Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The present work includes two main parts. Firstly: the experimental part takes respect of the effect of changing the magnitude of supplied voltage to compressor, condenser air flow rate, and evaporator air flow rate on system performance. The effect of ambient temperature on system performance is also considered. The experimental study has been done on a split air- conditioner with a 1 TR nominal capacity. The experimental results show that reducing the supplied voltage to the compressor by 23% caused the refrigeration capacity and COP)tot to decrease by 7.7% and 5.7%, respectively and when condenser airflow was reduced by 35.8%, cause the refrigeration capacity and COP)tot to decrease by 1.6% and 7.1%, respectively. Also, the reduction of the evaporator airflow by 46.7%, the refrigeration capacity, and COP)tot decreased by 11.4% and 9.6%, respectively. Secondly, the theoretical part, in which a mathematical model has been developed for the vapor compression refrigeration cycle to predict the system performance under the various ambient temperatures. The mathematical model was performed using Matlab software. The comparison between the mathematical results and experimental results shows that the maximum deviation of condenser capacity, refrigeration capacity, power input to compressor, and COP is 1.75%, 3.2%, 3.34%, and 4.84%, respectively.

A new mathematical finite element model suitable for the general bending analysis of double-curved shell structures depending on the strain-based approach has been derived. The element is simple and contains only the essential degrees of freedom. The element has the advantage over the other available double-curved shell elements. The improvement obtained is due to the fact that all the displacement fields of the present element satisfy the exact representation of rigid body modes of displacements then the shape function error due to rigid body modes becomes zero. Also, the present element satisfies the full geometry of the double-curved shell due to this point discretization error becomes zero. Finally, the error due to strain mode becomes very small because the present element satisfies the compatibility equations of strains and the 19 coefficients of strain mode are derived exactly from partial differential equations of strains. The numerical solution of several problems by using the present element proved to be powerful in the structural analysis of double-curved shells, such as cylindrical shells. Its results are better than the solution of other elements and packages with respect to analytical solutions.

Strut-and-tie method (STM) is a very useful tool to design irregular concrete members. This work presents the results of the experimental tests conducted on three self-compacting reinforced concrete deep beams that had a constant cross-section of 150 mm×400 mm and a total length of 1400 mm. The beams were subjected to 1-concentrated force, 2-concentrated forces, and uniformly distributed load. Each test beam was analyzed by using the STM presented by ACI 318M-14 provisions. The cracking load, failure load, deflection, crack pattern, crack width, steel reinforcement strains, concrete surface average strains, and modes of failure for the tested beams were observed, recorded, and discussed. The experimental results were compared with the STM results. Test results indicated that each beam carried loads greater than the STM design load. In other words, results showed that the STM is conservative which gives the designers wide flexibility. More specifically, in the case of central single concentrated force, STM predicted ultimate load was less than the experimental one by 19.2%. While STM predicted ultimate load was less than the experimental one by 20.4% in the cases of two central concentrated forces and uniformly distributed load.

Experimental and theoretical investigation of three types of internal packaging materials(PVC, MDF, Gypsum board) for the residential building was carried out in the present work, to reduce the heating load in winter. Experiments were carried out at the University of Wasit (Al-Kut city, late 32.5N), winter season by building a small room from the sandwich panel. The room's dimensions were 2m width, 2m length, and 2.4m height. On the south wall, made two slots, the slot dimensions are 0.3m width and 1m height. Two types of walls were built in the two slots. The first wall was built from common bricks. The second wall was built from bricks covered with packaging material. The radiant time series (RTS) method was used for calculating the experimental heat losses through the walls.ESP-R was used to calculate the theoretical result. The results of the experimental work show that. The maximum values of percentage energy saving are as follows: Internal packaging materials; 22.87% MDF, 20.48% PVC, and 16.45% Gypsum board.

Solidification/stabilization is one of the most efficient technologies to restrict the leaching of heavy metals. Two stabilizers had been used as solidifying/stabilizing cementitious materials. Cement adjusted by clinker kiln dust was used as cementitious materials. The contaminated soil has been collected on a scrap site located in a residential area located 15 km south of Baghdad. Depending on the structure of metal analysis indicated that the highest metals existing in the soil were aluminum (6865 mg/kg), iron (30120 mg/kg), copper (175 mg/kg), zinc (560 mg/kg), lead (320 mg/kg). The unconfined compressive strength, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were applied to estimate the efficiency of the treatment process. The results of the treatment were compared with the criteria for the admission of solidified waste, which were created on the basis of the regulatory limit on the disposal of waste at a disposal site in the United Kingdom, and the maximum concentration of toxicity contaminants, which is characteristic of Solid waste from the US Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA). The results showed that high alkalies in clinker kiln dust increase cement. setting and hydration and increased compressive strength of cement. Therefore, dust high alkali altered cement reduces the discharge of heavy metals and increases the compressive strength of the waste. form by the solidification/stabilization process. Space

