Journal of The Iraqi University

Abstract: There is no doubt that permissible work has an important status in Islam, regardless of the work or the worker, as it brings benefit to its owner and society. There is no difference between men and women in the reward for good deeds. Islamic law does not object to a woman’s work as it is. Rather, the principle is that it is permissible as long as its subject matter is permissible and proportional to the nature of the woman, and has no negative impact on her family and religious life. This research came to correct some of the misconceptions of some people that good deeds are what came from the man only, forgetting the role of women and its basis in human existence, but that she has an important role that may often exceed the role of men, and to show the position of work in Islam, and that it is one of the The acts of worship by which he draws closer to God Almighty and to highlight the professions specific to women mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. Whatever honorable ones were followed by the believing women and were keen to despise him, and whatever was vile or obscene they stayed away from. The research differed from some previous studies by full and complete induction, with a brief explanation and clarification without defect or omission, and it had two demands preceded by an introduction and concluded by a conclusion. As for the two demands, the first: religious professions, and the second: worldly professions. Then the conclusion, which contains the most important expected results and recommendations that we consider necessary.Keywords: (professions, women, the Qur’an, objective)

It is very obvious that the context is of great importance in studying the Qur’anic text, clarifying the meanings of utterances and words, revealing the secrets of many meanings, and knowing the subtle differences between expressions to reveal great secrets and wisdom. The research came on an introduction, a preface, and two topics. The first topic dealt with the non-linguistic context. As for the second topic, it dealt with the linguistic context and a conclusion, and included the results, a list of sources and references.

The study dealt with talking about violence, its causes, manifestations, and treatment in light of the Quranic stories, and the study showed that violence is a state of injustice, oppression, intransigence, and torture. The capabilities of society and fear of the demise of the king, and its manifestations include physical abuse such as slaughter, killing, burning, and psychological harm such as ridicule, mockery, and threats. The prophets and messengers - peace be upon them - from several therapeutic ways to confront violence, including: reminding of God's grace, kindness and softness in the call, debate, and defense of the call by the followers, and the study reached several results, including that the presence of tyrants in every place and time is only from God his destiny in his creation; And that is for great wisdom; Because life is a home of trials, trials and tribulations, and it is based on the constant struggle between incitement and falsehood, until God inherits the earth and those on it.Keywords: Violence - causes - Quranic stories - injustice - oppression - arrogance - envy - fear of the demise of the king - house of affliction.

The research aims to collect readings in easy, simple and easy ways through the definition of the plural language and idiomatically, and a statement of the conditions that must be available in the collector of readings, and the reason for its emergence and spread with a statement of the types of collection, including the collection of endowment and the collection of the letter and the collection of the skillful and the collection of verse, and the collection of proportionality, and the rule of reading by combining and then the secrets of collection and ways to learn to collect the seven readings through Shatbya, through the method of collecting beginners, the method of bus readers, the method of readers' symbols, then the conclusion and indexes of the research. Keywords: Illuminations - Combination - Keys - Roads

This research aimed to demonstrate an important term occupying modern and past, It was taken up by many contemporary researchers, But some of them understood it contrary to what his friend Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar wanted, which is "acceptable upon follow-up, otherwise it is weak in his narration of the hadith, Then, explaining Sheikh Walid Al-Ani's opinion regarding his study, "The method of studying and verifying the foundations, For this term in the book Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-Taqreeb, So that this research presents the opinion of Sheikh Walid Al-Aniy, He discusses it and then directs it to the rightness with the intent of Imam Ibn Hajar, The researcher clarified this by providing dozens of evidence that shows the intent of Imam Ibn Hajar in this term, Through his books, the (Altaqreeb) and (Altahdeeb) of approximation and the refinement of refinement and others, as well as I benefit from the words of Imam Al-Dhahabi and other modern and practicing the science of men, Likewise, I benefit from the words of Imam Al-Dhahabi and others who are modern and engaged in the science of men, and by this we reveal the words of Ibn Hajar through the use of hadiths narrated by the companions of Maqbul Maqbool from the books of Al-Sahih and Al-Sunan. This research also aims to expose the accepted term of Ibn Hajar in his book Al-Taqreeb, the problem of this research lies in the lack of clarity of Ibn Hajar's method in his book The Approximation of Some People Working with the Science of Hadith, and consequently the weakening of many hadiths in the books of the Sunnah. Sayings of the imams of the hadith, and then follow his work in his books and compare it to the work of others in judging the men and their hadiths

