Al-Kitab Journal for Human Sciences

Although there is no special agreement for displaced persons, as in the case of refugees,
they are protected under their national laws and human rights laws and are protected according to
the rules of international humanitarian law during armed conflict as determined by the Geneva
Conventions of 1949.
The search for displaced persons' rights should not be limited to relevant conventions, since
many of the rights of displaced persons will be found in the basic human rights conventions to
which the displaced person should first benefit before being displaced. The status of displacement
does not conceal the rights of the displaced as a human being, but should add to it new rights
arising from the conditions that have arisen and the importance of this issue is greater. National
authorities are unable or unwilling to fulfill their obligations, as well as the protection of the rights
of refugees and the obligations of States provided for in the provisions of the International
Refugee Convention Of 1951, which include assistance in the provision of food, adequate shelter,
health care and education, the right to asylum, the provision of travel documents, the provision of
refugees, the guarantee of fundamental human rights and the facilitation of voluntary durable
solutions of repatriation Or integration into host societies, making international protection a
necessity.
International law underlines that civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights should be
exercised without discrimination on grounds such as "national or social origin, property or other
grounds." States must also eliminate any form of discrimination. Economic, social and cultural
rights to ensure the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and to the
maximum extent of the resources available (for the State party).

The interesting with human recourses is consider as the one of the most important target
for the business organizations. In addition of depending of these organizations (government or
private) in its scientific progress on its human wealth that represent one of the main success gates
and owning competitive advantage in business field, so the aim of human resources development
to enhance the employers throughout provide them with new skills and knowledgement by
adopting the most effective ways to facing the present and future challenges Leavers.
Here are the highlights of role of administrative leadership is important in today's world
because it motivates and directs to the most important resource, which is the human resource,
which drives it towards the right direction and the desired goal. The existence of a leadership that
believes in change and renewal is one of the most important pillars upon which the creative
organizations are based. To create a climate that affects the creative behavior of the employees of
the organization and makes them more self-confident, and the absence of such leaders in
organizations will lose the latter ability to innovation and change and adaptation, which is an
important tool to deal with the new environmental changes.
The contribution of the administrative leaders in creating a climate of adaptation and
renewal of the employees, lead to the result of the dissemination of organizational awareness
calling for participation and the transfer of ideas and the establishment of systems of
communication between different levels that are characterized by ease and smooth in the
movement Leavers a clear sign in the progress in various fields witnessed by Iraqi organizations
today.

The international arena has witnessed a number of armed conflicts (both international and
non-international), which have had a severe impact on all humanity. Most of these attacks have
been perpetrated against civilians who have been protected by international laws and conventions.
However, they have not been sufficient. The distinction between combatants and non-combatants
in the conflict has become less evident in the civilian population centers, as well as the increasing
participation of civilians in tasks and activities more closely linked to the conduct of hostilities, A
strong will is required to make more efforts to activate these rules and mechanisms by intensifying
international efforts to rework these rules to keep abreast of recent developments in the means of
fighting to ensure effective international protection, while activating and establishing new
monitoring and investigation mechanisms and effective means to ensure the implementation of
and respect for international humanitarian law by all parties States and international and regional
organizations.

One of the most important problems facing the environment is the difficulty of recycling
electronic waste, because its components contain lead, mercury and some toxic substances. These
include communication towers, mobile devices and their means of their operation such as
televisions, computers, video cameras,
Thus, the Iraqi legislator has determined the responsibility of the communication companies for
the damage caused by the text of Article 231 of the Iraqi Civil Code, which stipulates the
following: - (Anyone who has at his disposal mechanical devices or other things that require
special attention to prevent their harm, Be liable for any damage caused unless it is proved that he
has taken due care to prevent the occurrence of such damage, taking into account the special
relevant rules .
However, there are some developments that make this text not enough to deal with the corporato
responsibility of the electronic pollution for communication towers.
Therefore, we recommend the Iraqi legislator to add a paragraph to Article (11) of the
Environment Protection and Improvement Act No. 27 of 2009 to become as follows (1) to prevent
entities with activities affecting the environment from performing their work without obtaining the
approval of the Ministry. 2- Morality is canceled if it is proved that the damage caused by the
project is greater than estimated in the report submitted to the administrative authority).

