Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

The research aims to reveal:
- The effect of the strategy (thinking - pairing - sharing) and the method used in acquiring some basic basketball skills among first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.
- Differences between members of the experimental group that studied according to the strategy (thinking - pairing - sharing) and members of the control group that studied according to the method used to acquire some basic basketball skills. The researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample consisted of first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Saladin University. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group that used the strategy (thinking - pairing - participation), and the control group used the established method. The research tools included: Some basketball skill tests. Homogeneity and equivalence were conducted in the research variables, and the validity and stability of the skill tests were ensured, after completing the experiment and applying the post-tests.

The research aims to:
1- Building an administrative performance measure.
2- Identifying administrative reform, administrative performance and its dimensions in sports clubs in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq
The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey method to suit the achievement of the research objectives. The research sample consisted of training staff in sports clubs in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, numbering (224) individuals representing (64) clubs. The exploratory experiment was (23). Then the researchers divided the research sample into two parts, one for construction and the other for application. The construction sample consisted of (113) individuals, with a percentage of (37%) of the total research population. As for the application sample, it consisted of (88). ) an individual from the overall research population, at a percentage of (29%) from the overall population, and the statistical data was processed through the (SPSS) program. The researchers concluded:
1- It was achieved to build an administrative performance measure.
2- The results showed that there are significant differences between the arithmetic circles and the hypothetical circles regarding administrative performance and its dimensions (planning, control, direction, communication, leadership) and in favor of the arithmetic circles.

The current research aims to prepare playing exercises and apply them to the players of the Al-Muthanna Governorate middle school team in futsal, and to know their impact on developing agility and combined attacking skills in futsal. To achieve this goal, the researchers used the experimental method by designing two equal groups. As for the research population, it was represented by players in intermediate schools in Al-Muthanna Governorate, who were (13-15) years old and numbered (30) players. (12) players were chosen by the coach to represent the team. The sample was chosen intentionally and they were randomly divided into two groups, the control and the other. An experiment with (6) players for each group. The researchers determined the variables of agility, dribbling, dribbling, and scoring. Then the researchers applied the pre-tests to the research sample and then proceeded to apply the play exercises to the experimental group sample for a period of (8) weeks, with (3) training units per week. The exercises were applied on (Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday) of each week. Thus, the number of units The college reached (24) training units. After completing the application of the prepared playing exercises, the researchers began to apply the post-tests to the players of the research sample. It was concluded that the diversity of playing exercises increases the excitement and suspense factor and has a significant impact on harmony and perseverance, which led to the facilitation of the process of developing agility and complex offensive skills for the players of the Muthanna Education Futsal team. .

The study aimed to identify the effect of special exercises prepared by the researchers on some health fitness indicators on a sample of (6) obese women participating in the Jagour Fitness and Fitness Center in Babil Governorate. The researchers assumed that the special prepared exercises had a positive effect on health fitness variables (Vo2max). (and heart rate at rest and flexibility). The researchers chose the one-group experimental approach with the pre- and post-test. The measurements and tests were determined for the selected variables, in addition to measuring the height and weight index for the research sample. The exploratory experiments were conducted on 1/12/2023, and then the pre-tests were conducted on ( 1/21/2023) Special exercises were given in the main section of the training unit at a rate of 40-45 minutes out of the main section of 60 minutes, for a period of 8 weeks, at a rate of 24 training units distributed over three days a week. After completing the period of the special physical exercises, the researchers conducted post-tests. With the same pre-test procedures, the data was tabulated into tables and then processed using the Spss program.

Performing smooth motor skills on the floor movements mat for young people is one of the important skills in gymnastics. Development has taken a large share of this skill at the levels of physical and skill performance. Floor movements in gymnastics are among the important types of the game that has witnessed remarkable development in the recent period and is characterized by the technical and movement aspects. This is why it has been advanced. Smooth motor skills have been on the ground movement with tangible steps in the recent period. Recent studies have also paid attention to using modern training methods and devices in developing most of the physical abilities and skill traits. The importance of research lies in choosing modern tools and devices in order to serve positively in developing motor and physical abilities and performing smooth motor skills. Movement on the ground movements mat for young people. The researchers used the experimental method in a one-sum method to suit the nature and problem of the research. The research community included players from the Kirkuk Youth Training Center. The research sample, which was chosen intentionally, consisted of (6) players. The researchers applied the training units, which lasted (8) weeks, with a total of (24) training units, and for each week (3) training units.