It is one of the principles decided by Islam to limit responsibility to the responsible alone, so that the innocent is not taken for the crime of a guilty, and does not involve his family in what his hands have committed, or attributed to him, as well as equality of responsibility and retribution: the Qur'an and the Sunnah specify the penalty as much as responsibility; these are milestones in responsibility in Islam; and the sense of responsibility is of great importance to the individual and society, "and the greater the sense of responsibility among individuals, the greater the individual's matter, and the goodness of society with its goodness; and it is linked to the accuracy of this feeling, especially among those who are at the forefront of guidance centers, and have a crisis Governance, and they take over. Responsibility has three interrelated and integrated levels, and on this I divided my research into three sections and a conclusion: The first topic: individual self-responsibility. This level is fundamental and precedes social responsibility; The second topic: collective responsibility: It is the responsibility of the group collectively, and it supports and enhances social responsibility, which is known as efficient assumptions.The third topic: social responsibility: It is the individual responsibility for the group, and the origin of social care is the hadith of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace: ((You are all a shepherd and you are all responsible for his flock;...... And to highlight what I have reachedEvery Muslim is a shepherd and an official, no matter how small or less responsible he is, whoever does not have a shepherd to care for and care for was a shepherd for himself and his members... etc. and that the responsibility of care may be a responsibility of political welfare, represented by the prince, and a responsibility of social welfare, represented by the man and woman who care for their household, and may be a responsibility of economic care, represented by the slave who takes care of his master's money. Andthat the Sunnah of the Prophet, which establishes the individual on good morals and religious scruples, holds him responsible towards his Lord Almighty, himself, his family, relatives, neighbors and all people.

Our true religion has urged gentleness in dealing between husband and wife under the shadows of marital life and made affection and mercy its basis.Where the research showed that the marital relationship that God commanded is the establishment of a happy Muslim home, which means the establishment of God’s limits through marriage and not incest, and to achieve reassurance and tranquility for both spouses, as stated in the noble verse ((He who created you from one soul and made from it its mate so that he may dwell to it)) .The research emphasized that the Muslim home must raise its children with the correct Islamic education, because bragging is only with a good generation, otherwise it is useless, as the child grows up and thrives in a house that was built on piety from God, and a desire to establish its limits and rule by His law, and that correct education protects the child from deviation.
The research also confirms that Islam commands a Muslim to replace the enmity that arises between a Muslim and another during social contact with an intimate relationship, and that this Muslim with whom this problem occurred should not be enmity.The importance of the research lies in the fact that every positive relationship between parents and children, if love is not achieved sufficiently, may grow up as deviants from their societies, and vice versa.The research concluded that Islamic jurisprudence was concerned with building the family and giving it great importance because it is one of the priorities of life to produce righteous and productive individuals for the reconstruction of the country and the revival of the people, which is the mission of the prophets, and the Holy Qur’an urged the husband to take care of his wife and her orbits psychologically, physically and emotionally and to honor her

Praise be to God al-Manan, who recommended kindness and benevolence, and forbade the behavior of injustice and aggression, and blessings and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him.Violence as a social phenomenon has become characteristic of all human societies and affects all social groups in all countries. It does not belong to a particular segment, but rather includes all age groups that a person goes through, from childhood to old age. Of course, each stage has its own distinctive and distinctive character, as well as its methods that differ According to its practitioners, the issues produced by social reality, and the family, like other social institutions, were also not immune from these secretions, and thus gave what is called domestic violence.But has this situation appeared recently with the developments of technology?Rather, it may have been old, but it was undeclared, as it is represented in the wife’s violence against the man, and in the reality that we are witnessing now that there are oppressed men who are subjected to persecution and violence by the wife.Therefore, the researcher, through this study, wants to delve into the causes of this problem and how to address it.The research on this subject has many chapters, and various and manifold topics, and since it is a mini-research, I will deal with these topics briefly. Hence, and for that reason, I decided to write on the topic: (A wife’s abuse of her husband, causes and remedies in the light of Islamic law).