Displacement is one of the most important problems facing the international community in
general and the countries who have apolitical problems and armed conflicts in particular. The
number of displaced persons is increasing day by day. The international community, especially
through international humanitarian law, tries to pay attention to these people and provide the
basic rights and daily necessities for their necessary living. But it failed to reach to an
international agreement to protect their fundamental rights, But the efforts have been made in
terms of providing the necessary assistance, but it was not sufficient, but the rights of them from
our point of view includes two main parts, the first is the basic rights of living during the period
of displacement and included in the areas of security, protection, health and education, the
requirements of daily life, The right to return to the original citizen and enable them to do so,
and the other is the right to recover the property they forcibly evicted during the period of
escape from the dangers that threatened them and create a new environment for their previous
life .

Arbitration is one of the alternative solutions for resolving commercial disputes. It is an
exceptional way based on the will of the parties and the parties resort to it to resolve the dispute
without the competent court. Arbitration is an old tool, but its importance has increased recently
due to the development of trade and economic relations and the emergence of new business
contracts, with increasing disputes in this area between contracting parties. The arbitrators are
brought to arbitration for the characteristics of being a quick and effective means of settling
commercial disputes, The arbitrators of one case, are aware of their technical assets. Thus, the
length of judicial proceedings can be avoided. The dispute is settled by a final, neutral, secret and
decisive ruling, which is an important consideration in commercial transactions. Opinions differed
as to the legal nature of arbitration between nature (decadent, judicial, composite, independent).

The internal control system includes a set of rules, policies and procedures implemented by the
management of the organization to provide reasonable assurance for reliable financial reports, in
order to accomplish the operations efficiently and effectively, and to comply with applicable laws
and regulations. The research also addressed the financial and administrative corruption in concept
and the importance of the fight against corruption and methods of control.
But if the internal control system, although its strength is unable to protect the organization's
resources in the Iraqi environment today for many reasons, but we are entitled to to ask can the
social control to support the systems of internal control? What is the type of social control which
we mean? What is the libertarian theory? what are the means and methods through which to
achieve social control? The position of the Islamic religion and social control? How can civil
society organizations to support the internal control systems to reduce the administrative and
financial corruption, or at least minimize its effects? The research has reached a set of conclusions
and the most; The Social Control are required for all state departments, small or large, bearing in
mind the many of the objectives it seeks to attain them.
It also concluded a set of recommendations was in the forefront The adoption of electronic
management system by linking the various ministries and departments of the government bodies
to ensure better management and more effective through the governmental mail and delivery
speed of access auditors transactions as quickly as possible.

Based on the constitutional principle contained in most constitutions of the world on the
human right to live in a clean and sound environment, the protection of the environment from
pollution has become a goal of all countries in their domestic legislation through the adoption of
texts and sanctions deterrent to protect the environment from any pollution and no longer This
protection is limited to the rules of internal law, but has become a target sought by the rules of
international law and to link this protection of the basic human rights sought by the rules of
international humanitarian law, especially as our societies are witnessing technological progress in
all areas of life, Led to this development is accompanied by a contaminated environment portends
risks of dire consequences on human health and the prosperity and progress of society.
But the interesting thing in our time is that modern man builds on the one hand and destroys in
terms of not feeling on the other hand, making machinery and advanced equipment and erecting
giant factories, while at the same time deleting years from the agenda of his life and bringing his
end to his hand while dreaming of more life and rest And this is the basis for the protection of the
environment is a matter of life or death, which necessitated the need for legal means to ensure the
protection of the environment from pollution, and this is discussed in our research through the
study and analysis of legal texts on the protection of the environment through the approved by the
Iraqi Constitution of 2005 in force and Law of the improvement of the Iraqi environment No. (27)
for the year 2009 in force, and other legal legislation that dealt with the subject above.

