Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

Geographical Information Systems (GIS) becoming useful and important tools for making strategic decisions whenever trusted data are found to have spatial distribution, finding suitable sites for educational areas are important, like Schools which are located in a strategic and safe area play an important role for buildup students’ abilities in future. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to Study firstly, the evaluation of educational services in the two cities (Al Hussainyeh & Imam Oun) within their regional context and to recommend long term options for their development. Secondly, it aims to outline the necessary actions that shall ensure the orderly development of expansion of educational needs within urban limits, make a Spatial analyzing for educational services in Al Hussainyeh city, It was carried out by geographic information system (GIS) as a tool for multi-criteria spatial analyzing. the results with some implemented standards based on (GIS) using ArcGIS info-10.2.1 spatial and analysis tools and Excel office as statistical software.

This work focuses on study the effect of Date Seeds (DS) and Olive Seeds (OS) on wear rate and hardness property of epoxy resin. Olive and dates seeds were added to epoxy at weight fraction (0, 8, 13, &18wt%) with grain size (300, 450 & 600µm). The composite specimens were prepared by Hand-Lay up technique and cut according to standard test. The results show that the hardness of composites increases with weight fraction of powder increase and the wear rate decreases with increasing weight fraction of powder. Also it is found that the higher value of hardness and wear resistance were at (% =18 wt%) with grain size (300µm) for specimens reinforced with olive seeds. The mathematical model results show that the weight fraction of powder have higher effect than particle size on properties.

Pomegranate peels were chosen for the ability to adsorption of lead ions from the simulated wastewater. It has been tested under various experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, weight of sorbent, and concentration of metal and effect of temperature. The outcomes indicated that adsorption of Pb (II) ions on the pomegranate peels can be appropriated with the Langmuir adsorption model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Result showed that the Pomegranate peel was found to be low-cost adsorbent for the removal of contaminates. A good efficiency to remove toxic metal ions was achieved by usage of such by- product.

The present work evaluated the use of photo-Fenton process (UV/H2O2/Fe2+) for the treatment of oily aqueous solution using batch system. The photo-Fenton best operating conditions, such as time, pH, oil concentration, H2O2 dosage, Fe2SO4.7H2O concentration and temperature were evaluated. The efficiency of the treatment was measured by COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal. The results showed that the optimum pH for the photo-Fenton process was equal to 3. The increase in H2O2 application resulted in an efficiency increase of the photo-Fenton process at 800 mg/l, the optimum Fe2SO4.7H2O concentration found was 60mg/l. It was found that the optimal temperature for the Photo-Fenton processes 30oC. Oil concentrations were varied and lower concentration was removed more efficient. Photo-Fenton process gave a maximum COD reduction of 80.59 % (COD from 2684 to 521mg/l) after the total reaction time (180min) at optimal operation conditions.

The aim of this research is to investigate experimentally heat and mass transfer characteristics of the modified Closed Wet Cooling Tower (CWCT) using different water distribution systems. A prototype of forced draft counter flow CWCT modified with added packing was designed, manufactured and tested for cooling capacity of 9 kW in Iraq. A series of experiments have been conducted for different operational parameters on thermal performance of CWCT with packing located under heat exchanger .To get a best performance of the nozzles, a comparative work had been applied for three types of spray water nozzles: jet, swirl and threaded. The results indicated that the suitable spray nozzle is the key aspect to enhance the thermal performance of the tower. Furthermore, it is found that swirl and jet types spray nozzle have more significant enhancement than threated type spray nozzle. So, the best performance for swirl type spray nozzle. For same operating conditions, it is found that over (7%) and (13%) enhancement of cooling capacity in swirl type than jet and threated types, respectively.

The design and simulation of the digital decimation part for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) based software defined radio (SDR) technology is presented in this paper. A system level design tool, SIMULINK and FDA Tool an environment in MATLAB is adopted together in the design sequence to give digital decimation higher efficiency. The proposed decimation filter includes three cascaded FIR filters. The residual sub modules of the decimation filter, such as FIR filters, participated in its design using MATLAB with the trade-offs between the considerations to get through the requirements of WCDMA, and the complexity of the algorithm and simulation. Finally, the decimation filter is simulated on MATLAB SIMULINK block set and its performance is also addressed and tested using FDA Tool and that supports current and future generation of wireless and mobile systems.