The development of technological development, especially what is known as the world of the World Wide Web or the virtual or digital world, had positive effects and negative effects. The reluctance of some to search and read from paper sources to digital sources, and this was reflected in the movement of cultural creativity of writers and on the scientific level of researchers, which is evident in the quality of education outputs such as theses, dissertations and research on the one hand, and on the other hand is the recommendations of the references represented in encouraging science students and researchers On research and delving into modern topics, which led to a break between what is new and what is old - and this guidance is not valid in some sciences, such as legal sciences - so the common denominator between the two sides was ignorance of many sciences, especially what pertains to legal sciences in general, and science Fundamentals of jurisprudence in particular, so this study came to show us, in a simplified and concise way, an aspect of the origins of the science of jurisprudence and the method of its growth leading to the formation of its schools and methods and then its decline. An incentive and an example for us to follow in building what is in our scientific career.Keywords: Fundamentals of jurisprudence, jurisprudence, schools of jurisprudence, methods of jurisprudence.

This research is based on a jurisprudential analytical study of one of the important issues from the book"Victory in Great Issues", which is the issue:"The order in ablution". And made it in the introduction and three topics. In the first topic, I dealt with: a brief translation of Imam Abu Al-Khattab Mahfouz bin Ahmed Al-Kalouthani - may God have mercy on him -. As for the second topic: I made it to introduce the book"Victory in Great Issues". Finally, the third topic: I devoted it to the jurisprudential analytical study of the issue:"The order in ablution.” Then I concluded the research with the most important findings, then a list of sources and references. Keywords: (arrangement - ablution).

By authoring this dictionary, the researcher aims to communicate to the reader easily and easily the definition of complex terms in the principles of jurisprudence, without the trouble of searching in the main sources and references, arranging them in an alphabetical order rather than subjectively. Following the inductive approach based on tracing the different definitions of compound terms specific to (the letter hamza), and then following the approach of balancing the definitions; Choosing from them what is characterized by clarity of expression and meaning.opening words:((Dictionary, definition, compound terms, fundamentals of jurisprudence, letter Hamza)).

Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad, the Messenger of God, his family and companions, and those who were guided by his guidance until the Day of Judgment and after.
The issue of belief in God Almighty is the basis on which humanity relies in its existence, for there is no one of those with sound minds who does not look forward to acquiring even information about his Creator and the Creator of the universe in which he lives, and if he is an arrogant person, he does not count on his arrogance.And that among the problems that the writer of this research tries to clarify and present their solutions is the perception of atheists that atheism is one of the facts, is it really a fact? Or is it an illusion that exists in the mind of its claimant? Is it the perception of the existence of the Creator that is why I am really rooted in sound reason and sound human instinct? Or is it an idea advocated by God’s prophets and messengers, peace be upon them? And if it is rooted in sound instincts, then what is the point of sending the prophets and messengers to creation?
If this and that become clear to us, then our goal in researching the existence of belief in God Almighty in the human soul becomes clear, by providing convincing answers to these intellectual problems, so that we can open the research in it:
- In the first topic, we get acquainted with the research terms and concepts, then we discuss the relationship of the human soul with the body and the type of that relationship.
- Then we explain the evidence of the Sharia law in instilling faith in the human soul in an authentic way, in the second topic, the human relationship with the revelation of faith in what the prophets and messengers, peace be upon them, came with.
- Then we reach the synthesis between the gifts of instinct and what the divine revelation brought from the gifts, in the last topic.
- Then we write down what we have reached from the research results.
We attach it to the search sources.
We ask God Almighty to guide us to that which will benefit us with knowledge and benefit whoever learns of it among the human beings. He is the Hearer of supplication.
Results
In our research, we reached a number of results:
1- Faith is a principle deposited in the origin of the human soul with the power of God Almighty, and none can take it away from it except God Almighty.
2- Infidelity is an emergency situation for man and a kind of arrogance and concealment by which the unbeliever covers the true faith, helping him to cover the evil forces of Satan, the soul that leads to evil, and the bad social milieu.
3- The call of creation to faith should be based on foundations drawn from the honorable Sunnah of the Prophet, based on love for man and love for good for him, not on hatred and despair
Keywords (faith - soul - spirit - instinct - humanity)

