Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

The pages of this research revolved around the topic of grammatical terminology in Ibn Malik Al-Andalusi in his book (Shawahid Al-Tawdih wa Al-Tasheeh), which is a book that combined the science of the Prophetic Hadith and grammatical evidence; because Ibn Malik frequently cited the Prophetic Hadith and some of the later scholars opposed him in that, including Abu Hayyan. It became clear to the researcher that Ibn Malik used Basran terminology extensively, and his book was not devoid of some Kufi terminology. Ibn Malik also distinguished himself with some grammatical terminology that no one had preceded him in, such as the deputy for the subject, which grammarians call what does not name its subject, and the absolute substitute, which grammarians call the substitute of every one of every.

The research dealt with studying the pictorial level in the poems of Abdul Rahman Al-Ashmawy

The sung poems through the stylistic trend, and stylistics is a science concerned with studying the different levels of the language of the literary text, and sheds light on the characteristics of this language that emerge from its real function to a metaphorical and influential function.

The audible evidence is considered the most important evidence and principles that grammarians and linguists have relied on in controlling the rules of grammar and language, and some of them have stated this. Ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH) said: ((Know that if analogy leads you to something, then you hear the Arabs pronouncing something else according to a different analogy; then leave what you were doing for what they are doing)).

Sheikh Muhammad Qash did not deviate from the path of the early scholars in considering and paying attention to the audible evidence. In his commentary on the explanation of Al-Azhariyyah, he took great care to cite the Qur’anic evidence, the Prophetic hadiths, and the speech of the Arabs, both in poetry and prose. Perhaps the best thing that shows us Sheikh Qash’s method of citing evidence in the Qur’an, the noble hadith, and the speech of the Arabs is his statement when explaining the words of Sheikh Al-Azhari: ((by example)) ([1]). Sheikh Qash said: ((It is partial and mentioned to clarify the rule, and the evidence is partial and mentioned to prove the rule, and the evidence can only be from the words of God, or from the words of His Messenger, peace be upon him, or the words of someone whose Arabic is trusted from those who were before his mission and during his time, peace be upon him, until tongues became corrupted, from Muslim and infidel whose poetry and prose the imams accepted, from free and male slaves. And the female of big and small. Among these are the works of our Imam Al-Shafi’i in the language, which are an authority.

The impact of Islam on Arabic literature and on all aspects of life is clear and does not require much effort or numerous proofs. It is sufficient that it is considered the dividing line between two stages of the nation’s life that represent the nation’s past on the one hand and its present and future on the other hand. Islam is the arbiter between the era of ignorance and the Islamic eras with their diversity and extension to this day and to what God wills. Among the impact of Islam on Arabic literature in general and poetry in particular is the emergence of new themes that the people of ignorance did not know before, and among these themes is the poetry of guidance. When we read this poetry, we found it to be a literary material rich in critical phenomena. We presented this research in criticizing this poetic theme, and we called it “Critical and Stylistic Touches in the Poetry of Guidance in the Early Islamic Era.”

This research aims to present a critical comparative study of two poems, the first original by Ali bin al-Jahm, and the other by Ibn al-Jinnan. This poetic opposition reflects the Andalusian poet’s knowledge of the oriental poetic achievement, his deep comprehension of it, and his imitation of it, to show his superiority in some artistic features over his original predecessor, and to reveal his abilities in aesthetic formation. We also try to clarify the characteristics of superiority, mastery, and innovation in the two texts, as well as to stop at the areas of deficiency and weakness. Our path in the research consisted of an introduction, two requirements, and a conclusion. In the first requirement, I dealt with the Rusafiya poem and its oppositions, while I devoted the second requirement to the artistic comparison between the opposition and the opposition models. The conclusion came to record the most important results reached by the research.

This research is based on analyzing the structural aspects of the Abrahamic discourse (u) in the Holy Quran, a stylistic analysis, shedding light on the areas of expressive beauty, coherent and harmonious stylistic structures, and what they include of additional connotations and meanings that were employed in the service of the honorable prophetic call.

The research is divided into three main sections preceded by an introduction that includes a definition of the concept of structural stylistics and its areas of work.

