Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is a novel technology to takes part in solving a lot of problems from classical sheet-forming operations in terms of more flexibility, cheap, low production time, convenience for small batches, and particularly rapid prototype production. This paper aims to provide enough information for the understanding of the incremental forming process, especially focusing on numerical two-point incremental sheet forming mechanism and multi-stages incremental forming. The influence of some process parameters such as incremental step size and forming tool radius, on thickness distribution across the wall of the part is studied, as well as, studying the thickness distribution and strain analyses for three stages in multi-stages incremental forming during forming the product with vertical angle.2-D model of cone-shaped part with right forming angle has been developed in the three stages from the sheet with the thickness (1mm) of the aluminum alloy (AA1070). A commercially available finite element program code (ANSYS 11), is used to carry out the numerical simulation of the multistage incremental sheet forming. The results show that, when considering multi-stage incremental sheet forming, the task is even more difficult because the strain and thickness distribution resulting from the first stage will influence the subsequent results. Decreasing the forming tool radius will increase the thinning of the wall product due to excessive stretch will occur, while the incremental step size is no significant effect on the numerical results (thickness, strain) distribution of the product...

The aim of this work is to ensure the structural stability of small concrete gravity dams by selecting the economic practical section that reduces the material’s costs with the least acceptable factors of safety. The main parameters associated with the geometric shape; or the slope of the base of the dam, material properties (cohesion and angle of friction), the presence of passive wedge, as well as the conditions of loading with normal and maximum water heights of 30m and 33.6m, respectively, in addition to extreme condition with earthquake forces; will be the parameters presented to evaluate the structural stability for concrete gravity dams. The study of stability criteria was done on twelve virtual dam cases according to two standard methods U.S Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) and U.S Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), to obtain the height of water for safe operation and the strength of concrete required to avoid overturning and sliding of the dam. The behavior of the dam has been modeled and analyzed using an analytically 2-dimensional gravity method and FEM by using the ABAQUS software package in order to ensure the safe performance of the dam. Stresses were found acceptable in all profiles, where it is important to prevent undesirable tensile stresses at the heel and to avoid crushing at the toe. The profile DAM 2B with a base inclined by 6.75o upwards toward the downstream face, and width b= 25.35m was found the most optimum section for a dam required to store a volume...

This study deals with shear behavior between normal and self-compacted concrete beams. The experimental work includes the design and testing of twelve reinforced concrete rectangular beams to study the effect of using self-compacted concrete (SCC) and normal concrete (NC) on the shear behavior under two concentrated load. All beams have the same longitudinal and vertical steel ratio and cross-sectional area of (17000) mm2. The tested beams were divided into two groups; SCC and NC beams. Each group was divided into three series according to clear span to effective depth ratio (ln/d), each. series consists of two compressive strength of concrete (f'c). It was found that the beams which made from SCC was stiffer as compared. with the beam made from NCC with the same clear span. to effective depth ratio, longitudinal steel ratio, vertical steel ratio, and relative compressive. strength. This equation is conservative. as compared with. for NC beams. tested while the ACI 318 equation is more conservative as compared with the SCC beams tested. It was found that the ultimate shear strength of SCCb increased about 16.66%, 20.33%,20.88% when the compressive strength (f'c) increased from (29.39) to (42.1)MPa while the shear strength of NC increased about 9.3%,12.9%,14.9% when the compressive strength (f'c) increased from (27.8) to (39.1)MPa at clear span to. effective depth ratio (ln/d) (7.534),(6.164),(5.584) respectively. It was found that the shear strength of SCC increased about 12.5%, 18.75% ...

Currently, asphalt grading in Iraq depends on two types; penetration grade and viscosity grade. These grades did not give an impression on asphalt pavement performance because it is dependent on fixed temperature tests. In this paper, the Iraq map was developed by using the Superpave method to find performance grades. High and low pavement temperature was calculated. Contour maps for high and low pavement temperatures are developed by using a geographic information system (GIS). A map presented the temperature zones in Iraq in terms of asphalt performance grade. The data on temperature was taken from 48 weather stations distributed in all regions of Iraq. It has been found PG70-10 and PG76-10 cover more than 70% of the parts of Iraq.