Other words in all Arabic sentences and phrases, some of which have the right to precede others among themselves: (the original arrangement of words), and it is possible that this arrangement may change and we will go. At that another arrangement is the original without the original in terms of the arrangement, its arrangement, the interpretation of this matter, its interpretation in the response of the Arabic language and its diversity.
This in itself is what linguists have called: (the denunciation of ranks), and one of the most prominent scholars who dealt with this concept was the distinguished scholar Abu al-Fath Othman Ibn Jinni in his book (The Characteristics), and therefore I stood on the details of this concept and the purposes to which it comes out in general and when Ibn Jinni in particular, I started dividing the research into four topics, the four topics included the limit of rank in language and terminology, as well as the purposes to which the introduction and delay come out and its conditions, and the concept of this method according to Ibn Jinni (may God have mercy on him). Reversal of ranks Ibn Jinni

Al-Akbri did not differ from those who preceded him in his position on the readings; We found with him the abnormal, the weak, the distant, the good, and the prize. In addition, he adhered to the visual doctrine of weighting between readings, and he rarely attributed the reading to its reader, and often attributed it to languages, and he permitted the poet what he did not allow the reader, even if he was one of the seven readers.If recitation is a Sunnah, why not permit it if the reciter is one of the seven reciters whose reading is taken?

Praise be to Allah, prayers and peace be upon our Prophet, his family, companions.Title of the Research: Criticism of Lady Aisha, may God be pleased with her, for some hadiths, and its relationship to modern modernists' and rationalists' criticism.The Research Included: Introduction, six chapters, a conclusion, and indexes. Introduction: included the research's objective and plan.First Topic: The companions receiving of Sunnah, and the emergence of the text's criticism.Second Topic: Criticism of the text in the era of the Companions, and the most famous who carried it out.Third Topic: Aisha's scientific characteristics in criticism.Fourth Topic: The rules and measures of rectification by Lady Aisha.Fifth Topic: Criticism measures of the text for the modernists.Sixth Topic: The relationship between the criticism of Lady Aisha and the modernists and the criticism of rationalists.Conclusion: Mentioned the most important results of the research.Indexes: Include the index of sources and references, and the index of topics.Peace and blessings be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family and companions

Context is a cornerstone in interpreting the significance of words and clarifying their meanings. Although it is an element that the senses do not perceive, the mind does all its perceptual mechanisms in order to encompass all the circumstances of the saying in order to accurately reach the speaker’s intent, and this intention cannot be determined except by employing the context. Al-Saghani was known for his interest in context when he explained and showed the meaning in his dictionaries. This research is firstly a study of the reasons for this interest and secondly it is a manifestation of this interest according to Al-Saghani.

The poet Abdul Mohsen Al-Kazemi is one of the poets who have a clear imprint in Arabic poetry, as you have added a lot to modern Arabic literature. And two sections, I devoted the first section to talk about the poet’s life, his transitions and his position among the poets of his time, and spoke about poetic purposes, including nostalgia for the homeland, pride and lamentation, and included models from his poetry and analyzed them literary, then I devoted the second section to talk about the phenomenon of self-improvement and what some critics said about them, Phenomenon and alienation for which the poet was famous, using adequate examples of Abdul Mohsen Al-Kazemi's poetry, concluding the research with the most prominent results that it reached, including: he avoided false praise and his poetry was distinguished by wealth and abundance and his nostalgia for the homeland.Keywords: poetry, improvisation, alienation, Abdul Mohsen Al-Kazemi.We ask God to grant success in this work.

