Diyala Journal for Veterinary Sciences

A thorough understanding of the architectural morphology of the renal structure is necessary to gain insights into the renal structure. During kidney development in avian embryos, the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros arise in succession, as in mammals and reptiles. The mesonephros function for fish and amphibians, whereas the metanephros function for reptiles, birds, and mammals. Birds have elongated, irregularly shaped kidneys that are bigger than the kidneys in mammals and reptiles. Cranial, middle, and caudal kidney lobes make up each kidney, which are blood vessels that cause these divisions. The avian kidney has a dual vascular supply. The renal arteries provide the afferent arterioles of all glomeruli. In reptilian-type nephrons, the veinous supply terminates in the peritubular capillaries. In mammalian-type nephrons, it terminates at least in the proximal tubules. Birds possess renal portals, which are analogous to those seen in reptiles, amphibians, and fish. These portals facilitate renal portal circulation, wherein the renal portal veins transport blood to the kidney tubules, similar to arteries. Bird kidneys have cortical and medullary lobules. Each kidney lobule has a massive cortex and a cone-shaped medullary tract. The base of the medullary cone forms a single collecting duct where lobule nephrons discharge into surrounding collecting ducts. There is no clear line separating the cortical and medullary parts of the lobules. The cortex has Henle loopless reptilian nephrons and Henle loop-containing mammalian nephrons. Birds have pairs of ureters that are symmetrical, and about 17 principal branches vary in length, and subsidiary branches lead to compact cone-shaped collecting tubule tufts. The study attempts to provide any definitive structural correlations that can be determined for the entire group of birds.

A specialized topic in the field of quorum sensing in naturally occurring highly resistant complex bacteria, that behaves likes a prohibited sophisticated emergent biohazard biofilm entity entitled a Iraqi bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii equipped with stress hardening resident within local dairy chain in Baghdad. These naturally resistant emergent highly infectious bioterror foci with or without recalcitrant biofilm barriers were isolated, identified and PCR primed from local Cows raw milk, paired fresh-brined soft cheese, paired fresh-soured yogurt, cream and butter. Samples collected randomly from Abu-Ghraib, Al-Sadrya and Al-Fudhaliyah sectors cascaded by verified modified processing protocols from February (2022) to proceed to February (2023). A HiCrome™ Acinetobacter Agar (M1938) with multidrug resistant (MDR) selective supplement vials either (FD271) or (FD335) was dependent for selective and differential isolation dogma. Cascaded series of VITEK®2 augmented with 16s rRNA PCR were confirmed recovery patterns. Experimental design was proceeds within veterinary public health / milk hygiene lab. Assessment risk design was aligned with urinary tract infection cases from associated worker and nosocomial hospital individuals. Recovery and segregation documentary records unveiled isolation of twenty-seven (27: 4.285 %) out of colloquy sixty and thirty-six (636) dairy samples units cascaded by four isolates (4: 11.11 %) out of thirty-six (36) urine samples of UTI patients from Baghdad. In conclusions: An emergent bioterrorism contamination cascaded ancestral Eco map of targeted forbidden denominator was resident and encountered from local dairy chain in association with Human UTI opportunity as a complex stress hardening in Baghdad.

Carrots are an important food and are rich in carotenoids and vitamin A, which is considered one of the most important antioxidants, it resists the formation of free radicals in various organs and tissues of the body. The purpose of the now study is to determine the effect of food dye (tartrazine) on biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in the liver and to know the effect of carrots extract on previous mentioned parameters. 18 local male rabbits were divided into three groups: each group included six rabbits. The first group (control group) was given distilled water daily for 30 days. The 2nd group was given the colored food dye tartrazine at a dose 1g/ kg of body weight for 30 days. The 3rd group given carrot extract orally, after three hours, the tartrazine dye was also given for 30 days. The biochemical result reveled elevated of liver enzyme (AST, ALP and ALT) in tartrazine group while the value of these enzymes in third group resemble to control group. Histopathological changes: In control group, the liver showed normal tissue architectures. Second tartrazine group showed liver with inflammatory cells and congestion as well as multiple vacuoles and necrosis. Third group (carrot &tartrazine group) showed very slightly hepatocytic degeneration and absent of other changes like necrosis and yellow pigments which present in second group. The biochemical and histopathological results showed dangerous effect of tartrazine and in same time the beneficials effect of carrot as antioxidant in diminish the toxic liver injury by tartrazine.

The sand fly is an insect that transmits many pathogens. Vector-borne diseases cause a public health problem worldwide. Arthropods that feed on blood transmit a wide range of animal and human diseases that act as transmit of many parasites, such as leishmaniasis. It is a many of diseases caused by different species of Leishmania. The type of nutrition depends on the presence of the host, as sand flies take a blood meal from sources available around them for the purpose of reproduction and producing eggs. Sand flies are affected by climatic factors, including temperature in addition to humidity, on the growth and development of it. Geographical distribution occurs in areas where the flies are found and also in Neighboring areas after environmental and climatic changes provide suitable conditions for their survival

