the efficiency (ŋ) in Nd3+ thin-disk lasers (TDLs) pumping quasi-three-level With continuous operation (cw), at room temperature, and in the Gaussian mode (TEM00),
We found under these operating conditions for this laser design that each of the (Pout) and (ŋ) increases by increasing each of (N), (d), (MP), and (R2), while the ( pp.th) decreases with this increase. We also found that as the losses (L) increases (pout) and (ŋ) decrease, and (pp.th) increase, as for increasing the pumping capacity, it leads to an increase in (Pout) only. Both (Pout) and (ŋ) are not affected by such an increase. In light of these results, the typical values for these coefficients were determined, and then you get the highest value for pout and (ŋ) the lowest value for (pp.th) for this laser design under the operating conditions that were adopted in this research.

Keywords

continuous wave operation single mode laser thin- disk laser typical values.

18

Adhesion, roughness, wettability, and dielectric strength of elastomers liquid blends for high-densi

Seenaa Hussein, Maha K. Majeed

Pages: 175-186 English

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Abstract

In the present study, the physical characteristics of elastomer (EL) blend with natural polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Dexrin (D), Arabic gum (AG), and corn starch (CS) based on high-density fiberboard wood adhesives were investigated. The EL blends were prepared by dissolving AG, D, PVA, and CS in deionized water at 70 °C for 1 h under magnetic stirring continuously until the solution was clear, and blends were made with a weight of 60/40 (w/w); then were cast into a mold with a 20 cm diameter and left at room temperature for 24 h to ensure complete water removal and drying of the samples. The prepared EL and EL blend structures, adhesion strengths, roughness, wettings, and dielectric strengths, were investigated. The modified EL blend reveals a 144 MPa for pull-off strength and 770.8 N for shear strength for high-density fiberboard (HDF) wood as a substrate to the EL/AG, respectively. The surface roughness and contact angle of the EL/PVA mixture were found to be high, measuring 4.57 µm for roughness and shows the water contact angles for the samples. An increase in the contact angle of the El/AG blend where reached to(83.94˚) was observed due to the decrease in the –COOH and OH groups present in the backbone of the arabic gum. The greatest dielectric strength for EL/AG was reported to be 18.62 kV/mm at 0.5 kV/s and 22.77 kV/mm at 5 kV/s.and optical microscoby image for break down region was shown the carbonization in the break down point as aresult of carashing polymers chains, also micro cracks occuring forspecimens and this cracks extends directly from the breakdown region

Keywords

Adhesives Blends dielectric strength Elastomers Liquid Roughness wettability

19

Determining of Efficiency For The N749 Dye contact with TiO2 In Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

Naeam Nahi, Hadi J. M. Al-Agealy, Hossain Milani Moghaddam

Pages: 187-197 English

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Abstract

In this research, we investigate and evaluate the efficiency of a hetero junction N749- device based on a simple donor-acceptor model for electron transfer. Electron transfer from a photo-excited N749 sensitized into a wide-band gap is the basic charge separation in dye-sensitized solar cells, or "DSSCs". Due to the understanding of the current of the DSSCs functioning mechanism, the energy levels of the hetero junction N749- device surrounded by DCM solvent as polar media must be continuum levels. The current-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the N749- device are calculated in two concentrations at room temperature (T=300 k) and 100 irradiation. The fill factor and efficiency of the device are found to be 0.134 and 6.990 for concentration compared to 0.146 and 9.974 for concentration . The efficiency of the N749- device is in agreement with experimental results. It also offers a rational for the suggestion to use the application of N749- high-performance solar cells.

Keywords

Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Efficiency N749 Dye TiO2

20

Guanine Metal Complexes: Spectroscopic Studies, Dying Performance and as Indicator