Our tagged research aims to investigate the effectiveness of building a proposed strategy based on the theory of collocation ( grammatical and lexical collocation) in the achievement of Arabic language material and the development of grammatical thinking among students of the fourth literary grade in secondary preparatory schools for boys, and the sample of the study was determined, which is represented by (Al-Buraq Preparatory School for Boys), which was chosen randomly. Also , the classes were selected in the same way as above, as section (C) was for the experimental group, and the number of its students was (40) students, while section (A) was for the control group, and the number of its students was (42) students before the exclusion of two students to become (40) students.
Among the requirements for the success of the current research is the preparation of research objectives and hypotheses, where the researcher put the following zero hypotheses, which is a set of hypotheses that the researcher addressed and extracted its results :
-“There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group, which used a proposed strategy based on the theory of collocation grammatical and lexical), and the average scores of the control group, whose students studied in the usual way in achievement.”
- There is no statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students of the experimental group, which used a proposed strategy based on collocation theory (grammatical and lexical), and the average score of the control group, whose students studied in the traditional way of grammatical thinking. In order to adjust all the influencing factors in the current experiment, a number of variables were used for the purpose of equivalence between the experimental and control groups, and they were analyzed statistically, including the t-test for two independent and interrelated samples (T. test), (chi-square), analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient.The SPSS statistical bag was also used to ensure the accuracy of the data and its results, and the rewarded variables were (the grammatical thinking test, the grades of the previous year for the Arabic language subject, the age in months, the achievement of the parents), the researcher prepared his achievement test by (40) items of the multiple-choice type And a grammatical thinking test with (30) multiple-choice test items
The researcher completed the teaching plans to start teaching the (8) subjects that he will implement in the first semester of the academic year 2022-2023. After presenting all of what was mentioned to the experts and taking their opinions and proposals and amending them, and through the results that emerged showing the superiority of the experimental group that used the strategy proposed according to the theory of collocation (grammatical and lexical collocation), on the control group whose students studied in the traditional way .

The researcher followed the experimental approach, and the purpose is to achieve the objectives of his research. The design was based on two groups (an experimental group and a control group), and the sample of the research consisted of (68) students, with (331) students for the experimental group that studied history according to the learning cells strategy, and (32) students. For the control group that studied the same subject in the traditional way, the researcher determined the scientific subject covered in the house, and included the first three chapters of the courses of the prescribed curriculum for the subject of the history of the Arab countries for the sixth literary grade of the academic year (2021-2022), and in light of this content, it sold a number of behavioral goals, According to Bloom's levels (knowledge, understanding, application) and reached (100) behavioral goals, the researcher prepared teaching plans according to the learning cells strategy for the experimental group, and the number reached (16) study plans. Keywords: achievement and development, reflective thinking, cell strategy, history of the Arab countries, the effect of learning cell strategy

This research aims to investigate the impact of using e-learning by the teachers of Islamic Education on the academic achievement of the students of the fifth primary classes .
present it to a group of arbitrators that consists of a number of The researcher has verified the apparent validity of the test in order to experienced university professors, school teachers and educational supervisors.
The stability coefficient for the achievement test was calculated using the Codder-Richardson equation. 20 for the achievement test, also the researcher has woked on preparing 3 lessons of Islamic Education curriculum according to e-learning. The number of the study sample was 65 students.
The researcher came up with the conclusion that the e-learning has the advantage to the traditional approach of teaching of Islamic Education for the students of the fifth primary classes. As well as, there is an educational need for primary school students to use modern educational teaching techniques. At the end, the researcher recommends the importance of using e-learning in other subjects and classes

Perhaps one of the most important things that distinguishes human society from others is the permanent and continuous change in it, whether it is related to its behavioral references that change from one generation to another and from one period to another, or the changes that occurred in society, and the reality that young people consider a painful reality, due to the abundance of wars and their negative effects. The fall of the defunct regime resulted from negative circumstances that led to the spread of many manifestations, including the spread of youth unemployment in general, and the extremist ideas spread by some social networking sites in inciting adolescents and young people to turn against the political reality, as the phenomenon of recruitment with organizations began to spread Where the phenomenon of recruitment with terrorist organizations began to spread through hidden organizations, some of which spread directly and others indirectly through electronic games and social media in order to identify and communicate, so young people were attracted through these networks, and the use of social networking sites by groups.key words:- Dialectical cognitive behavioral therapy, Doctrinal intellectual psychological enlightenment,