The first section came to study the news phenomena in the Abrahamic discourse using the methods of affirmation and condition. As for the second section, it dealt with the constructional phenomena in the discourse such as command, prohibition, interrogation, and calling, and the various connotations that arise from them. As for the third section, it was to study the structure of the rhetorical sentence, such as presentation and delay, definition and indefiniteness, deletion and brevity, and their role in the aesthetics of the structural context of the sentence.

The phenomenon of linguistic triangles falls within the circle of the lexicon, and is an aspect of linguistic commonality, as well as one of the aspects of semantic development and the expansion of its fields. The diversity of formulas and structures in Arabic indicates its richness, and how meanings are generated by changing the vowels in a single word. This helps the user of Arabic to freely express and present them in their various aspects, which is a feature that made it the richest language in vocabulary, and the most capable of absorbing ideas. This study included two new types of triangle, in addition to the known type, which are the grammatical triangle and the morphological triangle in the Holy Quran. They are based on the change of vowel at the ends of words, while the first type of triangle is based on its difference at the beginning or middle of the word, all of which lead to a difference in meaning and enrichment of the word.

This research aims to demonstrate the manifestations of lexical cohesion in the texts of the biographies of Al-Fath bin Khaqan Al-Andalusi (d. 529 AH), through the strategies of repetition, its manifestations and types, and solidarity (lexical accompaniments), its manifestations and meanings. By applying the theories of text science and the theory of semantic relations and adopting the descriptive and analytical approach in analyzing these texts, prose and poetry. The research came out with a result that the texts of the translator and the translated have absorbed all types of repetition, as well as the manifestations of lexical accompaniments, which have tightened the parts of the text and joined some of it to each other, in a consistent and harmonious crucible at the same time; they are two means of semantic coherence as well.

Morphology is the most noble and obscure of the Arabic sciences. As they say, morphology is the mother of sciences and grammar is its father. Since morphological reasoning is the spirit of morphological studies, it was very important for researchers to stand on the methods of morphological reasoning and its styles in morphological studies, lectures and books in every time and place. I put in the hands of the honorable reader a modest research in which I stand on one aspect of the emergence of morphological reasoning since reasoning began to become a regular method, at the hands of Abdullah bin Abi Ishaq Al-Hadrami. Until this science matured and was completed at the hands of Al-Khalil bin Ahmed Al-Farahidi, and his most prominent student Amr bin Othman bin Qanbar, known as (Sibawayh).

This research deals with studying the phenomenon of extension in the Holy Quran as a linear sign that leads to a package of connotations through its phonetic presence and its effect on understanding the meaning. Since the linear symbol (sign of extension) appears formally in writing and is drawn above the letters at the top of the word, it has become necessary to stand on the possibility of its appearance as a meaning that is full of meaning, knowing that extension results in our Arabic language from the meeting of extension sounds (alif, waw, and ya) with the sound of the hamza in one word, it is called the connected extension, or in two adjacent words, it is called the separate extension, and they branch out into a set of extensions governed by specific conditions according to their occurrence in the Quranic verses. The research has reached the existence of strong connections between the types of extensions and the meanings to which they came out due to the fact that they are signs that are organized by a phonetic system and its own predicates, and studying this type of phenomenon semiotically must be the scope of its application in the Holy Quran despite the fact that the phenomenon of extension is common in the Arabic language, especially in poetry and singing.

Abu al-Qasim al-Suhayli is considered one of the unique scholars of our nation, whose scientific interests were numerous and whose classification abilities were diverse. However, he was known, most of all, as a linguist and grammarian who had his own distinctive opinions and debates with his opponents in the sixth century AH and with their predecessors and his responses to them. Al-Suhaili’s linguistic and grammatical heritage, which was found by scholars, has been published, and we have not come across any statement from any of them that any of this heritage is still in manuscript form, waiting for someone to remove the dust of centuries from it. Rather, all that we have come across is that Al-Suhaili has a lost heritage that has been ravaged by the ravages of time, and has been lost along with the precious Arab and Islamic heritage that has been lost. Today, we are unveiling a valuable manuscript issue from Al-Suhayli’s linguistic heritage, which is considered a new opening in its field; as it is a unique attempt in the history of composition in Arabic, according to our level of knowledge, as it includes both sections of morphological forms and syntactic structures together by addressing (the inclusion) of their examples. Our work included an introduction explaining the circumstances of finding the manuscript containing the issue, followed by a detailed study of the subject of this issue, a description of the manuscript, proof of the issue’s attribution to Al-Suhayli, and a statement of the procedures we took in verifying the manuscript. This was followed by a brief biography of Al-Suhayli’s personal and scientific career, then came the verified text, and the study ended with a glossary of the study’s sources and references.