The current research aims to identify the degree of mental flexibility among female students of colleges and departments of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and the significance of the differences in it according to the variables: governorate, university, and age. The researchers used the descriptive survey method, by applying the mental flexibility scale prepared by the researchers after verifying the psychometric properties of the scale. The research community included female students of the second stage in colleges and departments of physical education in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and their number reached (138) students during the academic year (2021-2022), and the sample that was chosen intentionally consisted of (121) female students. After analyzing the data statistically using SPSS, the results showed that the degree of mental flexibility among female students in universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is high. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in mental flexibility due to the variables: governorate, university, and age. In light of the results, a number of recommendations and proposals were presented.

The research aims to reveal the differences between the first experimental group that used (the learning cycle strategy according to graded activities), the second experimental group that used (interactive multimedia), and the control group that used (the learning strategy followed) in the post-tests of cognitive achievement in free swimming among third-year students. At the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Saladin University/Erbil. And the reveal
On the differences in the size of the effect between the first experimental group that used (the learning cycle strategy according to graded activities), the second experimental group that used (interactive multimedia), and the control group that used (the learning strategy followed) in the post-tests of the values of the cognitive achievement test among third-year students in the College of Education. Physical and Sports Sciences, Saladin University/Erbil.

Physical education lessons, which are related to the motor activity that female students present at a specific time according to the place allocated for it, as well as according to the school schedule during the school day, which female students are forced to attend, are among the important matters that must be taken into account because of their importance to a not-insignificant group in society, and here it falls on the responsibility of Physical education teacher (teacher) The obligation to ensure the safety of female students from exposure to physical injuries while practicing the physical exercises that are imposed on them, as the obligation to ensure safety is considered one of the most precise obligations because it relates to the fundamental obligations, which are (human health) that arise between the two parties to the relationship, especially the relationship that Female students in schools and the teacher (teacher) are linked to sports, and therefore this obligation remains in place according to its legal nature and the conditions that must be met in it, and according to the foundations approved by the laws and general rules that they impose on the responsibility of the teacher (teacher) or the school administration, and therefore any harm that befalls one of the students As a result of an error and a causal relationship between the error and the damage, the matter results in civil liability for the physical education teacher.

The research aims to identify the values of some kinematic variables for the normal distance and the wide distance between the two fists in the chest lift section for advanced lifters. Building a model of the kinetic path of the weight in the chest lift section for the normal distance and the wide distance between the fists in the chest lift section for advanced lifters.
The researchers assumed that there is a difference in the shape of the motor path of the chest lift section between the normal distance and the wide distance between the two fists (the center) in the chest lift section for advanced lifters. The motor model of the weight path in the chest lift section converges with international models for advanced lifters.
The researchers used the descriptive method in both analytical and comparative methods to suit the nature of the research.
The research sample consisted of (5) applicants, who were intentionally selected from among the applicants in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers used measurement, testing, questionnaires, and technical scientific observation, and they were achieved with three high-speed video cameras (240 images/second) (AKASO v50 elite) placed at a height of (97) centimeters and a distance of (316) centimeters on the right and left sides and in front.

Preparing a psychological program using mind and body techniques to alleviate the contradiction in self-perception for fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Saladin University in Erbil.
2- Identifying the effect of the psychological program in mind and body techniques and the program followed on the contradiction in self-perception for the control and experimental groups of fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Saladin University in Erbil.
3- Identifying the differences in the self-perception discrepancy scale in the two post-tests for the control and experimental groups for fourth-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Saladin University in Erbil. The research population reached (204) students, where the researchers chose the fourth stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Saladin University for the academic year (2022-2023) as a sample for applying the psychological program based on mind and body techniques, who numbered (94) students, and individuals were excluded. The exploratory experiment consisted of (10) students, and after the researchers distributed the scale to this sample, the researchers selected (30) students who had a discrepancy in self-perception between the two aspects of one self, and a discrepancy in self-perception between the three selves in both aspects. They were divided into two groups (15) students for the control group, which followed the curriculum followed in the college, and (15) students for the experimental group, which applied the psychological program based on mind and body techniques prepared by the researchers.