Asmaa Edrees, Alyaa Khider Abbas

Pages: 198-210 English

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Abstract

Azo dyes are the most common and widely used dyes, accounting for more than half of each year's dyes. In this work, a complete description of a new innovative series of compounds with the elements [Ag (I), Zn (II)] generated from the guanine azo dye ligand (GAB) 8-[1-(3-carboxy) azo] guanine has been studied. The structural formula was studied using several physicochemical analyses and spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR spectra, UV-Vis). The FTIR spectrum of the ligand (GAB) was compared to the spectra of the metal ion complexes formed to determine its identity. Chelating caused some changes in the spectra of the complexes to appear to demonstrate that they could be linked to the ligand. The complexes have a tetrahedral geometry shape, the ligand functions as a bidentate ligand, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to measure the thermal stability of compounds. The findings and equation presented by the analytical data seemed to be in good accord with the conclusions of the thermogravimetric investigation, which demonstrated that the disintegration of the ligand (GAB) and its complexes occur in multiple steps. The configuration that follows weakens thermal stability: GAB(35.52%)>[Ag(GAB)(H2O)2]NO3.2H2O(34.6%)>[Zn(GAB)Cl2].H2O(31.54%), and the complexes have tetrahedral geometry shape. Furthermore, elemental analysis, mole ratio, and the mole ratio of each complex (1:1) (M:L). The ligand was effective as an acid-base indicator when the pH changed; they exhibited a striking color change, similar to how the ligand (GAB) and its complexes can be used to dye wool textiles due to their wide range of colors. It investigated how well the ligand (GAB) and its complex worked as a wool dye. The ligand GAB and its metal complexes were used to color most of the protein filaments in wool fiber, which have a complex structure with amino and carboxyl groups and colors ranging from orange to green.

Keywords

acid-base indicators Dying performance Guanine spectroscopic techniques

21

Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Ciprofloxacin and Hydrocortisone by H-Point Standard Addi

Ali Khalil Mahmood, Takleef Dheyab Sallal, Hasan Mohammed Luaibi, Khalid Waleed S. Al-Janabi

Pages: 211-220 English

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Abstract

Ciprofloxacin (Cip) and hydrocortisone (Hyd) were simultaneously measured as hydrochloride and sodium succinate, respectively, using the H-point standard addition method (HPSAM). The approach can precisely identify Cip in the presence of Hyd with various analyte-to-interference ratios (5:5, 5:10, 10:5, 10:10) µg.mL-1, in mixed samples containing (1-5µg.ml-1) of Cip, at the wavelengths of (236 and 257) nm. In the same way, Hyd was analyzed in the presence of Cip in different analytes with an interference ratio of (5:5, 5:10, 10:5, 10:10) µg.mL-1, in mixed samples containing (1-5 µg.mL-1) of Hyd, at wavelengths of (266 and 278) nm. The satisfactory results show good reproducibility of the developed method (RSD equals 0.9735-1.6825 and 0.9692-1.7671 for Cip and Hyd, respectively). The results also show that the excipients had no influence on the assaying of the above drugs (Recovery, 98.87–101.73). The recommended technique has successfully been used to determine the Cip and Hyd in pharmaceutical composites simultaneously with an RSD range of (0.972 to 1.671) and (0.898 to 1.820) for Cip and Hyd, respectively.

Keywords

ciprofloxacin H-Point hydrocortisone Spectrophotometric methods. Spectrophotometric technique. Standard addition

22

A Review using continuous flow injection analysis technique in the determination of several drugs

Elham Nghaimesh Mezaal, Kawther Ahmed Sadiq, Tamara Ahmed Abdel Karim

Pages: 221-235 English

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Abstract

Continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) is one of the simplest, easiest, and multilateral analytical automation methods in moist chemical analysis. This method depends on changing the physical and chemical properties of a part of the specimen spread out from the specimen injected into the carrier stream. The CFIA technique uses automatic analysis of samples with high efficiency. The CFIA PC compatibility also allows specimens to be treated automatically, reagents to be added, and reaction conditions to be closely monitored. The CFIA is one of the automated chemical analysis methods in which a successive specimen sample is to be estimated and injected into a vector stream from a flowing solution that meets the reagent and mixes at a specific point, the y-junction, before reaching the detector. However, CFIA does not have a separation method because the sample, carrier stream, and reagent all enter the system simultaneously and move together at a specific flow rate to the end of the system. It is also possible to inject a second specimen sample to be estimated before the first sample reaches the detector. For all the reasons mentioned, the CFIA technique analysis is appropriate, fast, and ideal for analyzing different samples. This general technique deals with solutions and is used for various tasks, including pH measurement, conductivity, colorimetry, titration, and enzyme assays. So, it was used in analytical chemistry to estimate many samples, including medicines, because they are essential substances for human life, and everyone widely uses them.

Keywords

Carrier stream Continuous flow injection analysis Determination Flow rate Sample.