The Amis of current research is to identify the role of the human approach rights and
democracy in the consolidation of the human concept of the rights of the students of Department
of Educational and psychological sciences from their point of view, the sample consisted of (45)
students who are studying human rights and democracy in College of Education for Human
Sciences at (2016-2017). In order to achieve the objective of the research, the researcher prepared
a questionnaire consisting of (32) verifiable and validated, and then applied to the members of the
research . After collecting the data and statistical analysis, the percentage as well as (z-test) ratios
obtained, researcher found the following results:
1.there is moderate proportion of the role of human rights and democracy approach to the
consolidation of the concept of human rights of the students of the Department of Educational and
psychological sciences from their point of view.
2.There is a significant difference between the mean scores with the role of human rights and
democracy approach to the consolidation of the concept of human rights for members of the
sample according to gender.
The researcher took a series of conclusions and recommendations and proposals .

The issue of minorities is of great importance in the countries of the world, especially those
with populations of multiple nationalities. This issue has dimensions that are at the heart of the
security and stability of States. The issue of minorities being subjected to oppression has become a
matter of fact, which has made minority protection an important issue. The danger of narrowing the
minority is that it weakens its belonging to the country in which it lives and resorts to neighboring
countries with a geographical reach to the minority, feeding it separatism. Many minorities have ties
and extensions that transcend the internal sphere of the State by virtue of their ethnic, linguistic or
religious affiliation with other countries of similar characteristics, and the importance of the topic is
that the lack of protection of minorities in the State would allow for external intervention under the
pretext of defending minorities. Iraq is one of the countries with multiple nationalities, religions and
sects, which requires us to study the subject of a large building. The Constitution of Iraq came into
force in 2005 and contains many texts that provide protection to minorities, not to mention judicial
protection of minorities in this field

The Iraqi State Administration Act of 2003 and the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 are a turning
point in the history of minorities in Iraq. They stipulate rights that have not been addressed by the
Iraqi constitutions since the inception of the Iraqi state until 2003. They stipulated all political and
cultural rights and other rights, Using the language of these minorities, and the most important
thing that was stipulated by the Iraqi constitution is the use of a single description of components
rather than minorities, but the latter still bear political suffering through the absence of legislation
to verify the Constitution, as most of these rights provided for in constitutions Paper, then the
reason lies In the mechanism of application and not in the mechanism of the provision of rights
and therefore emerged many of the most problematic issues, including the problematic national
identity of Iraq.

The human being is considered the axis of the administrative process to achieve the targets of
individuals and organizations as well. Language of diversity becomes one of features of
contemporary organization whether are small, big, local or international. Virtually, this grants it
the ability of achieving sustainable competitive advantages. It is necessary to know the combing
and joining the human resources treating them without any discrimination or exclusion or under
any frame to extract characterizations and ideas which contribute in achieving the work
satisfaction that is considered one of the important issues tackled by research and studies in the
field of the science of administrative psychology die to individuals spend most of their time in
working. Their satisfy will lead to increasing the production and profits and therefore success of
administration as well as their effectiveness, survival and permanence.

Any country that is trying to achieve basic economic goals in the forefront of growth and
stability and full employment. Economic growth must include quantitative, qualitative and
sustained changes in macroeconomic structure over several decades.
Because Iraq has enormous human and natural resources, foremost of which is oil, the Iraqi
economy has not undergone significant qualitative and quantitative changes in favor of economic
growth as a strategic objective, but in a single economy that relies heavily on oil resources.
In order to examine the changes in the structure of the Iraqi economy, these changes in the
structure of the population were examined from a biological and a literal point of view. Structural
changes were also examined in the sectoral distribution of the GDP, the sectoral distribution of the
labor force and the structural changes in foreign trade.
Changes in population structure were not positive and did not contribute to the desired
economic growth. The sectoral distribution of GDP and the sectoral distribution of the labor force
was also not positive for achieving major economic objectives. The analysis of changes in the
structure of foreign trade, resource use and the structure of aggregate demand in the Iraqi economy
shows a decline in the contribution of capital formation in GDP, which is the main driver of
economic growth against the growth of the share of total consumption and private sector exports
excluding the oil sector.
The study concluded that the imbalance in the structure of the Iraqi economy has continued
as a result of a number of problems that began in the 1980s as a result of the war with Iran and the
ensuing economic siege throughout the 1990s, as well as the instability of the security and
political situation since 2003.