The importance of the research lies in the effect of rebound strength training for the torso and arms on some biomechanical indicators of the volleyball smashing skill for young people. The research aims to prepare rebound strength training for the torso and arms as well as the effect of rebound strength training on some biomechanical indicators for youth volleyball players and to identify On the differences between the experimental and control groups in some biomechanical indicators among youth volleyball players. The researcher used the experimental method and the reality of the experimental and control groups depending on the nature of the problem. The research sample was determined intentionally, and they are volleyball players for the Peshmerga Sports Club, youth category, and their number is (10). Their percentage constituted (66.6%) of the original population, which numbered (15) players, and the researcher used the following laws for data statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for symmetrical samples, t-test for asymmetrical samples).
After the analysis, the researcher reached the following conclusions: Strength training exercises for the torso and arms work to develop some biokinematic indicators for the experimental group in youth volleyball, and the training group for the control group did not cause significant changes. The rebound strength training was superior to the team coach training for the control group when compared to the development of biomechanical indicators for the experimental group.

The importance of research to raise the level of learning Scouting skills became clear as a result of the optimal use of the learning method, which is cooperative learning, and the appropriate strategy, which is “Let’s Learn Together,” which helps raise the level of education, encourages the learner to learn each skill individually, and helps in continuous evaluation of the skill. Here, skills can be learned in Scouting for beginners. Better, and learning skills in scouting requires cooperation and the exchange of opinions and ideas between learners for the purpose of learning them, and for this reason the strategy (Let's learn together) is one of the important strategies in cooperative learning that has achieved results in many sports and other non-sporting skills because it works in cooperative groups in learning. Separate skills: This is a requirement in scouting skills for the purpose of mastering them. The objectives of the research were: To identify: - The effect of the cooperative “Let’s Learn Together” strategy in teaching some scouting skills to beginning students.

The research aimed to prepare exercises for the third intensity zone of leg strength for young football players, and to identify the effect of exercises for the third intensity zone for leg speed strength on transitional speed and scoring speed for young football players. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the tests. Pre and post for the experimental and control research groups for both transitional speed and scoring speed in football. There are statistically significant differences between the results of the tests of the experimental and control research groups for both transitional speed and scoring speed in football. The experimental method was adopted with the experimental and control groups being equal with strict control in the pre and post tests. On a sample chosen intentionally, it reached (22) players, representing (91.667%) from their community represented by the advanced young players in the Al-Sinaa Club in outdoor football, numbering (24) players who are continuing their training for the sports season (2023-2024), and after determining the tests. (30) training units were prepared for these exercises. The training continued for (10) consecutive weeks at a rate of (3) units per week. After completing the training, the data was processed with the (SPSS) system to make conclusions and applications that the third intensity zone exercises help in the strength characterized by speed in the legs. In improving the transitional speed of the legs, and in improving the scoring speed of young football players, it is necessary when preparing and applying exercises in the third intensity zone for strength characterized by speed in the legs, to take into account the speed and direction of muscle contractions in football players to enable them to overcome match conditions as quickly as possible, to reduce the negative effects. Because the transitional speed of the legs decreases when the training difficulties of each exercise increase.