23

Synthesis and Study Medical Application of Nanocomposites Based on grafted Chitosan /Polyvinyl alcoh

Widad Abed Shlaka, Ruwaidah S.Saeed, El-Sayed Negim

Pages: 236-250 English

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Abstract

In the present study, synthesis of bis Schiff base [I, II] by reaction of one mole of terephthalaldehyde with two mole of 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole or 4-amino benzene thiol in the ethanol absolute, then compounds [I,II] were reacted with Na2CO3 of distilled H2O, then chloroacetic acid was added to yield compounds [III,IV]. O-chitosan derivatives [V,VI] were synthesized by reaction of chitosan with compounds [III,IV] in acidic media in distilled water according to the steps of Fischer. O–chitosan (grafted chitosan) [V,VI] was blended with synthetic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to produce polymers [VII,VIII], then these polymers were blended with nano: Gold or Silver by using a hotplate stirrer for 3 hours to produce nanocomposites [IX- XII]. The synthesized polymers were identified using spectral analysis techniques, including FTIR,1H-NMR, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Molecular docking was studied, where operations are used to predict the binding status of compounds with the enzyme and to calculate the free energy (ΔG) of the prepared compounds. Finally, the study of biological activities was screened via two types of bacteria. Also, the anti-cancer activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549) was studied and compared with standard cell line [REF(R7540) Rat Embryonic Fibroblasts] of some of the blended polymers and nanocomposites, then the acute toxicity test of some nanocomposites was performed.

Keywords

Molecular Docking nanocomposites O-Chitosan Rat Embryonic Fibroblasts (REF) study toxicity

24

Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Activities of [ZnO: CoO/ Eugenol] and [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eugenol] Nanocomp

Fatin A. Al-jubouri, Basim I. Al-Abdaly

Pages: 251-264 English

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Abstract

Metal oxide nanocomposites (MONCs) manufacturing is increasingly gaining popularity. The primary cause of this is the broad range of applications for such materials, which include fuel cells, photovoltaics, cosmetics, medicine, semiconductor packing materials, water treatment, and catalysts. Due to their size, stability, high surface area, catalytic activity, simplicity in fabrication, and selectivity for particular reactions. The MONCs with various morphologies have been created by physical, chemical, and biological processes, such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, solvothermal, and microwave irradiation. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a major component of clove essential oil and it was found in various plant groups, has been widely utilized, and famously stated to have a variety of important biological activities. It is a good starting material for the synthesis of a wide variety of derivatives with different activity. Due to the presence of many functional groups in its structure, including allyl (-CH2-CH=CH2), phenol (-OH), and methoxy (-OCH3). The eugenol was taken with metal oxides (zinc cobalt oxides ZnO: CoO) to synthesis [ZnO: CoO/ Eug] and (zinc ferric oxides ZnO: Fe2O3) to synthesis [ZnO: Fe2O3/ Eug] as nanocomposites by hydrothermal method and characterization the compounds using: (FT-IR, AFM, SEM, EDX, XRD) techniques. Then, they tested their biological activities through antimicrobial and antioxidant.

Keywords

and metal oxides nanocomposites. antimicrobial antioxidant eugenol hydrothermal method

25

Fast New Method for Estimation of Captopril in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparation by Reaction with

Muntadhar Mohammed Jabbar, Elham Nghaimesh Mezaal Mezaal

Pages: 265-282 English

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Abstract

The determination of captopril (CAP) using a new continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) method was given in this work CAP in its pure state and some of its pharmaceutical preparations. The technique can be described as simple, fast, sensitive, easy to operate, and low-cost. The CAP reacted with ammonium ceric(IV) sulfate (ACS)2(NH4 )2SO4Ce(SO4)2. 3 H2O in an acidic medium and the reaction led to the formation of a white, slightly yellowish precipitate. The formed precipitate was studied using Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D Solar cell-CFI Analyzer, a through the reflection of accident light on the surfaces of the precipitate particles at (0-1800), expressed as the response of the transducer measured in (mV). Some chemical and physical parameters were studied to provide the optimal conditions for the study. The calibration curve within the range of (0.07-3.0) mmol/L was linear, with a correlation coefficient (r) value equal to (0.9983), and the percentage value of linearity (R2%) was (99.65). The method's detection limit (L.O.D.) of the new method was 272.5 ng/25 µL; it was calculated by diluting the minimum concentration in the calibration curve gradually. RSD% was less than 0.2% for 0.9, 1.5, and 3.0 mmol/L concentrations of C.A.P. for n=8. The method was successfully applied to estimate C.A.P. in three pharmaceutical preparations, each produced by a different company. The new method was compared with the UV-Spectrophotometric method (classical method) at λmax= 207.2 nm by using the method of standard additions. Both the t-test and the F-test were conducted to ensure that there wasn't a significant difference between the new method and the conventional one. The results of both tests showed, at a confidence level of 95%, that there was no significant difference.