Writing about a person like Al-Hussein bin Hamdan Al-Khusibi (d. 358 AH) is not an easy matter because of the importance of this personality in the writings of the people of criticism and correction, differences and biographies, as their statements about his belief and sectarian affiliation differed between those who praised and criticized him, those who were biased against him, those who loved him or remained silent about him, as many were biased against him, even those who shared his doctrine and belief, and many were fair to him, even those who differed with him in doctrine and belief. Anyone who follows his writings will find that many of them confirm his clear affiliation to Shiism in general and to the Imamiyyah in particular, so much so that he wrote a book and called it “The History of the Prophet and the Imams and Their Miracles”, and the book became famous by the name “The Great Guidance”. It is the book that he dedicated to Sayf Al-Dawla Al-Hamdani, who was known for the soundness of his doctrine and his loyalty to the Household of the Prophet, peace be upon them. The book was a documentation of the biography of the Prophet Muhammad, may God bless him and his family, and the biography of the Household of the Prophet, peace be upon them, and the trials and hardships they went through. It sometimes agreed with the narrations of the majority and often differed with them, in addition to its agreement with the narrations of the Shiites at times and its disagreement with them at other times.

The study sheds light on a unique political phenomenon that has not been witnessed in the political history of the Arab Islamic state since its inception and in its various eras, which is the entry of some women of the ruling families into the political arena, and their assumption of high positions in government, administration and the military.

This trend represented a major turning point and a qualitative development in Arab Islamic thought, and a challenge to the Arab heritage, its traditions and customs, as well as the prevailing culture at that time and Islamic political theory.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of the women of sultans, princes, Mamluks and their concubines in the political life of the Mamluk state for more than two and a half centuries, and it is another addition to the studies that have been devoted to this field.

The subject of social and economic life in the city of Granada from the conquest to the end of the Taifa era gained great importance, as this era is considered the era of the Arab Islamic conquests of the Andalusian cities, and for them it was an era of great economic prosperity due to the spoils they obtained and the lands they inhabited and cultivated. In the era of the governors and the governorship of Al-Hussam bin Dirar Al-Kalbi (125 AH - 742 AD), after looking at the people of the Levant, he saw that they were all in Cordoba and its regions, and he thought of distributing them to various parts of Andalusia. From the share of Rayya (Malaga) was the army of Jordan, and from the share of Granada (Albera) was the army of Damascus, and the army of Qinnasrin was settled in Hayyan. With this distribution, peaceful coexistence was achieved between the different nationalities and sects. It must be noted that the cities of Malaga and Jaén, since the era of the Taifa era and after, became administratively affiliated to Granada, so we studied them with the latter as a single unit. Since the conquest, its strategic location has played a great role in exploring historical events, as its port is the port of Al-Munqab, which is close to the Moroccan Adwa, and from The port city of Alpte (Granada) was given independence by Prince Abd al-Rahman I, and his supporters gathered in this city, from which he set out to establish the Umayyad Emirate in Andalusia. For these reasons, we thought of studying a specific aspect related to the civilized aspects of this ancient city.

The importance of social life is evident in the fact that it is inseparable from other aspects of life, whether political, administrative, religious, intellectual, or economic. Rather, it is a mirror that reflects the culture, present, and systems of society. Therefore, we chose to study social life in Fatimid Egypt, which modern researchers considered to be one of the most splendid and lasting Islamic states.

Some topics have not been addressed by researchers, especially the study of cities that played a historical and cultural role, but the historical opportunity and political circumstances did not make it the capital of a decade of history and cultural conflict. This produces at all the material ideological heritage that can be a subject or a study or a researcher that makes the researcher study and observe, and examine the stages of cultural and ideological growth. Among these cities that have not been fully studied is (Rahbat Malik bin Tok Al-Rabi\\'i Al-Gharbi). As far as we know, it was chosen for its historical importance and the circumstances surrounding its construction. I also talked about the nomination of the city and the circumstances that accompanied it and how the owner of the owner took advantage of the historical situation and visited the Abbasid Caliph Harun Al-Rashid (193-170 AH). To the Levant and began building the square. I dealt with the cities and villages related to this city from the administrative, military and economic aspects. We see it necessary to talk about the achievements of scholars from the Al-Rahbin Company and those who were titled Al-Rahbi and also those who visited and studied their pioneering role in various fields at that time.