The research aimed to develop the offensive performances of football players by designing a training program using attachment exercises (TRX). The one-group experimental approach was used using the method of pre-, inter- and post-measurement to suit the nature of the research. The research community was represented by football players under (18) years of age for Babel Club. The number of athletes for the 2022/2023 sports season was (28) players, and the main research sample was represented by (16) players. The researchers conducted a reconnaissance experiment to determine weakness in physical abilities by analyzing the Iraqi league matches. The researchers also used testing, measurement, observation, and Arab and foreign sources. The most important results of the research indicated that attachment training (TRX) played an effective and positive role in developing the physical variables and level of offensive performances of football players, with a clear superiority among the experimental group in the post-test. One of the most important recommendations is the necessity of using attachment training (TRX) within training units. To raise the skill level, as well as conducting other studies using the attachment tool on other sports games and events.

Creating benchmarks and levels allows coaches to understand the progress of the team and players and identify areas they need to focus on. And the plans that players can implement during matches, as tests and measurement provide objective and tangible data that enhance the decision-making process regarding the type of plan to be implemented. The problem of the research emerged through the researcher’s observation that there is a clear fluctuation in the implementation of tactical skills during matches. Perhaps the most important reason is the teams’ lack of elements capable of To implement these plans, the researcher designed three tactical skill tests to evaluate the state of tactical performance on players in specialized schools for juniors. The scientific foundations for these tests were found, then the main experiment was conducted on a sample of (76) junior players. the emerging players in Baghdad in football and reaching standard levels for tactical skill tests among the emerging players in Baghdad in football. The researcher recommended the necessity of adopting tactical skill tests to evaluate the condition of the emerging players in Baghdad in football and using the standard levels by coaches and researchers to judge the level of players in Baghdad. Football.

The importance of training in small spaces is one of the important methods to apply in the game of futsal, because the nature of performance is different in the game through the proximity of the opponent and the limited field, which requires the player to deal with the physical, skill and tactical aspects well. The problem of the research is the presence of a decline in the level of physical and skill and how to behave in different situations in matches, and that this fluctuation in the level of performance of young futsal players, which may be one of the reasons for the weakness of physical, skill and tactical capabilities, which reflects negatively on the player’s performance in particular and on The result of the match in general, in addition to some coaches relying on classic and ready-made approaches that may not match these players, which leads to a decline in their skill and tactical level. The objectives of the research are to prepare exercises in the style of small space training in developing some physical and skill abilities, performance and knowledge. Tactics among futsal players. As for the research methodology and procedures, the researchers used the experimental approach in the style of two equal groups (experimental and control). The research community was represented by the players of the specialized center in Dhi Qar Governorate in futsal for the 2022/2023 sports season, who numbered (20) players, and the research sample was determined to be (16). Players were randomly divided into two equal groups, an experimental group numbering (8) players, and (4) players were used for the exploratory sample. The most important conclusions are:
1- The exercises prepared according to small space training had a positive impact in developing the physical abilities of futsal players.
2- Small-space training has a positive role in developing some basic skills in futsal.
3- Small-space exercises had a positive impact on determining the tactical knowledge performance of futsal players.

The study aimed to identify the pauses that occur during the performance of the lying push-up, its duration, and at any stage of the push-up among lifters who qualified for the Para Olympics in Paris, and to prepare special exercises that work to reduce these pauses so that the lift becomes successful, as the researcher used the experimental method in the style of the experimental group. One, and the research sample was chosen intentionally and they are (the weightlifters of the Iraqi team who qualified for the para for the Paris Olympics), and it consisted of (6) weightlifters, representing a percentage of (100%) of the research population, and the researcher used the 1RM test to raise pressure from lying down (Bench Press). In light of the results, the conclusions showed that lifters with small body mass have a pause in the first half of the push-up phase in the push-up from lying down, while lifters with medium body mass have a pause in the half-extension phase, and lifters with large body mass have a pause in the second half phase. The rates of development in the stopping period for all lifters were high, and they passed the failure period and their lifts became successful. The study presented a set of recommendations and proposals, including the use of special exercises prepared by the researcher to reduce the stopping periods in the push-up phases of the push-up from lying down.