The present investigation aims to study experimentally the effect of using basket twisted bars as a new shape of turbulators in order to achieve better heat transfer inside tube heat exchangers. In this study, the air is used as a working fluid with six different values of flow rates (Reynolds number values vary from 6000 to 13500), while the value of heat flux is kept constant in this investigation. In addition, the effect of spacing ratio (SR( between these turbulators is taken into account. Therefore, 3, 4, and 5 pieces of these turbulators are distributed along the test section during experiments. The results show that the heat transfer rate for all cases tends to increase with a rising Reynolds number value, while the friction factor shows downward behavior with the same Reynolds number value. In addition, it is found that (SR=4.2) gives maximum heat transfer rate with 115.9 % above plain tube case. Friction factor values increase by 313%, 235% and 193% for SR= 4.2, 6.4 and 11 respectively compared with plain tube). The enhancement efficiency also increases when inserting baskets twisted bars with rates 127.5 %, 134.3 % and 139.8 % for SR= 11, 6.4 and 4.2 respectively.

The laminar natural convection in supercritical fluid along vertical flat plate with uniform heat flux was simulated in the present work. The governing equations of partial differential equations were solved numerically using the finite difference method. The thermo-physical properties calculation was based on a Van der Waals equation of state. The velocity and temperature profiles were solved with a FORTRAN code. HydrofluorocarbonsR134a, R1234yf and R404a were used as working fluids. Thermal expansively at a reduced pressure and reduced temperature near critical point (Pr and Tr = 1.05, 1.1) showed sharp variation. The local Nusselt number as a function of the local Rayleigh number was plotted. The curve trend illustrates that the Nusselt number decreases as the reduced pressure and reduced temperature increases. The corresponding curves of supercritical conditions depict the same shape of the corresponding line of classic correlation.The velocity and temperature developing along the vertical plate was plotted and contour lines explained the fluid behavior above supercritical conditions.

Hydraulic systems will continue to play an important role in the industry because of their large power to weight ratios, The paper introduces the development of 128-liter hydraulic tank heat transfer and flows enhancement in order to reduce the heat that developed through the operation and keep fluid stability to reduce air bubble formation, three cases are taken the first case with a normal hydraulic tank with no addition the second with adding baffles and the third case add diffuser and baffles the result shows that there is an enhancement inflow in the third case and enhancement in heat transfer in the second case, the theoretical result shows good agreement in the result of heat transfer in the first case.

Multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as quadcopters and hexacopters, have become increasingly popular in recent years. This is due to their capability to hover along with other specifications that make them viable in many applications. In this work, the development and integration of a quad-copter in X-configuration with an IP camera for object detection based on the color of an object are handled. A KK2 microcontroller is used to control the quadcopter movements. The controller has built-in gyros that provide heading rate information, which is used to control the movement of the quadcopter. The parts of the whole UAV are selected and integrated. The calibration processes are handled after installing the necessary controller codes. This is to make the quadcopter fly according to set commands and smoothly. The IP camera is integrated with a quadcopter frame to acquire images of objects to detect a pre-specified target color. A mobile camera with GPS data is used here for the detection. Two algorithms were next implemented to acquire and analyze the images received from the IP camera. The results show that the images were captured and analyzed successfully and the objects were remotely detected based on their color. As a result, the developed algorithms can be used as a part in remote observation systems.

This paper presents an experimental investigation of the structural behavior of Vierendeel Truss use instead of bearing walls in precast construction. The experimental program contains casting and testing (8) R.C wall panels specimens with opening with right angle corner, the dimension of opening (300*350*75) mm which it is length, width, and thickness respectively. The dimension of the R.C wall panel specimens were (1000*750*75) mm which are length, width, and thickness respectively and all the specimens contain nib (cantilever) portion (100*60*75) mm length width and thickness respectively. In this study, the main variable is the type of concrete and the compressive strength. The wall panel specimens were tested with uniformly distributed load with an eccentricity of (67.5) mm chosen by the researcher. the specimens were simply supported to represent the supports of the truss. The wall panels were divided into (2) groups, the first group is normal strength with (4) specimens and the second group is reactive powder concrete (4) specimens. The failure load, load-deflection curves, and crack pattern were studied. All the panels were deflected in single curvature in the vertical direction of loading. The presence of an opening leads to a decrease in strength, opening causes concentrated stress at the corners of the opening and initiated the cracks and failure.

In this paper, Bou-baker Polynomials Method [1] is used to find an approximate solution for linear second kind Volterra and Fredholm integral equations. These polynomials are incredibly useful mathematical tools, because they are simply defined, can be calculated quickly on computer systems, and represent a tremendous variety of functions. They can be differentiated and integrated easily.