The adsorption of Pb (II) ions onto Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), Rise Husk (RH) and Saw Dust (SD) was investigated. The effect of pH, initial lead (II) concentration, dose of adsorbents, contact time and temperature were studied in batch experiments. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and sips isotherm models at different doses of GAC, RH, and SD. The Langmuir model was found to fit the equilibrium data very well with high-correlation coefficient (R2). The maximum uptake capacities were found to be 6.823, 63.044, and 10.046 mg/g onto GAC, RH, and SD, respectively. Adsorption kinetic data were tested using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion models. The adsorption process was found to follow a pseudo-first order reaction. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy change, Enthalpy change and Entropy change have been calculated. These thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneously under natural conditions and the adsorption was endothermic in nature. The study showed that locally available adsorbents, such as RH and SD, can be used as efficient adsorbents for the removal of lead (II) as compared with commercial GAC.

Multilevel inverter (MI) was known as an intelligent topology conversion form low to high voltage DC-AC Inversion. This paper introduces a form of hybrid multilevel inverter using proportion integer (PI) controller. This modifying technique employs the sine wave modulation inverted such the carrier waveform. Gate signals are activated by a PI controller, also, the “sinusoidal PWM control technique has been actuated in the circuit to provide an acceptable control level in the inverter output voltage”. The performance of the present technique has been simulated by the state of different charge. The integral control training simulator relative to the reflector unit step proposed amendment to the strategy is made by MATLAB / SIMULINK.

Antennas are an extremely vital element of communication systems and radar technologies. The antenna will produce radiation dispersed in space in a definite way when a signal is feed into an antenna, which called a "radiation pattern". Most pervious literatures concentrates on studying the effect of an EM filed on communication systems that have high frequency and its radiation pattern on far filed. The main aim of this paper is in order to investigate the effect of the electromagnetic EM-field in communication systems that have low frequency, and using the MATLAB software simulation in order to show this effect to describe the radiation pattern for an antenna on far field for different low frequencies due to the lack literatures that focus on this field. A dipole antenna is analyzed using the radiation pattern on far field for different low frequencies model within the frequency band of 1-5 KHz, to make the final design realizable.

In this work, the effect of using inner longitudinal fins in a rectangular encapsulation on the PCM (paraffin wax) melting process was studied numerically and experimentally. An enthalpy transformation method was used in the numerical solution to transfer the equation of energy into a nonlinear equation with a single dependent variable H (enthalpy) by using FORTRAN (F90) program. The discretization of energy equation with phase change problem was solved in three dimensions by using the control-volume finite-difference. A comparative study was satisfactory made between the numerical results of the enthalpy method and the experimental results with approximation ratio (10%) along the test time (90) minute. The experimental results indicated that when using inner longitudinal fins in the same rectangular encapsulations led to decrease absorber surface temperature by 10 oC. This is because part of heat energy was injected deeply in the paraffin wax by the fins. This led to accelerate melting of PCM (paraffin wax) by about 12 min in section A which is under the effect of one fin, at a distance 3 cm from the heat absorber surface. While, at section B, where two longitudinal fins have effect, melting is decelerated by about 12 min.

Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel solid state technique; it is employed for the improvement of the mechanical properties of a material and the production of surface layer composites instead of conventional processing technologies. This research aims to study the ability of applying Friction Stir Processing (FSP) on thermoplastic polymer in the form of high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforcing by graphite particles with particle size of 25μm, filled in a groove of 1.5 mm depth on PE substrate. Friction stir process was carried out, using tool with scrolled shoulder to produce surface layer composite. The effect of processing parameters including rotational and transverse speeds on the mechanical properties of composite layer was studied. Wear test results showed a pronounced improvement in wear resistance of HDPE surface through reinforcement additions of graphite particles, where wear rate decreased by 70%, as compared with as received PE. The hardness of composite layer increased 18% higher than the as received material. OM revealed that high tool rotational speed resulted in homogeneous distribution of graphite particles and vice versa.

Using resins in concrete enhance a series of interesting properties such as high erosion resistance to chemical substance such as acids, mechanical properties, frost resistance, impervious to liquids, dampen vibrations, and many other properties. This paper discusses experimentally the effect of SBR Latex into concrete short and long-term deflection of latex modified concrete beams under sustained long-term service loads, effect of SBR latex on compressive strength, and the density of concrete. Four beams were cast and tested with dimensions (150×150×750) mm; the experimental parameters included was the replacement ratio of SBR added (0, 5, 10, 15) %, and the concrete strengths. The test results showed that the trend of long-term performance of concrete beams was comparable to those without SBR Latex. Furthermore, the test results showed that with the increase of SBR ratio, the compressive strength and the long-term deflection multiplier were reduced.

Alumina is one of ceramic materials that used for the high-performance applications, such as: (chemistry, health, medical, electrical insulator, refractory uses and others). In this study, the carbon-steel powder has been added to Alumina powder with a weight ratio of (1:1). The mechanical property (compressive strength) and thermal conductivity have been investigated experimentally for a composite material sintered at five different temperatures (1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, and 1500)°C. From the results obtained there is an increasing in compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the composite material for temperature range of (1200 to 1400)°C, comparing to pure alumina, in which both compressive strength and thermal conductivity were increasing with sintering temperature , but in values less than for composite. This indicated that adding the metal powder enhances the mechanical and thermal properties for solid state temperature of the two materials.