The level of good skill performance of the player and maintaining this level during the course of the fight in its three rounds in full is considered the actual indicator of the player’s actual capabilities and his high level of training in applying the skills to the opponent in an effective manner and without a drop in performance during the course of the fight. Therefore, the researcher decided to design exercises using rubber ropes that work To develop endurance in punching skills among emerging boxers, as the research aims to identify special exercises with rubber ropes to develop endurance and diversity of skill performance. The researcher used the experimental approach, which is appropriate to the nature of the problem. A sample of the National Center’s boxers, numbering (10) boxers, was chosen for an experimental group. One, and after conducting statistical treatments, the researcher concluded that the use of exercises with rubber ropes has a major positive role on the players, whether from the physical or the skill aspect. The researcher attributes the development that occurred as a result of the training represented by the variation in intensity according to the training load to withstand the performance and in a way that is compatible with the capabilities of the boxers, especially if they are These exercises, which are trained by boxers, are similar to the nature of competition performance.

Perceived organizational support is one of the basic factors that helps both sports federations and the Olympic Committee build a correct environment that helps sports federations develop their expertise and motivation towards work and productivity. Members of the federations will feel organizational support and will have an increased sense of the necessity of dealing with the Olympic institution in the same way, as it creates Members of federations have a feeling that the Olympic Committee is interested in them and appreciates their contribution to the success of the Olympic movement in general and specialized sports in particular, and that this interest is reflected in the performance of the institution and the behaviors that federation members adopt towards it, so the level of reliance on cognitive ability has become the true standard in measuring the extent of success. Or the failure of sports federations, so the researcher decided to delve into this field because of its importance in the organizational and development process for the technical and administrative aspects, as the research sample was members of sports federations, with (250) Olympic federation members divided into two parts (100 members for the construction sample and (150) ) for the application sample as well as the exploratory sample that was from outside the main sample with (5) members, and the researcher concluded the following: that the Olympic Committee’s attitudes towards perceived organizational support were positive, and there is satisfaction on the part of the sports federations with the external cognitive power that the Olympic Committee supports. .

Every sport of achievement requires a balance between the elements of physical fitness, strength, speed, and endurance, and simultaneous training links these elements together according to a scientific training program to calculate the research variables. The research problem centered on the effect of simultaneous training in overcoming the time spent in the kinetic chain of rowing. The hypothesis of the research was There are statistically significant differences in the effect of simultaneous training on the kinetic chain according to the cover and pull times of the sequential rowing among players of a national team for rowing under 23 years of age (Rowing 2000m). The researcher used the experimental method with the experimental and control groups, and the sample number was (6) players. The researcher reached conclusions including: Simultaneous training reduced the cover and retraction times for sequential rowing. The researcher recommended conducting research for other age groups.

Hence the importance of the research to emphasize the importance of the educational package, especially the self-paced one, which gives the learner the freedom to implement and think about the performance by forming small groups that help in understanding the movement during explanation and application, including the basic skills in ground movements.
The problem of the research became clear that the students’ performance of skills in ground movements does not rise to the level of ambition due to the lack of experimentation with modern educational methods and keeping pace with development. In addition to not giving freedom and self-practice to the learner, it will not be possible to apply the difficult movements that require him to perform those movements on his own. The most important objectives of the research were: - The effect of the bag. Self-educational for small groups to learn some skills on the floor movements in artistic gymnastics for female students.
The conclusions were concluded: The self-educational package for small groups achieved the research objectives and addressed the problem by learning some skills on the floor movements mat in artistic gymnastics for female students. It was recommended: Adopting the self-learning package for small groups because it achieved the research objectives and addressed the problem by learning some skills on the floor movements mat in artistic gymnastics for female students.

