JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

As a field image enhancement has evolved due to an inherent human want for better image quality. Traditional methods apply linear scaling functions operating on image attributes such as contrast and brightness whereas it is often necessary to amplify specific localized elements as edges in images. This need has resulted in a search for better methods in efforts to boost these local characters in as much as the general image is concerned. Thus, this paper aims to propose an edge- and texture-aware image enhancement framework based on full-depth Gabor filters and morphological operation that can overcome the above drawbacks and gain the desired image texture complexities and brightness. Hence the method proposed in this work aims at preserving edge and texture at the same time to get an image that looks natural and has improved aesthetics. This bank of filters is mostly useful to obtain small details of texture and sharpness. An inverse gamma transform is then applied to the image to reduce gamma distortions in the image, while another process known as depth-of-defocus is to determine the edges of the texture image. These are the detected edges used in the coarse refinement stage. Morphological operations are employed to populate and repaint the elaborate structures of this image to fit up. An experimental analysis of the proposed method is carried out by conducting experiments on several structures of images including images with different textured content, different levels of brightness, and noise. This result is generalized with the help of quantitative measures and qualitative analysis on PSNR, SSIM, FSIM, and GMSD parameters.

Engineering and physics applications are described mathematically as a system of Volterra integral equations (SVIEs). Although many numerical techniques have been considered to solve SVIEs, developing more stable, and efficient algorithms is still challenging. In this work, an algorithm for solving linear and nonlinear system of Volterra integral equations of the second kind is proposed. The Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm is combined with Padé approximant expansion. Since the solution is represented as functions of different form, Padé approximation which is fractional expansion is used to obtain results of high accuracy. SVIEs is transformed into an unconstrained optimization problem. Thereafter, the discrete least squares weighted function was estimated to minimize the value of the fitness function. This algorithm is applied to solve a variety of linear and nonlinear examples, and compare their solutions to the exact solutions. The performance of the algorithm provides accurate results in terms of convergence and stability.

In this paper, we obtained the nuclear energy levels for 48Cr isotope that resided in the pf -shell of shell model calculations. For nucleons that were outside closed and no core, they were calculated using skyrme interactions. The Skyrme (SLY5) was used as an efficient full-space two-body interaction, and the frozen orbitals and restricted occupations technique were adopted in the context of full-space calculation. All wave vectors and analyses are presented using the diagrammatic notation, while all representatives are given in Dirac notations. All the calculations are done with the help of the OXBASH code program and the results are compared with the available experimental data.

During the field trips to collect plant specimens, an aquatic plant was found in Gali-Sherana, near Deraluk (north-east Duhok) of Iraq. After the identification, it appeared that it belonged to the genus Groenlandia Gay and the species G. densa (L.) Fourr., and after reviewing all the available references involving the plant lists of Al-Rawi with Ridda and Daood and Flora of Iraq, the plant G. densa (L.) Fourr is considered a new genus and species added to the Flora of Iraq within the Potamogetonaceae family, collected from Gali-Sherana, near Deraluk (north-east of Duhok) in Mountainous Amadiya District (MAM). The features of G. densa are Rhizomatous aquatic perennial herbs; leaves submerged, opposite or sometimes in whorls of 3, somewhat recurved, acute-obtuse, margin undulate and minutely denticulate; inflorescence shortly pedunculate emergent spike, flowers 2-3 in a single inflorescence, anthers sessile, carpels 4, free. The identification of the specimens was done by helping the keys in the existing references involving Flora of Turkey, Flora Iranica, and Flora Europaea; vegetative and reproductive parts were described and reinforced by clarified photos. Pollen grain characteristics, such as color, shape, size, number, and surface configurations, have been mentioned, along with photos for polar and equatorial views. The map of Iraq has also been used to clarify the collection region, which is monotypic.

In this paper, we obtained the nuclear energy levels for 48Cr isotope that resided in the pf -shell of shell model calculations. For nucleons that were outside closed and no core, they were calculated using skyrme interactions. The Skyrme (SLY5) was used as an efficient full-space two-body interaction, and the frozen orbitals and restricted occupations technique were adopted in the context of full-space calculation. All wave vectors and analyses are presented using the diagrammatic notation, while all representatives are given in Dirac notations. All the calculations are done with the help of the OXBASH code program and the results are compared with the available experimental data.

Gaussian process regression models are used as statistical representations of computational models, due to their flexibility in capturing the shape of smooth functions. The Gaussian process regression model has a number of parameters, the estimation of which is an essential step towards building the model. The parameters considered are the regression coefficients , the scaling parameter and the correlation lengths . Estimating these parameters is the problem we address in this paper. The main contribution of this work is a comparison between estimating the parameters of the Gauss process regression model using the maximum likelihood method and the restricted maximum likelihood method. This comparison was made based on some validation measures. The Gauss process regression model, whose parameters were estimated using the two methods above, was applied to a real eight-dimensional example represented by the borehole function model, and all mathematical and graphical operations were carried out using the R program.

Alzheimer's disease involves environmental influences and genetic and biochemical factors that lead to the build up of harmful proteins like amyloid and neurofibrillary tangles in brain. This accumulation can disturb the communication between nerve cells. Result in cognitive difficulties. This analysis emphasizes the importance of elements like air pollution and toxic metals in addition to discussing the influence of inflammation oxygen related stress and antioxidants, on disease progression. It also explores how specific hormones and enzymes influence the course of the disease. Alzheimer’s stands out as a condition that leads to cognitive decline and affects nerve tissues in the brain extensively. It is identified through the development of tangles and the buildup of amyloid proteins outside cells that form plaques hindering communication among neurons. This inherited degenerative condition affects nerve function and results in a decrease, in abilities and memory loss. This review delves into biochemical pathways associated with Alzheimers disease; discussing the impact of air pollution and harmful metals along with inflammation and oxidative stress as well as the influence of antioxidants and certain hormones such as insulin and proteins like GO and insulin like growth factor (IGF) along with leptin in the process. It also touches upon the significance of enzymes like choline acetyltransferase and essential proteins in the disease pathway such, as C reactive protein interleukins and E methione. This research is crucial for gaining insights into the processes involved in Alzheimers disease and could help in crafting better prevention and treatment approaches, down the line.

Schiff bases are formed when any primary amine reacts with an aldehyde or a ketone under specific conditions. The first imines were prepared in the nineteenth century by a classical method that involves the condensation of a carbonyl compound with an amine under zeotropic distillation. Molecular sieves are used to remove water formed in the system. Later, many ways of synthesising Schiff bases were invented. Schiff bases exhibit various biological activities and are commonly used for industrial purposes. They are the most widely used intermediates in organic synthesis as: catalysts, pigments and dyes, polymer stabilisers, and other essential uses. Due to its broad importance, many different preparation methods for this moiety have been presented in this article.

The present study investigated the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) to the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis. Mussels were treated with six doses of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) control (0), 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppm for up to 96 hours. The Cd accumulation and oxidative stress markers, including Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) rather than histological changes were evaluated. Results showed that exposure to CdCl2 induced a significant increase in MDA levels and CAT activity. Notably, a significant decrease was observed in the AChE and GSH levels in the groups exposed to CdCl₂, which was dependent on exposure time. The cadmium (Cd) concentrations in both aquarium water and the mussel’s body have fluctuated, and these changes were influenced by the concentration and duration of the exposure. Histological investigation of the mussel gills showed alternation in gill structure after being exposed to different cadmium concentrations when compared to the control group.