Keywords

Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D solar cell Continuous flow in Captopril Flow injection analysis hypertension

26

Modification, Characterization of New Thiazolidinone and Oxazolidinone Derived from Levofloxacin and

Mustafa Moaied Rabeaa, Muna Ismael Khalaf, Farouk Abdulla Kandil

Pages: 283-297 English

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Abstract

The research study included the synthesis of a new series of heterocyclic derivatives containing the antibiotic Levofloxacin. The first way provides for the reaction of Levofloxacin with thionyl chloride in benzene as a solvent to give an acid chloride derivative. A new class of acid hydrazide synthesized from Levofloxacin was studied. Schiff bases were produced via the reaction of acid hydrazide with substituted aromatic ketones in methanol. The next stage involved the response of Schiff bases with thioglycolic acid and mono chloroacetic acid in DMF to produce derivatives of the antibiotic levofloxacin that have five heterocyclic members, including the derivatives thiazolidine-4-one and oxazolidine-5-one. The FTIR, 1HNMR, and 13CNMR spectra methods were used to confirm the structures of newly synthesized compounds. Also, the antioxidant properties of the synthetic compounds were evaluated in vitro. According to this study, levofloxacin-derived compounds have higher antioxidant capacities than ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the medication also acts as an anti-inflammatory for respiratory infections.

Keywords

Anti-oxidant activity. Levofloxacin Oxazolidinone Schiff bases Thiazolidin-4-one

27

Synthesis of New Bismaleimide Homopolymer and Copolymers Derived from 4, 4ˉ-Bis[4-(N-maleimidyl) Phe

Mustafa Salah Hasan, Ahlam Marouf Al-Azzawi

Pages: 298-307 English

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Abstract

Polyimides are widely used in high-temperature plastics, adhesives, dielectrics, photoresists, nonlinear optical materials, separation membrane materials, and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films. They are commonly regarded as the most heat-resistant polymers. This work involved the synthesis of a new bismaleimide homopolymer and copolymer by performing many steps. The synthesis of compound (1) (bis [4-(amino phenyl) Schiff base] tolidine) via condensation of o-tolidine with two moles of 4-aminoacetophenone. Secondly, compound (1) was combined with maleic anhydride to form compound (2) (4, 4ˉ-bis[4-(N-maleamic acid) phenyl Schiff base] toluidine). Thirdly, a dehydration reaction was carried out affording compound (3) (4,4ˉ-bis [4-(N-maleimidyl) phenyl Schiff base] toluidine). Compound (3) represents the new vinylic monomer, which was successfully introduced in addition to homopolymerization and copolymerization with selected vinylic monomers, affording homopolymer (4) and copolymers (5, 6), respectively. The new homopolymer and copolymers showed good fusibility and solubility in many organic solvents, leading to easy processing and expected to serve a broad spectrum of applications.

Keywords

Bismaleimide Copolymerization homopolymer Maleamic acid Polyimides Schiff base.

28

An Assessment of Glutathione-S-Transferase and Lipid Profile in Obese Iraqi Patients

Nabaa Adnan Mohammed, Fayhaa Muqdad Khaleel

Pages: 308-315 English

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Abstract

Obesity is a chronic disease that may have genetic, environmental, and other causes. Obesity is a shortcut to many diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other chronic diseases. Oxidative stress increases obesity through free radicals. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a metabolic enzyme used to remove toxins. This study aimed to determine GST activity in obese patients as a predictor of oxidative stress and the effectiveness of lipid profiling in obese patients. The study included 139 samples of obese and healthy people (obese group 84 and healthy group 55). Both groups (obese and healthy groups) were divided into four groups based on body mass index. Blood samples were collected from obese males and females in Al-Yarmouk Hospital. Some biochemical parameters were measured for all study groups, including estimation of lipid profile, FSG, and GST activity. Results have shown a significant increase in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in obese groups and showed a rise in GST levels in healthy groups compared with obese groups (p < 0.05). These studies show that being overweight or obese makes you more likely to get heart disease and other illnesses. It has been demonstrated that the slightly lower levels of GST in the overweight and obese groups compared to other groups demonstrate the precise role of GST in its decrease with weight gain, along with an increase in LDL-C level.