The importance of the research is crystallized in helping the group of physical education teachers understand the nature of the concept of vitality of conscience by developing a tool through which they can measure the extent of vitality of conscience and the functional creativity of physical education teachers and the relationship between them, and in this way the teacher can determine the truth. The problem of the research lies in creativity. The career level of physical education teachers is affected by several aspects, including external and internal aspects. In order to develop and advance this creativity, it is necessary to know the nature of the vitality of conscience. Therefore, the researcher decided to prepare two measures of the vitality of conscience and functional creativity and the nature of the relationship between them in order to help those interested in teachers’ affairs to develop appropriate plans for advancement. In the educational process, the study aimed to prepare two measures of vitality of conscience and functional creativity, to identify the reality of vitality of conscience and functional creativity. I have, my teacher, physical education. At the Babylon Governorate Center and learning about the relationship between the vitality of conscience and functional creativity. I have. Education teachers. Sports in the governorate center. Babylon. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships to achieve the research objectives. The research community included (130) physical education teachers in the Babylon Governorate Center. The researcher concluded:
1- The group of physical education teachers possess good vitality and conscience in the center of Babylon Governorate.
2- The segment of physical education teachers has good job creativity in the center of Babylon Governorate.
3- The results showed that there is a positive moral correlation between conscientiousness and professional creativity in physical education.

The research strives to improve the athlete's talents and push them to the maximum level possible attain their best results. This is accomplished through scientifically sound training, as well as a variety of training methods and techniques. In addition, since performance depends on understanding the abilities and suffering the pains of playing to defeat the rival who has it is vital to focus on improving the athlete's abilities and ability to continue playing. This necessitates that the player meet certain physical, skillful, and tactical standards. Depending on the type of sports activity, the player's performance needs vary in terms of consistency and interactivity. As a result, the aim of the research was established by:
1- Using speed change exercises to develop the skills (handling and rolling) and the special endurance of the Mesopotamia Sports Club football players. Experimental research sample.
2- Identifying the effect of speed change exercises on developing the skills (handling and rolling) and the special endurance of the Mesopotamia Sports Club football players, the experimental research sample.
The assumption has been determined
1- Speed change exercises have a positive effect, with statistically significant differences in the results of the tests (pre-post) for the skills (handling and rolling) and for the special endurance of the Mesopotamia Sports Club football players in favor of the post-tests of the experimental group over the control group.
The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups, with a pre-test and a post-test. The research sample consisted of (24) players from the Mesopotamia Football Club, and the exploratory sample consisted of (5) players outside the research sample, including players from the Buhriz Football Club. The researcher worked To prepare a set of speed change exercises that develop the skills (handling and dribbling) in football and special endurance (speed endurance, force endurance). The researcher used the statistical package (spss) to process the data statistically.

The nature of current life and the pressures and obstacles it contains are many and varied. Positive psychology comes to present many positive psychological concepts and aims to identify the relationship between psychological satisfaction and achievement for female players of the Air Force Football Club, where the researcher used the descriptive approach and also touched on society and the research sample, as it included a sample The search and randomly selected (14 female players) from the Air Force Football Club. Where the results were presented and analyzed, and as for the most important conclusions and recommendations, the most important conclusions were:
A scale of psychological satisfaction was reached regarding the relationship between psychological satisfaction and achievement of female Air Force Club football players. The scale of the relationship between psychological satisfaction and female players of Air Force Club in football consists of 36 items. There is a correlation between psychological satisfaction and the academic, economic, health and social fields and achievement of female players. Air Force Football Club...
As for the recommendations, it is to promote sports culture for psychological satisfaction among members of the sports community and clubs, and to instill in them the need to conduct other studies that deal with other psychological variables to determine the extent to which these influence psychological satisfaction on them.

The researcher’s problem was to answer the following question: What is the contribution and relationship between neuromuscular coordination of the upper and lower extremities, concentration of attention, and perception? Depth of visual vision with accuracy of smashing the volleyball. The most important objectives were to identify the contribution rate of neuromuscular coordination, concentration of attention, and depth of visual vision to the accuracy of hitting a volleyball smash among the research sample. As for the most important hypotheses, there were high contribution rates for neuromuscular coordination, concentration of attention, The sample and research community were represented by third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Muthanna University, numbering (77). As for the research sample, the research sample was taken in a simple random way, as their number was (30), that is, a representative of the community by (39%). After conducting the exploratory experiment to confirm the scientific foundations and conducting the main experiment, the researcher presented, analyzed and discussed the results and then reached conclusions, the most important of which is realizing the depth of the vision. It has a very high relationship with the accuracy of smashing the volleyball among the research sample. The most important recommendations were to emphasize motor accuracy exercises with training methods that are appropriate to the physical and skill potential of the sample to obtain motor experience.

