journal of Language Studies

The poetic image is the mainstay and substance of poetry. The poet draws it from his experiences, culture, and inventory. Through it, the poet expresses his thoughts and meanings. It is the poet’s means of embodying the idea and the emotion at the same time. The poetic image takes multiple forms, sometimes in the form of rhetorical images, such as an analogy with his methods and tools known to him. Rhetoricians, and at other times it is like metaphor and metonymy. Abu Qais’s poems included different types of poetic images, but the most successful was the simile.
The poetic image is an important part of the poet’s emotional experience, in which the poet’s artistic and aesthetic ability is demonstrated. The elements of sound, meaning, and color are involved in drawing it, as well as movement, imagination, and beauty. In it, the poet shows his creative ability to draw the most beautiful artistic paintings in the form of poetic verses. Speech is the poet’s means of expressing Meanings and what is hidden in their chests, and then the quality and strength of poetry appear, and if meter is the most prominent characteristic of poetry and the poetic image and is an inevitable result of depicting emotion, then the poet is that creator who depicts for us emotion and imagination in his artistic form with that poetic image that he chooses.
Keywords: (artistic image - poetic image - rhetorical and critical image).

This is a literary, applied and procedural research that deals with the art of metaphor in the poems of the poet Ali Jaafar Al-Alaq, with a modern critical approach. Because what is noticeable about the poet is his interest in this art, and his use of it in almost all of his poems, in a style different from the style of the ancients, by inventing modern metaphors, some from nature, some from the soul, and some from the rhythm of life, and in all cases the poet has mastered the use and achieved the desired meaning.
Keywords: Rhetoric, metaphor, declarative, and technical.

This study includes (the effect of context in explaining the meanings of morphological forms in Al-Kashshaf’s interpretation of Al-Zamakhshari (d. 538 AH), as we talk about the context between heritage and contemporary times and its importance in a brief way. Then we study the Qur’anic evidence in it that includes: the significance of the nominal and verbal forms, and the significance of the definite and indefinite forms, The significance of the masculine and feminine forms, the significance of the singular and plural forms, and the significance of the past and present tense forms. These forms have purposes and connotations in the syntactic elements in every context. We tried in this study to monitor these forms according to Al-Zamakhshari in his interpretation of Al-Kashshaf and how to deal with it in different contexts according to positions and External situations on both the superficial and deep semantic levels.
Keywords: effect, context, meanings, formulas, morphology.

This research dealt with one of the topics of the types of lamentation in the books of enthusiasm, which occupied a great place among other purposes of poetry. It kept pace with the development that occurred in Arabic poetry and had a role in conveying the course of events throughout the ages as it is the only means capable of conveying tragedies and suffering when it comes to studying lamentation as a purpose. One of the original purposes that explains the poet’s approach and highlights the types of laments and elegies and the qualities of praise given to them.
Keywords: lamentation, books of enthusiasm , poetry.

In this research, we want to identify the parts of the human body as concrete forms in a structure in Kurdish words and try to dismantle and fragment them. It is worth noting that the names of the parts of the human body, as the basic dictionary of the language, have a major role in the composition of Kurdish words, because knowing the structure of words is an essential aspect of linguistic ability. Therefore, we want here to determine the structure of words in our language in which the parts of the human body participated and became a lexical word and written in the dictionary. Each of these body words has a network of relationships with other forms, and these relationships can be determined at the morphological and semantic levels.
Keywords: body Word, body as a concrete morpheme, by abstraction

migration, separation, hatred and so on The opposite is true, when the discourse of the poets is reflected in the puzzle of resistance and attempts to embody the struggle and prove national identity. This research, entitled (Discourse of Kurdish Nationalism (Reaction to the Illusion of Fear and Expression)) attempts to highlight the importance of
the discourse of resistance in the city The poems of some poets, which are reflected in their poems according to the stages of Kurdish poetry. As a reaction to the oppression that creates hatred in the minds of the defenders.
Keywords: Nationalism - Discourse - Resistance.

Studying the lives and works of Kurdish poets through documents and archives is an important practical step to clarifying the history of Kurdish literature. Therefore, the Ottoman Archive is an important centre to uncover the origins of the lives and works of Kurdish poets, scholars, and personalities. Sheikh Reza Talabani (1837–1910) was able to write poetry in several languages. He was the son of Sheikh Abdulrahman Talabani, a prominent leader of the Qadiri sect, who was an influential figure in the Ottoman Empire and had a close relationship with the central government and senior officials. From this perspective, this study focuses on the position of Sheikh Reza Talabani in the Ottoman Empire in the shadow of Ottoman documents, as well as the discovery of his unpublished poem in the archive, which is a letter of praise to the Ottoman Sultan. The importance of this study is that it was previously only known that Sheikh Reza made several trips to Istanbul, but through this article, it corrects several previous opinions and specifically discusses the timing of his trips to Istanbul, his rank, and the fame of his praise poem to the Ottoman Sultan. The study reveals the poem for the first time.
Keywords: History of Kurdish Literature, Istanbul, Ottoman Archive, Sheikh Reza Talabani.