The shot peening process is used mainly to harden the surface and increases the fatigue life of the rotating parts. This cold treatment will change the designed natural frequency of the part and change the vibration characteristics. Especially when these parts are driven by a high-speed velocity. This research investigates the behavior of the vibrations after a superficial treatment done by shot peening. An experimental test rig was manufactured, and different industrial applications and geometries have been tested and treated by the shot peening process. Three important commonly used industrial applications are selected to study and investigate its vibration characteristic after shot peening treatment namely connecting rod, crankshaft, and supercharger shaft for a (3Kv) generator. Vibration parameters such as acceleration velocity and displacement for specific time duration were recorded and analyzed also the natural frequency and first six mode shape. The fundamental increases after shot peening and the percentage of increase in natural frequency for the crankshaft, connecting rod, and supercharger shaft are (26%), (32%), and (20%) respectively where. For comparison reasons, different numerical finite element models for the connecting rod, crankshaft, and superchargers shaft are suggested and implemented in ANSYS 15. Good accuracy was achieved between numerical models and experimental measurements.

Transportation is an essential element for the development of countries economically, socially, and culturally, where the progress in countries is measured through the progress in transportation systems and urban road networks. In Iraq, the urban roads network in Nasiriyah city suffers strongly from problems, such as low speed, long travel time, and a drop in the level of service. Al-Nasiriyah is one of the highly congested urban centers within Dhi-Qar province. Network in the city center suffers congestion, The selected network suffers congestion, particularly during morning and evening peak hours simply because of the existence of vitality centers (educational, commercial, and government) that this network uses In the present study was to assess the flow of the current traffic network patterns through several programs such as the Trans Cad, GPS, GIS have been collecting different types of data, such as (Traffic volumes of intersections and free-flow speed) using a device (MSSS), furthermore field surveys for the work of largescale map road network The results of the evaluation showed that most of the roads in the city have a level of service type (B), as the network showed service-level type (F) at which the vehicle relative to the road capacity (v/c) is greater than the one in the city center, such as (Habboubi Street, Nasir bridge, Sumer Street, etc.) and this illustrated in analysis map. On the basis of that proposed to add new roads to change the path of external...

This paper is focused on the effect of shear reinforcement on the structural behavior of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams to employ the results on the pile's caps works. An experimental study using self-compacting concrete with constant compressive strength nominally equals 60 MPa was frequently used with three groups of shear span-to-depth ratios of 0.95, 1.08, and 1.25 to produce twelve continuous beams. Each group of shear span-to-depth ratios has one unreinforced beam against shear stresses and three shears reinforced beams; the first is consists of horizontal stirrups only, the second has vertical stirrups only, and the third from combined with horizontal and vertical stirrups to act together against shear stresses. The results revealed that the configuration of the combined shear reinforcement (horizontal and vertical) is an effective factor in the behavior of the deep beam and when it is increased in one category the ultimate strength and the serviceability of the specimen can be improved. The percentage of the obtained improvement for a specimen can be increased by decreasing its shear span-to-depth ratio.

In this study, the removal of some heavy metals ions such as cadmium [Cd+2], nickel [Ni+2] and lead [Pb+2] from synthetic wastewater were investigated using a lab-scale electro-coagulation [EC] system which was constructed for this purpose. Aluminum and iron were adopted as selective electrodes in order to compare the results for which is the best efficiency. Operational circumstances parameters such as pH, current density, detention time, and inner electrodes distance were tested in order to know the optimal operation values for the removal efficiency. The results showed that the optimal operation conditions for the max removal efficiencies occur at pH (7), current density (12.5 mA/cm2), inner electrode distance (1cm) for both aluminum and iron electrodes, and the detention time is (150 min) for aluminum, and (120 min) for iron electrodes. The experimental results indicate that the aluminum electrodes are better than iron electrodes.