Physical education occupies a prominent and distinguished place in school programs. It is kinetic in appearance, emotional, social, psychological, and moral in its goals and relationships. The physical education lesson is considered one of the most important lessons, which plays a vital and important role and is one of the prominent pillars for achieving the goals of physical education. Through it, physical education is broadcast. High ideals, because it is considered one of the most prominent axes through which pedagogical and teaching goals are achieved and has a great impact on the souls of students. The physical education lesson is an educational subject and an educational medium in which there is direct interaction with the administrations, the teacher, and the students because of the advantages this lesson contains and many obstacles, including administrative ones. And sometimes it is materialistic, and sometimes it lies in the students or the teacher, which prevents the success of the physical education lesson effectively. The research aims to build a measure of the obstacles to implementing the physical education lesson in primary schools in Babil Governorate, and to identify the obstacles to implementing the physical education lesson in primary schools in Babil Governorate. The descriptive approach was used using the survey method, and the research community included physical education teachers in primary schools in Babylon Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024), who numbered (226) male and female teachers, and a sample from that community was chosen randomly, numbering (193) male and female teachers, with a percentage of An amount of (85%) was built. A measure of the obstacles to implementing the physical education lesson was built from the point of view of the physical education teachers, and the number of its items reached (28) items distributed over four axes (administrative, financial capabilities, student, teacher). The answer alternatives are (yes, sometimes, No) and the correction key is (3, 2, 1).

The importance of the research lies in the fact that it is a research attempt concerned with consolidating the idea of pressing play training in the reality of Iraqi club and national team exercises through these pressing exercises to achieve the desired goal, as well as experimenting with the use of defensive exercises characterized by rapid application and high accuracy together and knowing the extent of the impact of pressing play exercises on the development of man-to-man defense. And reducing the possession percentage for young football players in a step aimed at strengthening the sports field with practical experiences and serving researchers in the sports field. The study aimed to prepare pressing play exercises in developing man-to-man defense and reduce the possession percentage for young football players, in addition to that, identifying the effect of the exercises. Pressure play in the development of man-to-man defense and reducing the percentage of possession for emerging football players. The researchers used the experimental method by designing two equal groups (experimental and control) with a pre- and post-standard that suits the nature of the research problem and achieves the desired goals. The research sample was selected by a simple random method (lottery). The experimental group was represented by the Babylon Junior Sports Club, which numbered (22) players and was distributed equally into two groups: the experimental group (10) players, and the control group (10) players. The research variables included the requirements of man-to-man defense and reducing the percentage of possession. The researchers used appropriate statistical methods. After presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: that the pressing play exercises developed the man-to-man defense with both types of close defense and flexible defense for the experimental group under study. 7 The pressing play style exercises were able to reduce the possession percentage of the opposing team.

The importance of research is the effect of an auxiliary method for developing the maximum strength of the arms and the technical performance of the snatch grip in freestyle wrestling among junior wrestlers from clubs in Diwaniyah Governorate. As for the problem of the research, through the knowledge and experience of the researchers, as they are wrestling players, on previous studies and watching many local and Arab championships for junior wrestling, they noticed the slowness and lack of flow. Technical performance in over-the-chest throwing holds. The researchers attribute that there is a weakness in some of the special physical abilities in the performance, and these holds depend on the complete curvature to score the full technical points that qualify the wrestler to win the round or the fight. And it was
The research aims to:
- Identifying the use of the method in developing the technical performance of the snatch and collar in freestyle wrestling for juniors.
The researchers concluded:
1- The exercises used on the device led to the development of technical performance (grabs) of all types compared to traditional exercises.