Keywords

body mass index glutathione-S-transferase Lipid profile Obesity oxidative stress.

29

Development of the Properties of Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement Used as a Basis for Dental Fillings Usi

Noor Jabbar Hattab, Entisar Eliwi Laibi, Mohammed Mhna Mohammed

Pages: 316-332 English

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Abstract

Most dental supplies don't seem to be much of a barrier against germ infiltration. Therefore, the filling must be done with perfect caution and high antimicrobial effectiveness. When dental erosion occurs due to germs that lead to caries, a dental filling is used, creating a small microscopic space between the dental filling and the root end infiltration. This allowed the tooth to be penetrated for the second time, which was the research problem. Adding two compounds to antibacterial fillers (zinc polycarboxylate cement) made them work better: Firstly, was zinc oxide (ZnO) that was made chemically, and secondly, was green ZnO nanoparticles that were made from orange peels and mixed with ZPCC in different amounts. The study was conducted on the formed nanocomposite using FTIR, UV-vis, FESEM, sitting time, and antibacterial measurements. The biological activity was tested using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.

Keywords

& Green-ZnO-ZPCC Green chemistry Zinc polycarboxylate cement Zink oxide nanoparticles ZnO-ZPCC

30

A Comparative Study Between The Levels of Adropin in Iraqi Women with Metabolic Syndrome and Diabete

Riyam Hussien Assaf, Layla Othman Farhan

Pages: 333-341 English

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Abstract

By measuring Adropin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the sera of Iraqi patients with MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the current study was designed to compare some crucial markers in metabolic syndrome (MetS) sera and diabetic patients (T2DM) with control. Twenty female subjects were divided into three groups: group I=40 with MetS and group II=40 with T2DM, and 40 healthy subjects were employed as a control group. Compared to the control group, Adropin levels in the Mets group and T2DM group decreased significantly (p < 0.05). In contrast, none of the patient groups (MetS and T2DM) showed any change compared to themselves. In conclusion, according to the present data, higher levels of FBG, lipid profile, and increased blood pressure (BP) were found in patients with MetS and T2DM. A drop in level could be considered a novel indicator of MetS and T2DM. Compared to T2DM patients, Adropin levels are thought to have a more sensitive diagnostic function than those with MetS and newly diagnosed DM.

Keywords

Adropin body mass index Cholesterol diabetes Metabolic Syndrome .

31

Synthesis, Biological and Medicinal Evaluation of New Boric Acid Ester Derived From Antibiotic Drug

Simaa Safaa Mahmoud, Asmaa Mohammed Noori

Pages: 342-357 English

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Abstract

Synthesis of new ligand, namely [bis(2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)ethyl) hydrogen borate] (BIB), utilizing the reaction of metronidazole with boric acid in mole ratio (2:1), as well as the metal complexes with [Ni(II) and Cu(II)], were synthesized. All synthesized compounds were characterized by utilizing spectroscopic techniques such as FTIR, 1H-NMR, thermal analysis (T.G., UV-Vis), and atomic absorption (A.A.S.), as well as micro elemental analysis (C.H.N.), melting point (m.p), magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity, and chloride content measurements. All complexes were paramagnetic, and the electrolyte and the suggested geometries were tetrahedral for nickel and octahedral for copper. In addition, all the transition metal complexes produced were shown to be antibacterial and antifungal against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and the fungus Candida. Also, metronidazole and the ligand were evaluated as anticancer agents against human breast cancer (MCF-7). The results showed that ligand was more active as an anticancer than metronidazole.

Keywords

anticancer Boric acid Metronidazole spectroscopic techniques

32

Novel Approximate Solutions for Nonlinear Blasius Equations

Amna M. Mahdi, Majeed A. AL-Jawary, Mustafa Turkyilmazoglu

Pages: 358-374 English

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Abstract

The method of operational matrices based on different types of polynomials such as Bernstein, shifted Legendre and Bernoulli polynomials will be presented and implemented to solve the nonlinear Blasius equations approximately. The nonlinear differential equation will be converted into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations that can be solved using Mathematica®12. The efficiency of these methods has been studied by calculating the maximum error remainder ( ), and it was found that their efficiency increases as the polynomial degree (n) increases, since the errors decrease. Moreover, the approximate solutions obtained by the proposed methods are compared with the solution of the 4th order Runge-Kutta method (RK4), which gives very good agreement. In addition, the convergence of the proposed approximate methods is given based on one of the Banach fixed point theorem results.