Groundwater inflow to Tharthar lake and leakage from it, in time and space, were evaluated using hydrologic data and simulation model (Processing Modflow Pro) of the groundwater system adjacent to the lake. The temporal parameters include the time unit, stress period, time steps, and transport steps. The spatial parameters include the initial hydraulic head, horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivities, and effective porosity. The simulation model indicates that groundwater inflow to the lake and leakage from the lake to the groundwater system are the dominant components in the total inflow (precipitation, surface water inflow, and groundwater inflow) and total outflow (evaporation, surface water outflow, and leakage) budgets of Tharthar lake. Simulated groundwater inflow and leakage were approximately (5 ) and (10 ) times larger than precipitation plus surface water inflow to the lake and evaporative losses plus surface water outflow respectively, during the years 1992-1996. The exchange of water between Tharthar lake and the groundwater system was larger than the atmospheric lake exchange. A consistent pattern of groundwater inflow was also evident throughout the study period. The residence time for groundwater discharged at Tharthar lake was estimated to be within a range of (4 ) to (11 ) years. Flow-path evaluations indicated that the Lower Fars formation probably has negligible influence on the groundwater inflow to Tharthar lake. The water budget and flow-path evaluation provide critical information for developing the budgets for Tharthar lake ...

The Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) controller is one of the most common controllers that is used by the industry. In nonlinear systems, the PID controller performance is weak unlike its performance with the linear systems which is very well. In this research, we are dealing with the PID parameters characterization. A fuzzy PID controller is proposed to enhance the performance of the conventional PID controller. The proposed controller is done by investigating a partial fuzzy PID controller and comparing it with classical PID. To distinguish the efficiency and robustness of the proposed controller for closed-loop systems. The proposed controller is tested for both linear and nonlinear systems with success with both. The results show that the proposed fuzzy PID controller is performing better than the classical PID controller.

Today the world is facing a problem concerning the limited knowledge concerning the environment, climate change, and sustainability; this pays to ask how can the world's cities become sustainable if its inhabitants have neither the knowledge nor the ability to see the physical environment of their cities and urban regions? The United Nations climate change conference, which was held in Paris in (2015) with the presence of one hundred and fifty countries to reach a global agreement to reduce climate change, indicates the importance of this issue. In order to contribute to addressing this dilemma, we need to create new generations having the ability to deal with the natural environment problems in an effective practical way. Thus, the goal of the research is the necessity of activating the environmental education topics in the curriculum to develop students' cognitive abilities, skills, and attitudes in the field of environment. Here pop up the research problem concerning neglecting teaching (environmental education) as a methodology, this leads to knowledge deficiency among students about the natural environment and its problems, besides preventing students from developing the necessary attitudes and skills to take the appropriate measures to address the environmental problems. Research Hypothesis by addition (environmental education) as an essential part of the methodology vocabulary the shortage of knowledge among students about the natural environment and its problems can be covered ...

Structures Urban residential in Baghdad suffer from several problems, which emerged as a result of decisions taken by the Mayoralty Baghdad to change the land use since mid of 1983, from residential to commercial utilities, under the law of commercial streets of in Baghdad city, which has led to the emergence of many disadvantage influences on the populations of residential territories, because of the fundamental change in the foundation, construction, and service jobs, economic, further to social areas surrounding these streets. Aim of the Research to identify the negative effects of this change on the social characteristics of the residential area. The research found that allowing change land use in the city and especially residential streets exacerbates social problem, as it works to expel some of the weaker uses such as residential use, which falls commercial and industrial favor. Also, this change led to a lack of
privacy at all levels, and frequenting open spaces and green because it became a commercial area. This change showed a lack of social interaction between members of the residential area as a result of weak ties neighbors, and the displacement of strangers on the residential area, as well as a weak sense of belonging spatial result of the feeling of belonging to the neighborhood residential to a lack of harmony between the various social strata and unequal physical condition, generating the difference between them...

Water is an important natural resource, the research to develop ways of use and maintain this source is continuous. Rainfall and runoff are of sources of surface water. It is difficult to get the runoff hydrograph due to the effects of watershed characteristics, antecedent moisture content of the soil, and storm properties. Many ways were developed to estimate the runoff hydrograph such as the Soil Conservation Services method, which depends on curve number. The TR -55 model was calibrated to
obtain the best results based on the measured data of a number of storms of the Al- Khoser seasonal river in Nineveh province in the Republic of Iraq. The model performance was evaluated based on the statistical parameters to compare the measured values with predicted for both runoff volume and peak of flow values. The TR-55 model was applied within the reasonable range of the curve number and for different depths of rainfall to evaluate their effect on the runoff volume and peak flow. All considered statistical parameters to evaluate the sensitivity curve number on peak flow and runoff volume that the most important factor is the rain depth, the depths between (10-25) mm be great sensitivity and vice versa. Also, for all considered rainfall depth, the increase of curve number over the actual values shows more sensitivity than values of less than actual one.