The goal of the current research is to identify (the effect of a strategy-an interaction dependent-on the achievement of female students of Qur'an science and Islamic education in the subject of the Biography of the Prophet and the development of their creative thinking) .
This is by verifying the following hypotheses.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied with a strategy (interaction-participated-continued) and the mean scores of the control group students who studied with the usual method of collecting the biography of the Prophet.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who studied with a strategy (engagement-cont) and the mean scores of the control group students who studied with the standard method in the Creative Thinking Matrix of both groups.
- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean differences in the scores of the experimental group students who studied the subject of the Prophetic Biography according to the strategy (interaction-participated-continued) in the dimensional testing of creative thinking of both groups.
In order to ascertain the objective and hypotheses of the research, the researcher chose the Department of Quran Sciences and Islamic Education at the University of Tikrit to conduct his experiment in the College of Education for Girls in the second stage. He intentionally selected the A-B divisions to represent the experimental and control research groups, randomly assigned the B division to represent the experimental group to study according to the Participated-Continued strategy. Division A became the control group to study according to the usual method. After a number of female students were excluded due to absence from lectures, the number of female students from the research sample (64) became students comprising the experimental group (32) and the control group consists of (32). The equivalence of the two research groups was verified, in terms of the intelligence test, the duration of the academic age, the previous academic months, the study period, the previous study period, and the experiment Badawi Al-Qabli .
The experiment was implemented in the first semester of the school year (2022-2023) and the researcher taught the two research groups himself with one lecture per week for each group.
At the end of the experiment, the collections test prepared by the researcher was applied to the two research groups after verifying the validity of its contents, showing it to specialists, and also applied to a survey sample to ensure the clarity of its paragraphs and to ensure its consistency by the method of fragmentation, and its characteristics (discriminatory power, difficulty factor, effectiveness of alternatives) were ascertained.
As regards the measurement of creative thinking, the researcher prepared a test consisting of 28 test paragraphs which the researcher confirmed the validity of his paragraphs after presenting them to specialists and applying them to a survey sample to find the characteristics of the discrimination factor.
The researcher also used a number of statistical methods, including the T-test of two independent samples (t-test) to reward the two groups and to see the significance of the difference between them, the Creative Thinking test and the Kai-square equation to verify the equivalence of the two research groups in the educational attainment of parents.
- The experimental group female students studied using the ACT-SHARE-Cont strategy outperformed the control group female students who studied in the usual manner by the D-difference collection test statistically, at a significance level (0.05).
- The experimental group students who studied using the SHARE-cont strategy outperformed those of the control group who studied in the usual manner with the MBI at a semantic level (0.05).
- There is a statistically significant difference between the scores of the experimental group students who studied using a strategy (interaction-participated-dependent) on the dimensional testing of creative thinking.
In light of this, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and suggestions

Joint-stock companies are one of the types of money companies in which financial consideration prevails over personal consideration, and they are of three types according to the ownership of the capital, namely: the public joint-stock company, the private joint-stock company, and the mixed joint-stock company. The most important characteristic of the joint-stock company is that its capital is divided into shares. It is negotiable and non-negotiable, and general depression is permissible with its capital, in addition to the huge capital in it. Joint-stock companies have great importance in facing economic and technological developments in order to carry out huge projects that are incapable.

Cyberwars have become an integral part of strategies for managing international conflict and imposing will In international relations, which prompted many countries and international powers to adopt clear and declared cyber strategies, as well as to make constitutional and legislative amendments that allow taking serious steps in the framework of providing cyber security for the state in both positive and negative dimensions, as the negative dimension of cyber security includes the state’s ability to secure itself Against cyber-attacks from other countries, while the positive dimension includes the availability of the ability of the state to launch cyber-attacks when needed, with the aim of obtaining information, or paralyzing the ability of opponents In a specific field, or destroying the capabilities of the adversary country without the need to officially declare war Or move military forces on the ground.And since cyber warfare has a significant and increasing impact on international relations in the post-globalization world, In the context of the great technological development in communications technology, it was natural for two of the major international powers (Russia, the United States) to adopt a strategic approach in line with the entry of the cyber dimension to the dimensions of managing their various international conflicts.Within the framework of all of the above, we monitor in this research paper the concept of cyber warfare, its importance and various dimensions, as well as its increasing effects in the field of international relations, with an applied model represented in two of the major international powers (Russia and the United States of America) and how each of them strategically utilized cyber warfare to serve their strategic goals in managing their international conflict.

