Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences

The present study was conducted to assess the efficiency of solar energy in treating any potential pollution of drinking water in dam lakes caused by human activity in rural areas. The water quality parameters include temperature, pH, conductivity, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, NH4-N, NO3-N, HCO3, Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SAR, B, K+, SO42-, and E-coli were monitored. Samples was collected during the summer and winter (during the filling period). The results showed a rapid decrease in microbial counts upon exposure to solar radiation. More than 98% reductions were achieved after 8 hours for the bacterial communities tested under different conditions. The rate of inactivation, however, varied and was mainly affected by water turbidity and temperature during the experiments. The results indicated that turbidity affected the efficiency of water disinfection, and the efficiency improves with longer exposure duration, implying that in high turbidity and severe weather conditions, exposure time must be increased to compensate for the effects of these factors. The water in the system should be exposed to at least eight hours before leaving to the storage tanks. When scaled up, the proposed method could be a vital tool in solar water disinfection technologies, particularly in isolated and rural locations. Using solar energy to disinfect polluted water will certainly reduce the usage of chlorination and or filtration in water treatment, reducing treatment costs while also protecting the environment.

The continuous monitoring of transmission line protection relay is desirable to ensure the system disturbance such as fault inception is detected in transmission line. Therefore, fault on transmission line needs to be detected, classified, and located accurately to maintain the stability of system. This project presents design enhancement and development under voltage relay in power system protection using MATLAB/Simulink. The under-voltage relay is a relay that has contacts that operate when voltage drops below a set voltage which is used for protection against voltage drops to detect short circuit and others. This study is carried out for all types of faults which only related with one of the parallel lines. For the overall of operation conditions, the sample data were generated for the system by varying the different fault types and fault location. This design system proposes the use of MATLAB/ Simulink based method for fast and reliable fault classification and location for a various type of fault.

Exacerbating the environmental impacts of pollution and leaving them unchanged will ultimately lead to disastrous environmental disasters Consequences, in addition to incurring a lot of human and material losses in addition to wasting and dissipating a lot of energies and foreshadow in the end a threat to the human existence and the great danger it poses to the future of Iraq. The research attempts to identify the impact of environmental pollution on health, agriculture, economy and development and threatening the lives of the population. For the purpose of reaching this goal, the research included in its theoretical part the concept of pollution and its types, and the Iraqi environment, especially after 2003, while the practical part dealt with the impact of methane emissions, and dioxide Carbon and nitrous oxide on the soil in Iraq using the Quick Back Propagation artificial neural network.

This paper proposes a new approach to determining the sex of the fetus using the measurement of dimensions of the head. The research attempted to use one of the techniques of fuzzy logic in the field of medicine, and here it was dealt with the visual properties designed to mix the properties of fuzzy logic (FL) and feature images. The results that some traits cannot give good results such as the results obtained from the local binary pattern (LBP) algorithm and the power and superiority of the results of hybrid filters because the ultrasound images have a special color spectrum. The results also showed the ability of the fuzzy logic proposed by using the characteristics derived from the hybrid filter to deal with the study of images and to achieve a better diagnosis of the gender of the fetus through measuring the dimensions of the head.

Alkaline hydrolysis rates coefficients for the series of methyl 3-(7-substituted-1-naphthyl) propynoate was calculated in 70%v/v dimethylsulphoxide-water at various temperatures (25,30,40, and 50̊ C). The pKa values of 3-(7-substituted-1-naphthyl) propynoic acid and (E)- 3-(7-substituted-1-naphthyl) propenoic acid calculated in 80%w/w 2-methoxyethanol-water at room temperature (25.0̊ C). logk2 of esterification rate coefficients for 3-(7-substituted-1-naphthyl) propynioc acid and (E)-3(7-substituted-1-naphthyl) propenioc acid with DDM have been measured at 30.0̊ C. Reversed substituent dipolar effects were found in the ionization reaction. In the esterification reaction with DDM the result shows similar but reduced substituted effects. Rate retardations was found in the alkaline hydrolysis. It could be result from steric effect or reversal of substituent dipolar effect with a combination of steric effect.