The solution of using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, as reinforcement in concretestructures to overcome the problems created by steel reinforcement, is now widely accepted because of both its low cost and good results shown by large investigation efforts. In this paper twelve tests had beenconducted on reinforced concrete column specimens of (120 x 120 x 1000)mm effective dimensions) equally enlarged from both ends for the purpose of applying eccentric load, three specimens were made of high strength concrete, reinforced with traditional deformed steel bars and stirrups to be considered as references, while the remaining nine specimens were of high strength concrete with 0% , 0.5% , 1.0% steelfiber, reinforced longitudinally with GFRP bars and wrapped with carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) textile replacing the steel stirrups. In addition to the similarity in behavior under load and in the failure patterns of the specimens reinforced with GFRP bars and the specimens reinforced withtraditional steel, the results show that Steel reinforced columns has 13% higher ultimate load than corresponding GFRP reinforced columns.

Sustainability indicators reflect the major trends in environment, social and economic systems and human well-being, and quality of life, concisely, measure what people are interest with. The attractiveness indicators comes from being Takes the main aspects of local conditions, and evaluate the compatibility of ongoing and the goals of community development processes, and make this information available to decision-makers and experts , Indicators can play important roles in enabling and promoting and monitoring sustainability at all spatial levels, but the most important level in the processes of translating sustainability thinking to practical terms is the urban level, being the most dynamic of the rest Many studies have addressed the issue of urban sustainability indicators in various countries of the world, and set many of these indicators in an attempt to find a balance between economic and social development, and environmental factors in proportion to these countries, but the Iraqi cities lacking such studies, which led to a knowledge gap in the selection, organization and evaluation of urban sustainability indicators in the city level in most Iraqi cities.

The paper presents results of an application of the L-moments based regional flood frequency analysis to annual maximum peak (AMP) flows observed at five stations (Balikian,Jundian.Manguba,Bekhme and Eski-Kelek) located on the main stream of the Greater Zab River and its tributaries in Iraq. L-moments based regional homogeneity measure (H) showed that the region, defined by five stations, is homogeneous; also, the basin has been sub-divided into four homogeneous regions using Ward’s clustering method based on the site characteristics only. The results of various goodness-of-fit measures (L-moment ratio diagram, average weighted distance and Z DIST measures) showed that region under study has three candidates: gamma (GAM), exponential (EXP) and weibull (WEB) as regional distribution. Based on the results of different accuracy measures mentioned before a dimensionless flow duration curve (DFDC) was obtained by averaging the standardized empirical flow duration curve of all gauging stations.The multiple regression equation. was obtained and used to estimate the index flow for Bekhme station and finally the flow duration curve of this station was estimated by multiplying the dimensionless regional flow duration curve by the estimated of index flow.

This research presents a theoretical and practical study to calculate and predict the air pollution in the north gas company in the city of Kirkuk /Iraq, a practical investigation included periodic measurements of air pollutants within the company, involving measurements in thirteen points covered all departments of the company, while the sources of emission of pollutants that have been adopted in this study included measurements of emissions from seven sources over year months, the results of these measurements were compared with allowable limits of the World Health Organization and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard . The theoretical study included the use of Gauss equation and representation in the mathematical model. The site (Environment Department) was considered as a measure of the impact of pollutants in the model process, and then calculate the concentrations of sulfur dioxide from equation as an example of application and compares the calculated value with observed value through measurements. The results revealed that the measured concentrations have a compatibility by 64% with allowable limits of the World Health Organization and the National Ambient Air Quality Standard, also there is a good correlation between the reading values on site and the calculated values by the Gauss equation.

In This research study rock and mineral extracted during drill oil of wells in Buzurgan fields located 75 kilometers east of the proving of Missan. and relying field dada by group of wells of wells have been drilled in region by 48 wells by a group of drilling companies , After drilling data analysis to clips sampling By (Mud logging unit) it is an integrated unit of the inspection devices rock crumbs and evidence gas and 0il , which often present from the highest point of drilling of oil be to an end within the drilling site and drilling varies between depth (4000 - 41000) m The study results showed the contain multiple rocks and different shapes . since the area sedimentary rocks that can be crumbs sand and mud or be chemical rocks (Dolomite & Limestone) which are carbon rooks through which oil exists. But the mineral rocks which(Miner Clay) percentages with other rocks. degrees by different depth of the wells and the type of rock material down to the presence of a good amount of oil and stop drilling process.