The intellectual dilemma of the study dealing with the specific dimensions of the quality
of work life in secondary schools in Iraqi public education on the one hand and which of these
dimensions is considered as a critical dimension in determining the quality of work life? The study
aimed to diagnose these dimensions and its availability at schools under study . In order to
achieve this goal, the researchers obtained theoretical readings from the attitudes of the teachers.
This was done by asking the sample working at secondary schools. The study concluded that the
Hariri secondary school for girls and the Al-Wathba boys' school had the highest availability of
the critical dimensions. The results of the study were analyzed using SPSS.20. In light of this, the
researchers introduced a set of recommendations, the most important was the interest in
improving the working conditions in schools by providing a suitable environment for the internal
work place such as providing air condition, suitable light tools and other necessary inputs to
improve their functional performance.

The most important goals that the study tried to realize is the role of some Critical
Success Factors for Knowledge Management in Reinforcement the dimensions of building
Customer Equity in the two researched organizations as well as marking a comparison to the
results of the field, between them. The purpose behind that is to recognize the possibilities of each
organization, particularly the two dimensions of the study and its capacity to affront the recent and
future competition occurring in the market of the bank services. Been developed hypotheses to
achieve its objectives were tested by using the tests X2 & H research found a number of
conclusions, most notably.
1 - There is a significant equivalence between some of the critical success factors for knowledge
management in reinforcement the dimensions of building Customer Equity. .
2. There is significant effect of some the critical success factors for knowledge management in
reinforcement the dimensions of building Customer Equity, particularly in the Al-Rafidain Bank.

Due to the ISIS criminal gangs’ occupation of North Refineries Company, it went under
sever destruction (destruction was up to 80% in some refineries,) starting from human and
infrastructure losses, up to oil produced. This study has dealt with the loss of oil products only,
because of ISIS Criminal gangs’ occupation of refiners and stolen all the oil products from it.
The North Refinery Company includes - six refineries in Baiji refinery complex - and other
five external refineries in several governorates. The total production capacity of the North
Refinery Company reached 412,000 barrels per day, and the actual production of the refineries
326,650 barrels per day. The ISIS gangs theft the oil products which stored in refineries where the
value of oil products sales reached (156) billion Iraqi Dinars (IQD).
Since the Oil Products which are produced by the company are for domestic or export
consumption as reported in this research, the quantities of production were considered as daily
sales. Where the value of oil products sales reached ( 14,350 ) billion IQD per day.
Here, the magnitude of the disaster is evident in the losses of oil products. The figure above
represents the financial losses for one day only. The research showed the volume of these losses,
that lasted for more than three years and are still ongoing.
To compensate the shortage due to the occupation of the refineries and lack of production,
the Ministry of Oil imported oil products [from international market] to meet the shortfall in
domestic consumption; given that the import price is more than double the price of local products.
So, this can be considered as an added loss to the losses of oil products calculated in this research.