South Sudan is the newest country in the world, having declared its secession from Sudan in 2011. Although this country has great economic resources and potential, especially oil, it suffers from poverty and famine. This is because, despite having these resources and enacting laws to manage them, there are many obstacles that hinder the wheel of growth and progress in it. Some of these obstacles are of an economic nature, such as its one-sided economy, dependent on oil, debt, or corruption. Some of them are of a social nature, such as the lack of interest in education and the lack of awareness, especially political awareness, among citizens, in addition to political instability. All of this has left its clear effects on the economy of the emerging country.

The British women\\'s rights activist, Emmeline Pankhurst, struggled to make British society a society in which rights and duties are equal between men and women, especially after she saw the injustice of the government that practiced a policy of discrimination between the sexes. It was an aristocratic, male society that robbed women of their most basic rights. Therefore, there had to be a voice to awaken women from their long slumber and from the stagnation that the British government wanted them to be in. That voice was Emmeline, who was prepared by difficult circumstances to be a fighter defending women\\'s rights and educating them that they have rights that the British government robbed them of and that it is time to regain them through peace or violence.

The area of ​​the Dharawa Basin is (335 km2) and the basin is classified in terms of area as one of the large regional basins. This area extension and the prevailing climate type (semi-humid to humid) provide good amounts of water discharge that can be exploited in the process of supplementary irrigation and the establishment of water harvesting technologies. All the morphological characteristics also indicated that the shapes of the basins are far from regular circular shapes and approach rectangular and triangular shapes, which is an indication of the regularity of water discharge and the successive arrival of water waves from the sources to the estuaries. However, these longitudinal shapes of the basins have disadvantages, including increased water loss through evaporation and filtration. These rectangular shapes also indicate a low indication of the risk of flooding, and thus the lack of impact of human activities on it, in addition to being a safety factor for projects that can be established in these river basins, such as water harvesting projects and bridges. All the terrain coefficients of the Dharawa Basin indicated the severity of the basin\\'s terrain, and the reason for this is; The basin is located within the Zakur range, which forms high mountainous terrain, which increased the degree of slope of the waterways and their tendency to straighten, which is an indicator of the effectiveness of erosion and the amounts of sediments transported. Also, increasing the degree of slope and straightness of the waterways increases the volume of water discharge, due to the speed of the water current and the lack of opportunities for leakage and evaporation. In addition, the terrain has positive advantages for establishing dam and reservoir projects in the basin area by exploiting the straits areas. There is a great possibility to establish an irrigation project in the lower part of the basin within the Bashdar plain and by relying on river water after constructing a dam to raise the water level to more than (4 m) near the confluence of the Mamand and Kalkala valleys in the lower part of the basin to establish an irrigation project. There is also the possibility of establishing water harvesting technologies in the middle part of the basin, such as canals, tanks, terraces, interceptor dams and excavations.

Climate extremism and oscillation mean the monthly, seasonal and annual changes that occur in some climatic elements, especially temperatures and rainfall amounts, and the rise and fall of these elements from their normal rates, as well as the resulting positive and negative effects. Climate changes also lead to variations in the intensity of external geomorphological processes and morphoclimatic processes. Hot, dry and semi-dry regions are characterized by irregular climatic conditions, which are characterized by little and fluctuating rainfall and high relative humidity in winter, high temperatures and high sun rays due to clear skies and few clouds, and long days in summer. The great importance of climate extremism and oscillation appears in some climatic elements, such as extremism in temperatures above the maximum, extremism in temperatures below the minimum, and extremism in rainfall amounts, due to their direct impact on geomorphological processes on the formation of land surface shapes in the study area. To achieve this purpose, daily, monthly and annual data were used for the stations (Najaf, Samawah, Karbala). As well as analyzing climate maps (pressure systems) from the site (Vortex Plymouth edu), and the time period for the study was determined to be (11) years, from (2006-2016 AD), which is a minor climate cycle.