The current study investigated flow boiling heat transfer, pressure drop in a copper multi-parallel microchannels heat sink using R134a as a working fluid. The evaporator consisted of 25 microchannels with dimensions of 300 µm wide, 700 µm deep and 209 µm separating wall thickness. It was made of oxygen-free copper by CNC machining and was 20 mm long and 15 mm wide and hydraulic diameter of 420 μm. Experimental operating conditions spanned the following ranges: wall heat flux (5–120) kW/m2, mass flux 50–300 kg/m2s, and system pressure 8.5–12.5 bar. The heat transfer coefficient increases with heat flux and system pressure but there is insignificant mass flux. This could be interpreted as a nucleate boiling dominant mechanism. The measured two-phase flow pressure drop increases with increasing heat flux and mass flux but decreases with increasing system pressure. The effect of system pressure depends on mass flux, therefore. no pressure effect was found at low mass flux while the heat transfer coefficient increased with pressure at the high mass flux values. Pressure drop was investigated as a variation of heat flux. Simulation with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was performed to predict heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop using MATLAB- version R2014a software, at mass flux G (75, 125, 175, 225, 275) kg/m2.s and pressure Ps (8.5, 10.5, 12.5) bar. The predicted results were compared with the experimental data and showed good agreement.

In the present paper, a new technique by adding internal concrete diaphragms, in the transverse direction, for prestressed self-compacting concrete box beams is adopted. Six SCC beam specimens have a dimension of (2200x220x350mm) for length; width and height respectively were poured and tested. Three variables were adopted in the present study; section type (Box or Solid), number of diaphragms (None, Two, and Four), and type of diaphragms (Opened and Closed). Experimental results showed that the ultimate torque moment increases about (58.6%-72.4%) and (120.7%-127.6%) for beam specimens strengthened internally by two and four diaphragms, respectively. Also, increasing internal diaphragms from two to four, led to increasing the ultimate torque moment by about (55.2%-62.1%). Furthermore, the change of section from a box section with four internal diaphragms to a solid section led to an increase in ultimate torque moment by about (48.3%-55.2%). The paper concludes that the increase in torsional capacity was attainable for box beams by using the technique of strengthening by internal diaphragms; Also, the box sections can be made with internal opened diaphragms and possess the same capacity or contribution as the closed ones.

In the pavement, the subgrade layer must have enough strength in order to withstand and support the other layers. The availability of waste materials from industry and agriculture and the need to employ the use of this material in the field of roadworks instead of traditional stabilizing agents has encouraged an investigation into stabilizing the soil by sugar cane bagasse Ash (SCBA). Sugar cane bagasse Ash has beneficial engineering purposes of using it as a stabilizer material. The work of this paper is aimed to evaluate the potential benefits of bagasse ash, which is considered pozzolana material, as a stabilizer material for the subgrade layers. The laboratory work involved soil stabilized with varying percentages of sugar cane bagasse ash ) 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%( by dry weight of the soil individually. The used soil shows that it belongs to A-7-6 class of soil in the AASHTO soil classification system and the soil under this class is generally of poor engineering use. Analysis of the results shows that slight improvement in the geotechnical properties of bagasse ash stabilized soil, where increasing the addition of bagasse ash reduces plastic limit (P.L), liquid limit (L.L), specific gravity (Gs), and maximum dry density (MDD) values while increasing the optimum moisture content (OMC) value for soil stabilized by bagasse ash. The results of conducted tests show that initially OMC of soil is (21.9%) and for the addition of bagasse ash up to (30%) it becomes (34.52%) ...

This study involves nano-materials addition and interaction with cement mortar behavior for many mortar samples under variable curing time with constant water to cement ratio (W/C = 0.5). In this research, some properties such as (hardness and water absorption test), were affected by adding small ratios of nano-particles (SiO2 or Al2O3) as replacements to the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) / type (I). The percentages of nanomaterials additives replacement on the mixture of mortar include (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) for both nanomaterials with a constant (W/C) ratio. Also, the amount of fine aggregate used was three times the amount of cement. The results showed that the hardness of the mortars for both nanomaterials gives better properties than mortars without nanomaterials in all tests. Best enhancements in properties for mortars with nano-silica were achieved with (3%) additives while were achieved with nano alumina at (2%) additives.