Research Summary: This research is entitled (Khal Dictionary, a preliminary attempt towards an academic dictionary), in which I shed light on the foundations and characteristics of the Khal Dictionary, show the positive and negative aspects of the dictionary, and take into account the foundations of the academic dictionary in it. consists of the first research researchers dealing with the beginning of the attempt to place the dictionary and the deficiencies of the dictionary of the Kurdish language, and the second with the dictionary’s characteristics, types and classification. The research found several results, the most important of which: One of the important characteristics of an khal's dictionary is that it first addressed the words of all dialects and explained them. This work is the basis for the dictionary that comes after them and can be used when setting up an academic dictionary .
Keywords: Khal's lexicon, language, people, academic lexicon.

The linguistic revolution of Wittgenstein and the usage of language as a game was based to come up a new theory entitled speech act theory that founded by Austin and then developed by Searle. In this aspect, Austin believed that every statement it does not mean a description of a situation and its intention of stating a declaration rather speaker in stating some statements doing something. The research allocated to analyse and interpret the speech acts of some texts of (Nallay Judaiy) Hemin. The significance of the study is associate language and literature together. It means it makes language as a core of attention and investigation, another significance of the study uncover the intentions of the text. Though, there are some hidden intentions in the text. The research illustrat the result that the poet (speaker) creatively expressed his intention in term of indirect speech act to the receiver. It seems that every act expressed through statement, demand and question sentences and directed to the receiver. So, the acts of complaining, requesting and recommending are mostly used in the texts, it means they are allocated first step for themselves.

Keywords: pragmatics, speech act theory, types of speech acts, Nallay Judaiy poems.

This paper is an analysis of the text of the poem (Mercy which one breath) of (Sabri), which consists of two parts in the first part we highlighted a brief about ( Sabri) and the political and social conditions of the poets time, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Sabri) is as a sufi poet, he has always sought divine love, he is considered the classical poet of Kirkuk. he followed the path of Nali and saleem for Kurdish,he chose the title (Sabri) in has poems, he was a poet who always tried to kill himself in order to attain divine love, in the second part, we will practice some of our analytical methods for the text of the poem of (Mercy that is one breath) of (Sabri) has presentend .We have found that the poet in this poetic text he had a special mindset and a real experiment in addition, the poet used a mixture of Kurdish, Arabic and Parian.
He wrote his poems in the Sorani dialect ,his poetic images have been duties creative, they have a special rhythm and melody, in terms of weight and over head.he used more weights for adversity for example, a(15)point weight, we have tried to look at this poetic text critically the poet is at the end of his life in this poetic text he mixes the pain of Kurdistan’s situation at the hands of the in readers with a love that is addicted to the in fidelity or betrayal of the in readers, then he returns to a divine love. Finally, we have reached some conclusion of the study.
Keywords: analysis, patience, text ,poetry, mercy that one breath.

The research paper aims to investigate the challenges of translating the Arabic particle ‘لام’ /laam/ in the Noble Qur’aan into English. It highlights the dissimilarities in some selected renderings and identifies the type of translation equivalence the translators adopt in their renderings. To achieve these goals, the paper gives a brief account of the functions of the particle “Laam” and the meanings it produces in the Qur’aanic context. Thus, nine Qur’aanic texts containing the relevant particle have been analyzed and their renderings have been discussed. The study hypothesizes that the translation of the Arabic particle ‘لام’ /laam/ constitutes a problematic area encountered by translators, as it implies so many functions and meanings when used in different contexts. It also hypothesizes that the particle concerned cannot be realized in the target language by an equivalent particle alone, but also by other word classes such as verbs and adverbs of manner. Nida’s (1964) translation theory of dynamic and formal equivalence is adopted, giving priority to the dynamic one in conveying the required meanings of the particle in the TLT. The paper concludes that the multiple functions and meanings of this particle present challenges to translators, as its realization in the TLT can be achieved by utilizing other word classes.
Keywords: adverbs of manner, Arabic particle, noble Qur’aan, translation equivalence, verbal and contextual clues.