Fish are vulnerable to a wide range of bacterial infections that are naturally occurring in the surroundings. The current study's goal was to isolate the pathogenic bacteria from common carp sold in ponds at the city of Baqubah which utilize as most popular fish mail and principle food. Sixty fish samples were obtained from five places in Baqubah city (12 samples from AL-Mafraq, 12 samples from AL-Razi, 12 samples from AL-Moalemmen District , 12 samples from AL-Rahma and 12 samples from Old Baqubah). The samples were taken from fish from each location. Anatomical process to the each fish was done and then bacterial strains were isolated from several parts of fish body (skin, gills ,liver and intestine ). All samples were cultivated on blood agar medium as an enriched medium and MacConkey agar as a differentiated medium after collection, and they were both hatched on 37 ° C for 24 hr. The colony morphology, microscopic analysis, and biochemical assays were used to identify probable isolates. , then confirmed and sensitivity were done by VITEK 2 system. The bacterial isolated from each target organs showed that the potential pathogenic bacteria which establish in carp from this investigation were E.coli 30%,Klebseilla spp 30% ,Pseudomonas spp 30% and salmonella spp 10% in addition to other species such as Staphylococcus spp, Proteus spp and others. Sensitivity test that performed by Vetk2 system showed high rates of resistance to the wide spectrum antibiotics which commercially used in Iraq. Fish handling or preparation errors may put consumers' food safety at risk because of the existence of pathogenic bacteria in the fishes.

An infectious viral illness called pigeon chicken pox develops lesions that are fibro-necrotic, proliferating, or nodular in the feather-free parts of the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth, esophagus, and upper respiratory tract. The goal of this work was to search the Diyala pigeon for the pigeon pox virus (PPV) and its sequences molecularly. In this investigation, nodular lesions from Six pigeons from various Diyala locations that had the pox were gathered. For the purpose of PCR-based P4b gene identification, DNA materials were extracted. PCR was used to validate the virus detection, sequenced and BLST search was carried out and pairwise distance was inferred. And all of the field samples tested positive for PPV. Pigeon PPV was verified by PCR. Diyala birds have pigeon pox, and PCR should be used to diagnose the condition

The parasites are known to infect local chickens and are one of the genuine issues leading to economic loss in breeding farms and rural regions that grow chickens yearly. This study aims to know the prevalence of external and internal parasites and their effects on body performance in local chickens in Erbil city.
The research was carried out on 500 different species of local chickens to investigate the existence of external and internal parasites and their prevalence in the Erbil city region of Kurdistan/Iraq from October 2022 to January 2023.
Overall findings showed that 280 out of 500 hens evaluated (56%) had external parasite infestations; out of that, 95 % (475/500) were infested with lice, and 5% (25/500) of it with the larval stage of soft tick. However, of the 500 hens that were tested, 13% (65/500) had internal parasite infections, including cestode which made up 65% (45/65), and nematodes, which made up 31% (20/65).
This study revealed that 56% of local chickens were infested with external parasites, the majority of which were lice (95%). Internal parasites were found to be more prevalent in 65% of cestode species, nematode species had a lower frequency of 31% in Erbil city.

Citrobacter species are opportunistic invasive bacterium and possible zoonotic pathogens that
can cause infections in both humans and animals. A study was conducted in Baghdad City to
isolate and identify Citrobacter freundii bacteria from cattle feces and to identify them by a
different method, including biochemical testing, PCR analysis, VITEK 2, and sequencing of 16S
rRNA, as well as assessing the immune response to the injection of the mice with C. freundii
antigens. Thirty Swiss mice were divided into three general groups, injected with KWCA and
SWCA immunized killed and sonicated with whole cell antigen. Immune response evaluation
was done through the DTH-skin test and TAT. The results showed that the biochemical test
revealed 20 isolates, comprising 20% of C.freundii. Vitek 2 results confirmed the positive
selection of C.freundii isolates, equivalent to 97%, while 16S rRNA sequencing subjected the
isolated bacteria to 99.74% similarity with GenBank references. This result registered one isolate
of C. freundii in GenBank by accession number (OR766039). TAT results: The positive control
and the second group (SWCA) have indicated an antibody titer of 1280. The first group KWCA
has indicated 320. DTH results: The diameter of induration increases from 24 h to 48 h followed
by a decrease at 72 h. KWCA results for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h are 2.46 ± 0.001mm, 3.78± 0.008
mm, and 3.1± 0.0008 mm, respectively. The SWCA has an induration of 3.2± 0.576 mm, 4.08±
0.07 mm, and 3.35± 0.06 mm for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, respectively. The statistical difference is
P<0.05. The Histopathological alterations indicated changes in both groups. The impact level is
similar in all groups, from mild to moderate. In conclusion, the study observed that SWCA and
KWCA promoted humoral and cellular immune responses.

Background BK virus-associated nephropathy (BKVAN) is an important reason for missing graft in kidney transplants
Aims This paper emphasizes exploring the genetic polymorphisms of two BK polyomavirus samples isolated from the blood of patients with nephropathy. Methods A total of 170 blood plasma samples were collected from (130) nephropathy patients and (40) healthy blood donors. All participants were subjected to serological testing using ELISA to detect antiBKV IgM in the blood. positive antiBKV IgM samples were used for the detection of BKV DNA By RT-PCR. Two samples with the highest purity and concentration of DNA, were used to determine the genetic polymorphisms of two BK polyomavirus .
Results: Only 20/130,( 15.38%) specimens of nephropathy patients have positive BKV IgM and all healthy group was negative. A total of (40%) was positive in RT-PCR for BKVP1gene and BKtyp4 primer. The genetic polymorphisms was found that the investigated samples were clearly incorporated within the clade of serovar IV in close phylogenetic positions to many strains isolated from Kuwait with no phylogenetic distances among them.
Conclusions
BK polyomavirus-VPI amplicons could be used as markers to differentiate between BK viruses. This study emphasizes the significance of genetic variation in comprehending the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of BK polyomavirus, which may affect the phylogenetic framework and geographical tracking of the virus currently under investigation.