The extensive technological developments have imposed a new reality to be dealt with
particularly in the fields of modern communications, like the Internet. According and encounter
then legally rights of individuals have been in fringed more particularly, the right of authors in the
Framework of the Digital Environment. As it is known that electronic publishing has achieved
many advantages as the easiness in publishing and the fast spread around the world decreasing of
the value of publishing costs when compared with the traditional publishing. In spite of that, the
electronic publishing has contributed to decreasing the legal protection granted for the authors in
the framework digital environment due to the emergence of technical measures that nullify all the
means of protecting author’s literature. For this reason, it is necessary to make a study concerned
with evaluating the civil protection for the published literature in the framework of the digital
environment, in the law of protection the right of Iraqi author through an analytical study which
aims at investigating: the effectiveness of the machinery taken in order to protect the right of the
Iraqi authors by dealing with the protection, on the one hand, and the civil means available to
protect the published literature in the digital environment, on the other.

The study is tried to show the amount of suffering since 2014 in some region inside Iraq.
These suffering included the instability in political and security situation, in addition to killing ,
displacement, torturing , detention and intimidation in various ways especially after the falling of
three provinces by ISIS terrorists. This entire bad situation enforced many people to leave their
homes and move to more secure places for their lives. However, another dilemma is starting which
is the definition of their legal status and the rights they deserve within the state.
The humanitarian emergency in Iraq becomes more severe. It is worth mentioning that
according to estimates by the Iraqi government it is more than 4.3 million people are displaced, as
well as more than eight million people in need of urgent humanitarian assistance.
Besides, this research will be shown the distinguished role of the International Committee of
the Red Cross (ICRC's) in protecting the displaced people. This role is a combination between
legal interventions and fieldwork. The organization is helped people in all fields and seeks for
solutions to their problems as well s facilitate their return to their cities or assimilation into new
local communities

The aim of this research is to focus on higher education organizations, those usually aspire to
reform the educational system. This is because of the need to adapt to the new constantly changing
requirements of society. The way is by raising the quality and efficiency of education in the
university system to meet international standards. The reform must take into account the
effectiveness and quality of education, compatible with global system, and must enable graduates
to integrate easily into the modern labor market.
As the knowledge is being the critical factor to the survival and sustainability of the
organization, knowledge management processes have become an important productive component
for the continuous flow of contemporary managerial concepts. Universities should also be
prepared to work in the competitive education market, assuming greater administrative selfindependence,
flexible regulatory framework and adequate funding. Today higher education
institutions require more openness and transparency, and directing researches into how public
institutions perform at the higher education level, which affect the performance management of
these institutions.
Emphasis was placed, on the extent, to the contribution of knowledge management processes
and their role to fulfill the quality of university education. The matter, which significantly
stimulated the university's potential concerns in terms of the difficulty of preparing students for
life and work. The expansion of higher education in the outside world took a completely different
direction due to the intense competition and the emergence of Open Universities and the Internet
revolution while this education remains self-sustaining. Moreover, the increase in the number of
colleges and students has led to increased problems of quality control in education. This is a major
and important issue faced by universities
The analytical approach was used to analyze the information collected by the questionnaire,
which was designed to take into account the spectroscopic and analytical clarity in the diagnosis of
the dimensions of the research, its components and the measurement mechanism. In the applied
side, the logic architecture (fuzzy logic) was adopted in the process of examining the level of
knowledge management processes to achieve the quality of learning. The study population was
divided into all sections of the institute. A sample of 50 teachers was selected and all data were
subjected to statistical analysis using a package ( SPSS ).
Conclusions have been reached, most notably are in determining the level of the actual
membership function of the application of knowledge management processes to achieve the
quality of university learning, taking into account the necessary requirements for the
implementation of these processes, including training, administrative, organizational, incentive
and technology. A number of proposals were put forward to all Iraqi administrations, including the
(knowledge-driven) organization. One of the most important of these proposals is to generate the conviction of university
officials that quality management and its applications are necessary and decisive for the
university's continuity, growth and development by improving the quality of its performance and
generating the ability to meet the challenges that may arise in the future. The application of
knowledge management processes through the trend towards the adoption of programs and
modern quantitative methods in the interpretation of theoretical reality and starting through it to
reflect the practical reality and practical.