Satire is a typical mode of expression that is humorously utilized with the intent of attacking or criticizing a certain person, behavior, state, or the whole community. Satire, in political genres, is informatively manifested for materializing negative ends on the part of the satire entity. Satirical expressions are oppositely devised, critically held, and morally targeted; whereof a problematic area would arouse towards the perception of their incongruous targets, the extent of their critical dimensions about their aim of moral reform. Besides, translators would face the dilemma of satirical incongruity and their moral statues would inevitably differ. Thence, five satirical texts with their translations randomly opted from the political site www. The week.com show debates political satire in English with its four renditions in Arabic. Socio- Pragmatic means for unraveling satirical mysteries are objectively culled. It is hypothesized that satire in political language comes with the intent of criticizing and ridiculing the political situation with the aim of getting reform. Bringing forth translational mechanisms for the renditions of covert intents based on cultural and communal grounds are attempted. In conclusion, most of the political satires are hostilely put forward against rather than reforming the political figures and the political situation. Most of the satirical expressions found no accurate renditions in the other language due to their discrepancy and the absence of contextual condition, paralinguistic cues and intonational patterns.
Keywords: Political Texts, Pragmatics, Satire, Translation.

This study offers a critical analysis of Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day, and focuses on its portrayal of human relationships, specifically those associated with the main character, Stevens. Ishiguro, a well-known figure in contemporary English literature, is known for his insightful exploration of missed opportunities, a theme central to this novel. Within the narrative, Stevens inability to express his love for Miss Kenton, represents one of these missed chances. Like Ishiguro’s other novels, this one shows a large interest in the relationship between individual and collective memory. This study adopts a character analysis approach to examine Stevens' personality throughout his life career at Darlington Hall. The analysis aims to highlight the complexities he encounters in his relationships and demonstrate how he becomes aware of them by the end of the novel. This self-awareness develops as Stevens reflects on his past, helping him identify the errors he made in his relationships. This paper is structured into three sections. It starts with an introduction which addresses Ishiguro’s status as a novelist, with special attention on his main novels, including The Remains of the Day. The second part discusses the relationships in the novel by conducting a textual analysis of its important passages. Finally, the paper ends with the conclusion which sums up the findings.
Keywords: Human relationships, Kazuo Ishiguro, Memory, Miss Kenton, Stevens, The Remains of the Day.

This research examines the use of hyperbole as a rhetorical device in Prophetic Traditions. Hyperbole is a common feature in these traditions, and this research aims to clarify its positive side through an analysis of fifteen selected Hadiths.
To analyse hyperbole in Prophetic Traditions, this research employs both linguistic and pragmatic analysis. The linguistic analysis focuses on the grammatical aspects of hyperbole, while the pragmatic analysis examines its function in different contexts. The data selection criteria for this research are based on the forms and functions of hyperbole. Then, this research presents some conclusions and references.
Keywords: Hyperbole, Conversational Implicature, Grice maxims, Indirect speech act .

Bullying has become a general and daily phenomenon experienced by all members of society due to the conditions of wars and economic crises, to which society has been exposed for decades and is continuing to this day. This phenomenon has extended to young and old individuals and groups. School bullying is sometimes considered a continuation of domestic violence, and the exposure of primary, middle, and secondary school students to school violence in its various forms affects their personalities, especially in psychological aspects. The student\'s lack of attention and preoccupation with disturbing, disruptive behaviors inside the classroom cause a lot of learning time to be lost during the class. The teacher\'s preoccupation with curbing this work using methods that harm the progress of the educational process can lead to distorted forms of relationships and behaviors and produce patterns of psychologically and emotionally disturbed personalities. It leads to bullying, whether at school or in other social institutions. Bullying is such a fundamental problem in our schools and society because it impacts a large number of students of all races, genders, and socioeconomic statuses. Here, the researcher identified types of bullying and described the impacts of bullying in the \"Mean Girls\" movie.
Keywords: School Bullying, Types of Bullying, Treating Bullying, Bullying Teenage Girls.

The current study aims to look at multilingualism and how to learn several languages, ands that age, gender, motivation, native language, memory attitude play in terms of language learning . This paper presents at the beginning an overview of the subject, covers the terms bilingualism , trilingualism , included adequate meanings and explanations for these terms and their various types, learning second language learning is also discussed. the question of whether studying languages at a young age is beneficial is addressed . the researcher used data from a survey conducted from various resources . The process of being a multilinguist is discussed and followed by the common ideologies that multilinguist embrace in general . The key factors that influence second language learning are presented by three groups , Individual distinctions , styles that they adopt , approaches that they employ, and pedagogical implications in language learning
Keywords: multilingualism, second language learning, trilingualisim, ideologies .