The aim of the research is to identify:-
- The effect of the recreational program and the program followed on the functional variables identified in the research.
The researchers relied on the experimental method according to the experimental design, which is known as the design of two equal groups with a pre-test and a post-test. The research sample was selected from people with Down syndrome aged (9-14) years, with (20) children and males only, and they were randomly distributed into two groups, control and experimental, with (10) children for each group. The research tools were determined with some physiological variables, and the researchers conducted equivalence and homogeneity for the study variables. After completing the implementation of the recreational program, post-tests were conducted and the data were processed using appropriate statistical methods. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: -
1- The effectiveness of the recreational program accompanied by music on functional variables
2- The recreational program accompanied by music outperformed the program followed in influencing functional variables

Physical therapy and therapeutic exercises (sports) have an important role as a complementary department to the departments of sports medicine and treatment of athletes and the resulting rehabilitation of injuries after surgical intervention for athletes and the scientific foundations it requires in building therapeutic programs in rehabilitation. The shoulder joint is considered one of the important and vital joints in the human body and has great importance in movement. It is the only joint that has a wide range of motion at 360 degrees and in different ways. Among these injuries is the anterior partial dislocation of the shoulder joint, which is the focus of the research problem, as this injury is often It occurs as a result of strong and sudden movements, a fall, weakness in the surrounding muscles and their imbalance, or as a result of another injury to the shoulder joint. Boxing is one of the sports in which the arm is the basis of performance, and boxers are also among the athletes who are exposed to this type of injury. This It shows the importance of research and the need for it in preparing a rehabilitation curriculum for anterior subluxation of the shoulder joint and knowing the extent of its impact on this injury and the return of the injured to their normal state to practice their sports activity.

The teaching models and strategies used are effective means that can help teachers to choose their own teaching method and apply it on the ground. Special nature of teaching than might It helps in the learning process as it brings together experiences and information in the field of education, planning and development of the study unit.
It is necessary to determine the educational method that is of great importance and benefit to both the teacher, the learner and the educational material, and helps to raise his professional efficiency, and helps to improve the presentation and evaluation of the subject and enable him from it. Make the best use of all time, stimulate students' motivation, and develop a love of curiosity in the learner.
The study aimed to identify the effect of exercises prepared according to the Kemp model on the cognitive acquisition and rebounding skill of students in volleyball. The researcher used the SPSS statistical package to extract the research results After setting up research-relevant tests which included retaining wall test, cognitive test, and exercises prepared according to Kemp’s model. The researcher concluded that the exercises prepared according to the Kemp model effectively contributed to the development of the cognitive aspect of the students of the research sample.
The researcher recommended the necessity of utilizing the exercises prepared according to the Kemp model which contributed to the development of the cognitive and skill aspects of the students in the game of volleyball.

The science of sports training is considered one of the modern sciences in the field of knowledge in general and in the field of high-level sports in particular, and sports training is a science, art and educational method that prepares individuals to participate in sports competitions. Organized sports training has positive advantages and broad and comprehensive trends, and it helps in developing many topics related to training, including an important and vital component, which is physical qualities or elements of physical fitness). The main trend is to find the basic and broad training base for acquiring physical fitness, which consists of developing the general level of the body's capabilities and for the multi-faceted development of physical characteristics (strength, speed, endurance, flexibility, skill. For this reason, many of those in charge of the training process resort to using the best training method and different methods, in order to obtain the best level and indicate Abdul Haq and Al-Qudomi (2003) Physical fitness is one of the most important goals that physical education seeks to achieve, as it is the main means of developing physical capabilities.
And within the available training period during training sessions in the stadium or training hall. In the science of sports training and theories of sports training, training methods such as the continuous training method, the interval training method, and the repetitive training method have appeared, in addition to the circuit training method. Mattvve (1996) stated that circuit training is characterized by its ability to develop various physical abilities and qualities and can be formed using any training method. Thus, it is possible to focus on developing and improving any physical quality we want, in addition to being characterized by change, suspense, enthusiasm and excitement, and it contributes to the athlete gaining voluntary and moral qualities, including order, self-reliance and creating confidence in his capabilities and abilities.
The research aims to prepare a training curriculum using high-intensity interval training using the circuit method, one of which is calculated by time and the other is calculated by repetition.