God Almighty has honored man and raised his status with matters related to creation, nature and sending messengers. He is the noble master. Any material or non-material value must not overshadow the value of man, nor humiliate him, subjugate him or be superior to him. Man is respected during his life by not using his parts, and during his death by respecting his dead body and the grave in which he is buried, and respecting what is separated from him by not selling it.

Commandments:

Our commandment is centered on man himself before we ask others to respect him. He must respect himself in terms of not being carried away by his desires for possession, domination, and the desires of the stomach and genitals, and to respect others, he respects their honor... their religions... themselves.

The invention of electricity completely changed the course of life, as it became the main source of energy. The invention of electricity had a profound impact on completely changing the aspects of human life and changing its patterns. Since the emergence of this great discovery, the train of progress, advancement, civilization and urbanization has moved forward with the development of discoveries and inventions that have emerged successively in all areas of electricity and its many multiple uses. It is currently considered one of the most important components of life that a person cannot do without, as it is an essential element in our daily lives. Due to this need of people, and due to the importance of this source, as it requires material capabilities and enormous capacities to secure it that may exceed the capabilities of the owners of private generators, which are directly responsible for securing it, and for political reasons or the capabilities of the weak state that hinder the provision of electricity on an ongoing basis, the idea of ​​private generators came, and also because our reality imposes dealing with private electric generators as an alternative solution to electrical energy, it is necessary for us to know the jurisprudential rulings and legal fatwas related to private generators because these generators are among the incidents that need to be regulated by the wise Shari’a until People do not fall into problems, from eating people’s money unjustly or falling into deceiving people without knowing, and falling into something forbidden that we should warn against, or draw attention to.

The first chapter dealt with the research problem, which was university learning and its impact on the development of artistic formation for students of the Department of Art Education, as well as the importance of the research, the research objective, and defining the terms. The second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework that included university learning. The second section dealt with artistic formation. The third chapter dealt with the research procedures. The fourth was the research results, conclusions, and proposals.

The world today is facing major challenges, especially in the era of technology and modern management. The problem of the research lies in the fact that our university institutions and colleges of education in particular do not keep pace with modern administrative developments such as electronic management, which is what the research came up with in terms of importance. The research aimed to identify the obstacles and problems that hinder the application of this management in colleges of education in order to avoid them and move towards its application through the answers of the individuals of the research sample for the various administrative formations that represented the research community. A sample of (169) individuals was obtained who participated in answering the tool prepared by the researcher after presenting it to experts and arbitrators, in addition to conducting stability for them. The researcher presented the theoretical aspect and a number of previous studies. After conducting the practical application of the tool, the research came out with a number of results, the most important of which was the existence of fear and hesitation in the application by those in charge and working in these institutions. Many obstacles also appeared, the most important of which were financial and organizational, in addition to coming out with a number of recommendations and proposals related to the research.

The aim of the research is to identify the obstacles that prevent the application of information and communication technology in the colleges of the University of Baghdad, considering that this represents a problem that must be addressed, and due to the importance of such topics and the necessity of researching them, the research community was determined by (24) college deans and (52) administrative, scientific and student affairs assistants in the colleges of the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2016-2017, where the researcher built a special research tool for the purpose of answering the main research objective and through the answers of the research sample members, which represented 66% of the community, where the theoretical aspect and a number of previous related studies were presented, and after conducting the application on the sample members, the data and results were processed statistically, where the research came out with several results, the most important of which is that there are obstacles to a high degree and in various fields of the tool and that these obstacles must be addressed and addressed, and the researcher put forward a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals related to the research.

There is no doubt that the means of criminal evidence are developing amazingly, which is a natural thing in light of this great technological progress witnessed by science and the accompanying development of methods of committing crimes. Crimes are no longer committed using the usual primitive methods, so it was necessary for the legislator to keep pace with this development by creating modern means of criminal evidence, so methods of proof appeared by sound, recording, image, and visuals.