The butterfly effect states that the flapping of a butterfly's wings in Brazil causes a hurricane in Texas. It is the main concept of chaos theory that is developed by the American meteorologist Edward Lorenz. Besides, it is a term used to explain the high sensitivity of nonlinear dynamical systems to their initial conditions. The study applies the concept of the butterfly effect to the poems of the American poet Jorie Graham. It analyses two collections of her poems, Erosion and The End of Beauty, where the main purpose is to prove that every minor change in a chaotic poem, whether in the external form or in the content, leads the reader to order in one way or another. In other words, from the middle of the chaotic poem emerges a small part that restores order to the whole poem. The poet’s seemingly disordered techniques employed in her poems are strategically used to create the sense of order in the middle of chaos.
Keywords: butterfly effect, The End of Beauty, Erosion

The current study deals with the analysis of speech acts utilized by Judge Frank Caprio in American first instance court pleading. The study attempts to determine the types of speech acts used in the selected data by the judge Caprio. It also aims to is to identify the most frequent major functions of illocutionary acts, as well as determining the level of directness (direct or indirect speech). Searle’s (1976) classification of speech acts is used as a model to analyze the utterances. The results indicate that the judge Caprio employs the four types of speech acts based on Searle’s theory, including directive, assertive, expressive, and declarative. Asking and stating are the most frequent functions used in the judge Caprio’s speech. Finally, the study concludes that direct speech act represents the majority of Judge Caprio's speech which indicates the high value of clarity in his utterances.
Key Word : types of speech acts, US initial court, legal language, Judge Caprio, and function of illocutionary act

Political interviews play a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing electoral outcomes. This study investigates the use of various mitigation strategies employed by politicians during interviews to minimize the impact of potentially damaging questions or statements. The current study is concerned with the news of the Ukrainian-Russian war which began on February 24, 2022, and is still ongoing, from a pragmatic point of view. The problem is manifested in the great shortage of pragmatic studies of mitigation strategy in political discourse.
The present study adopts Caffi\'s (2007) model to analyze the selected data. The aspects of this model include five main types, which are: bushes, hedges, deictic shields, quotational shields, and topical shields. Each strategy differs from the other in composition. The deictic shields contain six sub-strategies and the topical shields contain two sub-strategies.
The study investigates mitigation strategies in one of Joe Bidenʼs , the current US president interviews . It aims to highlight the mitigation strategies used in Biden \'s political interview. To investigate the most frequent type of mitigation strategies are used in the data under study.
To achieve the aims of the study and verify its hypotheses, the study hypothesizes that some mitigation strategies are used in Biden \'s interview. The most commonly used strategy is the deictic shields strategy.
Qualitative and quantitative methods are used in analyzing data.The most important conclusions of the study are: 1)It is found that the mitigation strategies employed in Bidenʼs interview are : bushes ,hedges , deictic shields ,and topical shields and 2) the most commonly used strategy in Bidenʼs interview is deictic shields.
Keywords: Mitigating strategies, Political interviews , Biden , Ukraian-Russian War

New techniques help teachers maximize students’ cooperation and inspiration. Dictogloss is one of many dominant techniques available to classroom teachers. When these techniques are used well, they can have a positive effect on the students’ increase their Critical Language Awareness.
The current study aims at :Finding out the effect of dictogloss technique on EFL preparatory students’ critical language awareness.
To achieve these aims, some hypotheses are proposed. To verify the hypotheses and achieve the aims of the study, the following procedures are carried out:
In the present study, quasi- experimental design is required, namely the design of a "Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest- Posttest Design”. The sample consists of 70 students from the fifth scientific stage at Al-Aqeeda preparatory school for girls, distributed in two groups, experimental and control with 35 students for each.
Both groups have been equalized in some variables. The experiment lasted two months, and the researcher taught the two groups during the academic year 2021-2022 (Face and content validity have been attained). The data is gathered by using one tool: a questionnaire to measure students’ critical language awareness. The tool of the study has been validated, and different statistical means have been used to analyze the obtained data.
Based on the results and the conclusions obtained in this study, appropriate recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.
Keywords: Dictogloss Technique, and Critical Language Awareness

This research deals with the role of translation in the political field in conveying the precise and objective meaning of political terms, and talks about the strategies, rules and techniques adopted by the translator to translate these terms. It highlights the difficulties translators face in translating political terms, which prevent them to produce the true meaning of those terms. The research was conducted through samples of the study represented by Arabic and English texts taken from news agencies and newspapers.
The research also shows the difference between the literal meaning and the implied meaning of the political term, through the theoretical use of an analytical descriptive approach. It includes about 10 selected political terms from political articles published in both Arabic and English in Al-Forat newspaper and the Al-Anbaa Iraqi News Agency, five terms for each.
The most important results are that samples are sometimes flexible and not biased towards a party or a particular point of view, and also the difficulty of translating political terms related to the audience and the original context. All of the above is explained by the samples under study, which we will see in the research.
Keywords: Translation, political translation, political terminology, literal meaning, implied meaning.

