Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences

Birth weight is a crucial determinant of the developmental potential of the newborn. Birth weight is the body weight of a baby at its birth. The range of normal is between 2.5 and 4.5 kilograms (5.5 and 9.9 lb). On average, babies of south Asian and Chinese heritage weigh about 3.26 kilograms (7.2 lb). Abnormal newborn weights are associated with negative effects on the health and survival of the baby and the mother. World Health Organization has defined low birth weight as birth weight less than 2,500 grams. Giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant is influenced by several factors. This study aimed to identify key determinants that influence the frequency of normal and low birth weight in Salah Al-Deen general Hospital in Tikrit city-Iraq.
This study is a Cross- sectional study, was conducted in obstetric department in Salah Al-Deen general hospital during the period from 1st Feb to the 31st of August 2020. The study sample included full term babies (gestational age 37-42 week) chosen by using a convenient sampling method selecting 197 delivered babies with their mothers. Data collection done by face-to-face interview, using the structured questionnaire developed by the researcher include the following information: Information regarding the mother included demographic variables, reproductive health, medical and obstetrical history and antenatal care visits, use of ferrous sulfate and other supplements during pregnancy. Birth weight was measured at birth, to the nearest 50 g, with the nude infant lying on the available scale. Zero adjustment of the scale was frequently done to ensure accuracy of the readings. Birth weight was categorized into two as low birth weight (birth weight < 2500 grams), and normal birth weight (birth weight ≥ 2500 grams).
The current study showed that prevalence of low birth weight was (2.4%), macrosomia (15.6%) and normal birth weight was (82%). The study showed that the low birth weight was higher among primigravida (3.4%), than multigravida women (1.7%) and that the low birth weight was higher among 1st and 2nd birth order (3.4%), (6.7%) respectively while it was (0%) among the 3rd baby order. Previous history of Diabetes Mellitus was associated with 0(0%) low birth weight babies and (2.6%) of those women without Diabetes Mellitus had low birth weight babies. Those with history of iron deficiency anemia was more prone to had babies with low birth weight (3.1%), versus those without history of iron deficiency anemia (1.3%). Those with history of hypertension more prone to had babies with low birth weight (4%), versus those without history of iron deficiency anemia (2.2%). The current study showed that those with ferrous sulfate supplements had lower proportion of babies with low birth weight (1.2%), versus those without supplements (7.7%), this relation statistically significant.
This study has demonstrated that the younger maternal age, mother with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and irregular antenatal care had babies with lower birth weight. Previous history of low birth weight also is a predisposing factor for low birth weight.

Background: Gastronomic natural flavors and spices have been used as both flavoring agents and preservatives in food preparation for many years. They have also been utilized in medical field for their biological properties shown in previous studies.
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the oil extracts from Cloves, Thyme, and Cinnamon compared with ampicillin on some oral bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus spp.).
Method: Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of herbal and spices essential oil was performed using Agar well diffusion test. Its effect was assessed against oral bacteria, which diagnosed in laboratory by culturing on enriched and selective media and by biochemical test.
Results: High inhibitory effect of cinnamon, clove against some Gram positive and Gram negative isolated oral bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Proteus spp. comparing with ampicillin. While thyme essential oil shows inhibitory effect for the bacterial isolates except for Pseudomonas aeroginosa but less than the inhibitory effects of other essential oils and ampicillin.
For Psedomonas aeruginosa result shows the bacteria have resistance to ampicillin and Thyme essential oil while both cloves and cinnamon have antibacterial effect.
Conclusions: Cloves, thyme and cinnamon essential oil have a wide antimicrobial activity against some oral bacteria, both cinnamon and cloves essential oils recorded superior antibacterial activity than ampicillin for (Proteus spp and lactobacillus), competence action with ampicillin for Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans and novel antibacterial action against Pseudomonas aeroginosa which resist to ampicillin which may be a promising antibacterial management approach and resist development of antibiotic resistance strain if used instead than the antibiotic. Also, suggestion for using these oils orally may provide a degree of protection in oral cavity against some oral pathogens.

The effects of climate change differ from one region to another, as its effects are not the same in all regions of the world. The consequences differ from one region to another, according to its geographical location, or according to the ability of the region and its social and environmental systems to adapt to climate change or mitigate its effects. One of the most important factors of climate change is global warming. There are two major sources of global warming: natural and human. The human resource contributes by adding heat and greenhouse gases to the atmosphere because of the global use of fossil fuels, nuclear energy, burning of natural gas, coal, timber, and others. Natural gas flaring is one of the most important challenges facing energy sources and the environment globally and locally. In this study, light was shed on the flaring of natural gas in Basra Governorate and its impact on the environment and climate change. The results showed that burning natural gas in Basra contributes to changing the local climate by adding heat and greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, which led to an increase in the air temperature in the region. In recent years, it has reached (52 degrees Celsius), and it also affects air pollution by increasing concentrations of toxic gases in the atmosphere, and it is one reason for the increase in the number of cancer patients in Basra Governorate. And there was a strong positive correlation between increased gas burning and an increase in cancer cases.

The geology, mineralogy and geochemical of The Kolosh Formation in Dokan area, northern Iraq has been studied. The formation sequence includes gray and dark gray marl that alternate from clastic submarine sediments represented by turbid deposits resulted from the last stages of the collision movement between the continental plates. The geochemical study showed that the Kolosh Formation is mainly dominated by detrital sediments (Clay) with a dominance of kaolinite illite, and albite wıth low amounts of quartz. The analysis revealed that the Kolosh Formation is dominated by relatively marginal marine sedimentation where shelf bay facies was deposited with carbonate facies deposited as shallow marine. In contrast, SiO2 is strongly negatively correlated with CaO and MgO, this supports their derivation from terrigenous sources during the deposition of Kolosh sediments.

This research is about analysis seasonality of precipitation concentration in the north of Iraq, by using multiple methods of precipitation concentration Index .The first is the standard vectors method that determines the date of concentration and the number of the rainy months, the second, precipitation concentration index (PCI) that classify the degree of (PCI) annually, supra-seasonal, seasonal depending on monthly precipitation data from nine metrological stations For 36 years (1979-2014), using Excel, Arc map 10.8 and Oriana software in calculates and representation of precipitation concentration. the result shows that all stations in the study area share the same date (Jan.-Feb.) and the stations differ in the length of the rainy season (7-9) month. and for PCI results, PCI annual shows denote a moderate concentration in the whole study area, PCI supra-seasonal value shows (in the wet season uniform rain distribution, the dry season value shows high concentration, PCI seasonal Shows (autumn) moderate concentration, winter: low concentration in all stations, in the spring: PCI value shows the moderate concentration in Erbil, Kirkuk, Sulaymaniyah, Salaheddin, and the other stations shows uniform rain distribution.