Keywords

Blasius equations; Bernstein polynomial; Legendre polynomial; Bernoulli polynomial; operational matrices.

33

Derivation of Embedded Diagonally Implicit Methods for Directly Solving Fourth-order ODEs

Omar Mohammed Saleh, Firas Adel Fawzi, Kasim Abas Hussain, Nizam G. Ghawadri

Pages: 375-385 English

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Abstract

EDIRKTO, an Implicit Type Runge-Kutta Method of Diagonally Embedded pairs, is a novel approach presented in the paper that may be used to solve 4th-order ordinary differential equations of the form . There are two pairs of EDIRKTO, with three stages each: EDIRKTO4(3) and EDIRKTO5(4). The derivation techniques of the method indicate that the higher-order pair is more accurate, while the lower-order pair provides superior error estimates. Next, using these pairs as a basis, we developed variable step codes and applied them to a series of -order ODE problems. The numerical outcomes demonstrated how much more effective their approach is in reducing the quantity of function evaluations needed to resolve fourth-order ODE issues.

Keywords

Fourth-order ODEs; Runge-Kutta methods; diagonally implicit technique; embedded method.

34

Solving the Multi-Criteria, Total Completion Time, Total Earliness Time, and Maximum Tardiness Problem

Bayda Atiya kalaf, Nagham Muosa Neamah, Hamiden Abd El-Wahed Khalifa

Pages: 386-402 English

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Abstract

Machine scheduling problems (MSP) are considered as one of the most important classes of combinatorial optimization problems. In this paper, the problem of job scheduling on a single machine is studied to minimize the multiobjective and multiobjective objective function. This objective function is: total completion time, total lead time and maximum tardiness time, respectively, which are formulated as are formulated. In this study, a mathematical model is created to solve the research problem. This problem can be divided into several sub-problems and simple algorithms have been found to find the solutions to these sub-problems and compare them with efficient solutions. For this problem, some rules that provide efficient solutions have been proved and some special cases have been introduced and proved since the problem is an NP-hard problem to find some efficient solutions that are efficient for the discussed problem 1// and good or optimal solutions for the multi-objective functions 1// ,, and emphasize the importance of the dominance rule (DR), which can be applied to this problem to improve efficient solutions.

Keywords

Maximum Tardiness Multi-Objective Single Machine Scheduling Problem Total Completion Times Total Earliness Time

35

Outcome for the group SL(2,57)

Mohammed Salah Aldeen Zidan, Niran Sabah Jasim, Azza I.M.S. Abu-Shams, Ahmad Issa

Pages: 403-411 English

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Abstract

The set of all (n×n) non-singular matrices over the field F this set forms a group under the operation of matrix multiplication. This group is called the general linear group of dimension over the field F, denoted by . The determinant of these matrices is a homomorphism from into F* and the kernel of this homomorphism was the special linear group and denoted by Thus is the subgroup of which contains all matrices of determinant one. The rational valued characters of the rational representations written as a linear combination of the induced characters for the groups discuss in this paper and find the Artin indicator for this group after study the rational valued characters of the rational representations and the induced characters.

Keywords

Artin indicator Induced characters table rational character table.

36

Enhanced Support Vector Machine Methods Using Stochastic Gradient Descent and Its Application to Heart Disease Dataset

Seror Faeq Mohammed, Ghadeer Jasim Mohammed Mahdi, Md Kamrul Hasan Khan

Pages: 412-428 English

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Abstract

Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are supervised learning models used to examine data sets in order to classify or predict dependent variables. SVM is typically used for classification by determining the best hyperplane between two classes. However, working with huge datasets can lead to a number of problems, including time-consuming and inefficient solutions. This research updates the SVM by employing a stochastic gradient descent method. The new approach, the extended stochastic gradient descent SVM (ESGD-SVM), was tested on two simulation datasets. The proposed method was compared with other classification approaches such as logistic regression, naive model, K Nearest Neighbors and Random Forest. The results show that the ESGD-SVM has a very high accuracy and is quite robust. ESGD-SVM is used to analyze the heart disease dataset downloaded from Harvard Dataverse. The entire analysis was performed using the program R version 4.3.