Being able to converse is an essential part of a complete foreign language education.
However, the teaching of conversation is often equated with the teaching of speaking . A
Conversation Norms Approach to teaching conversation incorporates aspects of authentic native
speaker (or expert speaker) conversation, such as spoken grammar and pragmatics, into
instruction. This study takes a closer look at conversation, and examines issues connected with the
effective teaching of conversation. An informal inquiry of the foreign language conversation in the
classroom also provides insight into the reality of teaching .

The research presents some of the contexts of the Syrian crisis which started in mid-March
2011. Those contexts contributed to creating disagreements concerning the opinions and attitudes
of the Syrian society. The study axes are: an overview of some features of the Syrian history; the
governance in Syria from Alexander the Great to the reign of Bashar Al-Assad; the religious and
ethnic diversity; the splitting of the Syrian community into supporters and opponents of the
government; and some data about the Syrian opposition and the woman in Syria. The Syrian
history which is full of conflicts, the religious and ethnic diversity with the absence of a sufficient
awareness, Assads´ policies, the Non-unity of the opposition and the absence of a clear vision, all
are factors creating and enhancing the rift in the Syrian society. The importance of research lies on
discussing the fogginess of the Syrian identity to understand the behavior of the Syrians with each
other, especially during the crisis time.

Love relation, betrayal, and disloyalty are determined parts of the motifs of human's life
and are regarded as social issues in human relations. In confrontation of the genders among the
majority of people, the most evident affirmation is active yearning for friendship. Love is the
sole standing where individuals may find an authentic understanding of themselves and join
different individuals. Love is both disappointing and relieving. It is a powerful force that
conforms to its novel standards and reveals its messages in people's wishes and behavioural
illustrations. Unfaithfulness is portrayed as the establishment of sexual relations between two
individuals from backwards sex outside the family relations that starts with bad form, and its
critical motivation is enjoyment. Developing these relations is improbable without doubt to
telling deception. Thus, the present paper looks at the poet's perspective about these two
sections: loyalty and disloyalty - through separating some of her pieces in this social occasion
and seeks to substitute some parts of these subjects.

The United States Marketing Association held its first conference on environmental
marketing in 1975. In 1980, the first green marketing was introduced. American Marketing
Association defines green marketing as the marketing brand/products that are lunched especially
for environmental safety. Within the umbrella of Green Marketing (GM) resides all the firms
which are involved in so many activities such as production, product- modification, new
technology for production, latest technique for production, environmental packing. According to
environmental strategies, G.M helps raising the awareness of collaborative marketing among
industries. In business language green marketing can be explained in terms of taking benefit of
changing the consumer's attitude towards brands.
Environmental awareness on the level of civil appeared early in the Sudan and help to form
the nucleus of the Environmental Protection Society Center of Khartoum University (EPSC) in
1975 and became a member-group of specialists in a good environment and other activities
associated with them, either on the official level. EPSC's establishment coincided with the Interim
Constitution of the Republic of Sudan 2005.In this paper; this society will be considered because it
represents one of the most important environmental factors in our modern era. In particular
protecting people from the dangers of plastic bags, one of the chronic problems in Sudan as the
rates of consumption have become increasingly high and since has scientific research has proven
that these plastic bags cause fatal diseases. Awareness of the dangers and methods of protection
will be discussed in this paper.

Intertextuality is a controversial modern linguistic term which has raised unsettled debates
about writers' creativity and ideas ownership. The present paper is a literary linguistic study that
hands over a substantial deliberation on the debated subject. The study is launched by an
introduction to correlated topics including definitions, types, mechanisms, techniques, and
arguments about intertextuality. Then, comprehensive deliberations and detailed analysis of
mythical intertextuality in Milton's "Lycidas" are introduced. The paper has come up with a
conclusion that the author is never dead since the text is alive and no longer a "once upon a time"
narration but rather a living seed endlessly gives birth of current associations and predicts of future
prospects. It has been also reached to a sort of agreement with Kristevain her confirmation on the
productivity of intertextuality.