Expansive soil is the soil whose volume changes according to the changing of moisture content included in it. When the soil absorbs water this will lead to an increase in its volume and vice-versa. The swelling of soil leads to structural damage such as kerbs swelling, cracking in borders and reinforced foundation, and finally leads to deformation in floors and doors, these deformations may be light, moderate, and heavy according to the value of swelling. In this research, the expansive soil "that is brought from Karkuke province" has an initial plasticity index (P.I) is (98), Liquid limit (L.L) is (163), and plastic limit (P.L) is (65). In order to improve the properties of expansive soil, petroleum products have been added to the soil in different percentages (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) by soil weight. These different products such as Kerosene, Gasoil, and Cut-back asphalt (MC-30) are brought from AL-Durra Oil Refinery in Baghdad.. After done all the laboratory tests on this type of soil with different percentages of adding petroleum products, it will be noted that the addition of 10% by soil weight of kerosene reduces the liquid limit (L.L), plastic limit (P.L), and plasticity index (P.I). It also reduces the free swell and swelling pressure as shown in this research. For all petroleum products, the increase in adding petroleum products leads to reduce volumetric changes.

The classical chemical additives to the concrete are considered one of the important factors for improving the properties of concrete in structural designs. On another hand, due to the proliferation of wastes resulting from foodstuff, which is deemed as one of the important reasons for environmental pollution, and due to the interest of global studies to reduce the quantities by recycling or using them to produce beneficial substances, so this study deals with studying the possibility of utilizing from pomegranate peel residue as an admixture to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and study the effect of these peels on the behavior and the properties of concrete. The chemically-treated pomegranate peels were used as an additive substance to investigate the behavior, mechanical properties of fresh and solid concrete. The admixture ratio of (pomegranate shell/cement) was ranging between 0-0.7% by weight with a mix proportion of (1:2:4) (cement:sand: gravel) by volume and the same water to cement ratio (W/C) of 0.45. The experimental tests show that increasing in concrete compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity by 25.94%, 8, 21.05%, and 11.10 respectively with an increasing the ratio of pomegranate peel additives to a certain percentage. Thus, the pomegranate peel deems to be a good and non-cost concrete admixture.

In this research, a solar pilot plant designed for solar photocatalytic applications has been used to investigate the feasibility of simazine degradation in an aqueous solution. Simazine degradation was investigated in both homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalysis systems by photo-Fenton and titanium dioxide, respectively. Simazine remediation was studied at different reagent doses to identify the optimum condition, H2O2 (400-2400 mg/L), Fe2+ (5-30 mg/L) and TiO2 (100-500 mg/L). The optimum remediation conditions for the solar homogenous system were observed at H2O2 and Fe2+ concentrations of 1200 and 20mg/L, respectively. The best remediation conditions for the solar heterogeneous system were identified at TiO2 and H2O2 concentrations of 300 and 2000 mg/L, respectively. The best COD removal efficiency at both homogenous and heterogeneous systems were 43.8% and 43%, respectively. Simazine removals were about 96.7% and 92% for homogenous and heterogeneous systems, respectively.

This research investigates the erosion wear behavior of polyester resin composites materials reinforced with 4% volume fraction carbon fiber and (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) volume fraction Al2O3 powder. These specimens were fabricated by hand lay-up technique. Erosion wear behavior was studied at different variables, angle impingement (30º, 60º, 90º), with dry silica sand particles size (350, 425, 600 µm) at 10 hours, stand-off distance (17cm), and flow rate (35L ∕min). In this research, erosion testing was carried out according to ASTM G76 and studied the effect of parameters on erosion wear rate by using Taguchi orthogonal arrays L9. The results indicate that the specimen (UP+4%C.F+8% Al2O3) has high value of true density than other specimens. Also, the specimen (UP+4%C.F+8% Al2O3) has (0.00011 cm3/gm) better erosion rate resistance at variables (425 µm, 30º ) as compared to other composite materials. The ANOVE analysis showed that filler content factor (Al2O3) powder has more effect on erosion rate than other factors.