Keywords

classification gradient descent heart disease reduction of dimensions SVM variables selection

37

On The Double Integral Transform (Complex EE Transform) and Their Properties and Applications

Ahmad Issa, Emad A. Kuffi

Pages: 429-441 English

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Abstract

Due to the importance of solutions of partial differential equations, linear, nonlinear, homogeneous, and non-homogeneous, in important life applications, including engineering applications, physics and astronomy, medical sciences, and life technology, and their importance in solutions to heat transfer equations, wave, Laplace equation, telegraph, etc. In this paper, a new double integral transform has been proposed. In this work, we have introduced a new double transform ( Double Complex EE Transform ). In addition, we presented the convolution theorem and proved the properties of the proposed transform, which has an effective and useful role in dealing with the solution of two-dimensional partial differential equations. Moreover, two examples of important mathematical equations are solved to illustrate method. This double integral transformation has a complex kernel.

Keywords

Complex EE Transform Double Complex EE Transform partial differential equations

38

Comparison of Complex Sadik and KAJ Transforms for Ordinary Differential Equations to the Response of an Uncompressed Forced Oscillator

Saed M. Turq, Emad A. Kuffi

Pages: 442-453 English

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Abstract

In this paper we have presented a comparison between two novel integral transformations that are of great importance in the solution of differential equations. These two transformations are the complex Sadik transform and the KAJ transform. An uncompressed forced oscillator, which is an important application, served as the basis for comparison. The application was solved and exact solutions were obtained. Therefore, in this paper, the exact solution was found based on two different integral transforms: the first integral transform complex Sadik and the second integral transform KAJ. And these exact solutions obtained from these two integral transforms were new methods with simple algebraic calculations and applied to different problems. The main purpose of this comparison is the exact solutions, and until we show the importance of the diversity and difference of the kernel of the integral transform by keeping the period t between 0 and infinity.

Keywords

(KAJ) Kuffi Abbass Jawad Transform Complex Integral Transformation Ordinary Differential Equations. Response of An Undamped Forced Sadik Transform

39

Cubic Of Positive Implicative Ideals In KU- Semigroup

Samy M. Mostafa, Fatema. F. Kareem, Omniat. A. Hasan

Pages: 454-463 English

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Abstract

In this paper, we define a cubic positive implicative-ideal, a cubic implicative-ideal and a cubic commutative-ideal of a semigroup in KU-algebra as a generalization of a fuzzy (positive implicative-ideal, an implicative-ideal and a commutative-ideal) of a semigroup in KU-algebra. Some relations between these types of cubic ideals are discussed. Also, some important properties of these ideals are studied. Finally, some important theories are discussed. It is proved that every cubic commutative-ideal, cubic positive implicative-ideal, and cubic implicative-ideal are a cubic ideal, but not conversely. Also, we show that if Θ is a cubic positive implicative-ideal and a cubic commutative-ideal then Θ is a cubic implicative-ideal. Some examples of the opposite direction of the previous theories are obtained.

Keywords

A KU-semigroup cubic commutative ideal. cubic ideal cubic implicative ideal cubic k-ideal cubic positive implicative ideal

40

Hybrid Efficient Stream Cipher KeyGenerator Based on LFSR's and Chaotic Map

Dina H. Abbaas, Ayad A. AbdulSalam

Pages: 464-476 English

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Abstract

Communication security that depends on chaos can be considered as a new approach which provides protection and security of communications and maintains confidentiality because Chaos theory can be implemented in cryptosystem successfully. A stream cipher, on the other hand, is a type of symmetric cryptosystem in which the plaintext is divided into small entities known as characters. The key in stream cipher is typically generated by a random bit generator. Many key stream generators employ linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). LFSR systems are made up of a group of LFSR units and a combining function (CF) unit. The plaintext is encrypted one bit at a time. The key is fed into a random bit generator, which produces a long series of binary signals. This "key-stream" k is then combined with plaintext m, typically via a bit-wise XOR (Exclusive-OR modulo 2 addition), to produce the ciphertext stream, which employs the same random bit generator and seed. In this paper we will introduce a new stream cipher keygenerator which using a hybrid between chaotic and combination of Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR's). The proposed generator can be used to protect different types of data files (text, image, audio and video). Many kinds of tests are applied to specifying the goodness of the proposed keygenerator. The results of testing prove the efficiency of the suggested system.

Keywords

Chaotic Map cryptography Linear Feedback Shift Registers Randomness tests. Stream Cipher