This study addresses the topic of discourse markers (hence after DMs), which serve various functions in connecting different parts of discourse. These markers play a role in indicating shifts, linking ideas, expressing attitudes, changing topics, initiating and concluding conversations.
The significance of DMs arises from their pragmatic functions, which go beyond literal meanings. The objective of this study is to shed light on the functions of these markers in both English and Arabic, and elucidating how English DMs are translated into Arabic.
To verify these objectives, the study proposes several hypotheses: First, there are no significant differences in the use of DMs for pragmatic purposes between English and Arabic. Second, these functions can be translated into Arabic. Third, DMs are oriented towards communication, relying more on their functions than their literal meanings, thus favoring a communicative-based translation approach.
To achieve the aforementioned aims and test the hypotheses, the study selects three texts from English sports written discourse, sourced from the CNN website. These texts are then translated by ten M.A. students. The translations are analyzed to examine how the students render the DMs into Arabic.
Key Word : Translation, Discourse Markers, Sports

Translating religious idioms from Arabic into English is regarded as a challenging task for translators. The hard nature of this task may indicate a significant misapprehension and misinterpretation of the original text in the process of translation. This, in turn, forms a problem to translators as how to translate these idioms appropriately. Therefore, this study aims, to identify the strategies faced by translators when translating religious idioms into Arabic. Additionally, the study aims to identify the strategies employed in translating such expressions. It hypothesizes. Translators frequently employ strategies when translating religious idiomatic expressions into English. The translation of opaque idioms presents a greater challenge compared to transparent idioms. Practically, the study sample includes a total of (4) religious idioms, selected from Arabic theses conducted of department of Islamic sciences and Arabic language at University of Tikrit. These (4) idioms were translated by (4) MA student in the department of translation, College of Arts, University of Tikrit. This study employs two models for date analysis, one is proposed by Moon (1998), which encompasses four distinct categories of idiomatic expressions, namely transparent, semi-transparent, opaque, and semi-opaque. Nida's (1961) proposed translation strategies differentiate between two approaches, namely the formal and dynamic equivalence methods. The study reveals that M.A. students encounter numerous obstacles when translating religious idioms, primarily due to lack of understanding regarding the cultural disparities between the English and Arabic language.
Key Word : Translation, Strategies, Idioms .

The goal current study is to determine how the Suchman strategy effects on EFL Iraqi intermediate pupils achievement. When implemented well, they will have real effect on pupils' performance and provide diversity in the method that pupils process new knowledge. In order to achieve the study aims, the following hypotheses have been formulated. In the post achievement test, there is no statistical significant difference between the mean scores of experimental group, which is taught using Suchman strategy and control group, which is taught using prescribed method. A sample of sixty pupils have been randomly selected from the first intermediate class at AL-Marab Intermediate School for Boys at Kirkuk City for the academic year 2022-2023 in order to carry out the pupils' and validate its assumptions. Both groups are equalized in some important factors including educational levels of the parents, the age of pupils', their test results from their previous schooling year, and their pretest scores for both groups. The researcher himself has taught both groups. The two groups are equally divided into the experimental group, group (A), that made up of (30) pupils which have been taught according to the Suchman strategies. The control group, group (B), made up of (30) pupils which have been taught according to the prescribed method. According to the results, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre-test achievement. Moreover, the pupils in the experimental group were guided by the Suchman strategy to attain better achievement at the post tests. Finally, appropriate conclusions, recommendations and suggestions for further studies are put forward.
Key Word : strategy, prescribed, scores, experimental group, control group.

This paper explores the theme of fragmented landscape in Harold Pinter's play, "The Room," through a postmodern lens. The analysis examines how the play reflects and critiques the socio-political context of the postmodern era and how this context shapes the fragmented nature of the play's landscape. The paper argues that "The Room" is an important work of postmodern literature that exposes the dehumanizing effects of a fragmented landscape. This paper briefly explains Postmodernism and fragmented landscape and how Harold Pinter depicted them in his play.
Keywords: Alienation, Fascism, Comedy of Menace, Postmodernism, Fragmentation