من بين الأنواع المختلفة للأخطاء في التراكيب المكتوبة، تمتلك الأخطاء المعجمية أعلى عدد من الأخطاء التي تحدث في التراكيب المكتوبة للمتعلمين. وتماشياً مع هذه الخلفية، تم تصميم هذه الدراسة النوعية لتحديد وتصنيف الأخطاء المعجمية التي يرتكبها طلاب السنة الثانية العراقيون الذين يتعلمون اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية في كلية النسور الجامعية في كتابة التراكيب. كما تسعى الدراسة إلى فحص أسبابها المحتملة وتداعياتها على ممارسة التدريس. وقد تم تطبيق أسلوب الاستنباط. وتم الوصول إلى مجموعة من الكتابة الأكاديمية لـ 40 طالبًا عراقيًا في السنة الثانية وفحصها لتحديد أخطاء الكتابة المعجمية الرئيسية وفقًا لنموذج جيمس (1998) والذي تم تعديله لاحقًا بواسطة هيمشوا وشميت (2006). وتم تصنيف الأخطاء المعجمية إلى فئات، وتم تقديم بعض الاقتراحات. ومن المأمول أن توفر النتائج بعض الإرشادات لكل من متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية والمعلمين العراقيين من حيث تقليل الأخطاء في كتابة التراكيب وتسهيل التواصل بشكل أكثر سلاسة.

لقد اكتسبت البراجماتية بين اللغات، والتي تهتم بكيفية استخدام المتحدثين غير الأصليين للغة الثانية وأدائهم لها، المزيد من الاهتمام بين الباحثين البراجماتيين في السنوات الأخيرة. تعتبر أفعال الطلب حدثًا مهمًا في حياتنا اليومية؛ حيث يوفر طلب شخص ما القيام بشيء لك فرصة لتعزيز العلاقات الاجتماعية. ومع ذلك، قد يختلف تنفيذ الطلبات من ثقافة إلى أخرى؛ حيث تنطوي كل ثقافة بطبيعة الحال على وجهات نظر مختلفة حول ما يعتبر طلبًا مهذبًا. بناءً على هذه الفرضية، يمكن أن يعكس تقديم الطلب القيم الاجتماعية والثقافية لمجتمع معين.

وبناءً على ذلك، تبحث هذه الدراسة في الكفاءة البراجماتية للطلاب الجامعيين الأتراك والعراقيين وتفحص المتغيرات الثقافية التي يمكن أن تؤثر على إنتاج وإدراك الطلبات باللغة الإنجليزية على أنها يتم إجراؤها من قبل متعلمين مختلفين ثقافيًا للغة الإنجليزية وهما متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية العراقيين والأتراك.

من أجل إجراء هذا البحث، طبق الباحث مخطط الترميز للاستبيان الذي طوره بلوم-كولكا وآخرون (1984) والذي تناول الطلاب الجامعيين في الجامعات العراقية والتركية. وتظهر النتائج، من الناحية الكمية والنوعية، أن متعلمي اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية العراقيين والأتراك أظهروا كفاءة براجماتية عالية؛ كما تم العثور على أوجه تشابه أكثر من الاختلافات بين الطلاب العراقيين والأتراك فيما يتعلق بطلبات الأفعال بسبب بعض العوامل بما في ذلك الدين والموقع الجغرافي لتركيا والعراق.

تدرس هذه المقالة السمات الاجتماعية والثقافية العربية في رواية زقاق المدق لنجيب محفوظ وتمثيلها في الإنجليزية (زقاق المدق) التي ترجمها تريفور لوجاسيك (1975) والألمانية (دي ميداق-جاس) التي ترجمتها دوريس كيلياس (1985)، وأثر ذلك على تمثيل الثقافة العربية. كما تبحث في أدوار المترجمين في ظهور هذه الرواية المثيرة للجدل والترويج لها. كما تسلط الضوء على الطريقة التي تبناها المترجمون في استخدام هذا العمل لنقل وجهات نظر مختلفة حول جوانب مختلفة، وبالتالي عكس تمثيلات مختلفة للجوانب الثقافية عن تلك الموجودة في النص الأصلي. ومن خلال تقديم بعض الأمثلة إلى جانب ترجماتهم لهذه التحولات الترجمية والمبررات المحتملة وراءها، يثبت التحليل أن القراءة الدقيقة لهذه الترجمات لا يمكن أن تتجاهل وضوح كلا المترجمين.