The phenomenon of desertification is one of the serious problems facing agricultural lands, whose extent has exacerbated across regional and international borders, and has reached its general impact on the environmental and human nature, such as soil, air, water, plants and animals, as well as its impact on the political, social, economic and cultural systems that are a product of man. The human being is required to reconstruct, protect and preserve these lands for the purpose of benefiting from their bounties and not harming them It also obliges man not to tamper with it through negligence resulting from overgrazing or encroachment on those lands through the phenomenon of fragmentation and cutting of trees and plants or indiscriminate construction that leads to the destruction of these agricultural lands, which leads to a decrease or absence of their productive crop and thus affects the human nutritional status On thebasis of this, the countries represented by their legal system, whether at the level of the international legal basis or at the national legal level, began to find legal rules that provide for the protection of these agricultural lands from desertification, and to prevent aggression on them as they have a productive value that falls within the national food production of man.

The study aims to stand on the approach of Harun al-Rashid in maintaining social security (170 AH / 786 AD - 193 / 808 AD) and the most important methods that Harun al-Rashid took to maintain the security of society from attacks of all kinds. Social security and the most important means that Harun al-Rashid took to achieve it, such as confronting internal strife, as well as his care for economic and cultural security, which is considered the pillar of community prosperity, and then his role in protecting the community’s belief. Social, which represents the prosperity and prosperity of society. key words:social security Harun Al Rasheed the society

Method and resources of Proverbs For Al-Baladhuri in kitab Al-Futuh. Proverbs are an important material that take sagreat place in Arabic and Islamic literature and Proverbs.
Pre Pared on number of those who were killed narrations of charges Proverbs that were destroyed on different a ccasions. These Proverbs that documented. events that occurred in different stage of Islamic history. they said with out mention the name oF. Ken who mentioned this narration.
( Proverbs – Resouces – Methad – AL-Bladgri – Futuh)

Historians were not the only ones who cared about writing down the history of the Mongols, but we find geographers shedding light on their news and military campaigns that they launched against the cities of the Islamic world, describing the cruelty of their campaigns, and the destruction and destruction it left behind. Al-Qazwini (D. 682 AH / 1283 AD) is considered one of the geographers Those who were interested in studying the cities of the world, especially the cities of the Islamic East, so he was a historian and geographer, and it is worth mentioning that he lived for a long time in the city of Qazvin and learned knowledge from its scholars and witnessed important historical events. The qualifications of the judges, and that his selection for this position was based on merit and competence that distinguished him from others. In his book “Athar Al-Bilad wa Akhbar Al-‘Ibad,” Al-Qazwini described the cities of the Islamic world accurately geographically, economically, and politically, and through his talk about them he referred to important historical events that were documented by several historians and geographers as well as Hearing and transmitting narrations. The research shed light on the life of Al-Qazwini, his interest in science, his most important books, and the most important cities that the Mongols launched their military campaigns on and imposed their control over, indicating their geographical, political and economic importance. In addition to a number of castles, districts, and villages, and a description of the cruelty of these campaigns, it is worth mentioning that he called the Mongols "Tatars", which we find with a number of historians and geographers, as they did not differentiate between the Mongol and Tatar tribes.

The check, in both its traditional and electronic forms, is considered one of the important means of payment in international and domestic trade operations. However, the rapid technological development in the means of communication has made the electronic check an urgent need as an alternative to the traditional (paper) check because of its advantages and characteristics that distinguish it from other traditional payment methods, including the paper check. For its important role and facilitating the movement of the global as well as the national, and being a fulfillment tool used for urgent electronic payment, and its purpose is to facilitate trading and transportation, and then help merchants to conclude commercial deals at the maximum speed and without the need for direct physical contact, knowing that it has the power of a paper check in countries that recognize electronic signature and it is indispensable About the traditional (paper) check at the present time, especially in developing countries that are trying to accelerate the pace of development, especially in the appropriate infrastructure for e-commerce, for the purpose of catching up with technological development in developed countries in order to make electronic commerce operations successful at the global level. Keywords : Check - Electronic Check - Characteristics of Electronic Check.

The most accurate tools of war at the present time and in the future are drones, due to the technological development in general and the military in particular, and for the purpose of clarifying international and criminal responsibility when using drones and the legality of their use or not during armed conflicts in which members of the armed forces and those with them are violated by parties The conflict, the rules of international humanitarian law and the rules of human rights, and this was evident in the suffering of the victims of the conflict, especially civilians, so he must take the necessary measures at the national and international levels through national legislation and international cooperation through international agreements, and prosecute the perpetrators of violations with this weapon, otherwise it will go unpunished .

Economic policies are a manifestation of the state’s intervention in economic life. In their content, they aim at purposeful control of the course of tourism activity. One of the advantages of economic policies is to reduce unemployment through the available job opportunities, reduce poverty, and increase the purchasing power of tourism services in tourism projects. Among the advantages of economic policies Reducing taxes on foreign investors and reducing taxes on (domestic) investors Since tourism occupies a prominent place in many sustainable development strategies for developing countries, foreign direct investment in this sector can achieve the desired development. Indicators confirm that Iraq can become a leading tourism center in the Middle East due to its historical, civilizational and religious position, and its distinguished geographical location. However, the tourism sector, like other economic sectors, faces many challenges that It stands as an obstacle to its development and takes a distinguished place in economic development. Among the results reached by the researcher are: The importance of research in studying the economic effects that can be reflected by tourism development in the national economy and working to diagnose and treat its negative effects, diagnose its positive effects, and activate its role in supporting the economy

Performance evaluation is one of the primary tasks of human resources management. It provides many useful functions and responsibilities. It is a continuous administrative process aimed at measuring the strengths and weaknesses of the individual's efforts and abilities and behaviors in a situation in order to achieve a specific objective of the organization. ,It is an attempt to analyze the psychological or physical performance of the individual and the various skills (technical, intellectual, behavioral) in order to identify the strengths to strengthen them and weaknesses to be addressed in order to achieve the efficiency of the organization at the present time and in the future,The research consists of three chapters, two sides, one theoretical and another practical. The theoretical part consists of two chapters: The first is concerned with the introduction of concepts of performance measurement and methods of evaluating and measuring non-financial performance. The second chapter deals with methods of evaluating and measuring financial performance. The practical aspect is the third chapter, On the analysis of the three questionnaire forms addressed to food and beverage managers, room service managers, accountants and finance managers, as well as the most important conclusions and recommendations reached.

The art of sculpture is considered an effective blog for the activities of the Mesopotamian man through the stages of the development of his ideas, his knowledge culture, and his beliefs, which contributed to showing sculptural products whose forms were characterized by representations of symbols and signs with indications that contributed effectively to achieving the meaning of the sacred, according to metaphysical indicators concerned with worship and the diversity of his religious rituals. In the research tagged (representations of the sacred in ancient Mesopotamian sculpture) standing on the sculptural forms in ancient Iraq that represent the sacred in the cities of the civilizations of ancient Iraq, Sumer, Akkad, Babylon and Assyria, this study adopted description and analysis through the four chapters, the first chapter included the research problem and it was identified through The question is whether the ancient Iraqi man was able to achieve the representation of the sacred in his sculptural products, and the importance of research in that the study of the sacred as a phenomenon with a wide presence on the intellectual, philosophical, social and artistic levels in ancient Iraq.The aim of the research is to stand on the representations of the sacred, and then the limits of the research, as it was defined by the historical periods of the Sumerian votive vessel, the Akkadian obelisk of Naram Sin, the Assyrian winged bull, then the Babylonian Ishtar gate, and the terms of the research title were defined As for the second chapter (the theoretical framework), it includes three topics: the first is the concept of the sacred in ancient Mesopotamian thought, the second is the sculptural formations and their functions in the ancient Mesopotamian sculpture, and the third is the features of the form in the ancient Mesopotamian cultural roles. Then the third chapter, which included the research procedures from defining the research community and selecting the sample, then the tools adopted by the researcher to describe and analyze the sample and finally the analysis of the samples.

The research tries to focus light on the policy of the Byzantines in the face of the new force that is trying to control the region within the Islamic religious tide. For this reason, it required a little reference to the historical aspect of the Roman Empire and its history, as well as its role in controlling this region for the purpose of transformation to know the methods they used in confronting the Islamic campaigns and the amount of Direct military directives and the results that eventually reached them, which makes us understand the competitive reasons and goals for that.

The history of Andalusia is proud to have distinguished leaders and to boast of their heroism and sacrifice for the sake of the Islamic Jihad's rise over the Christian kingdoms. The commander is considered one of the courageous and heroic leaders who participated in the conquests of Morocco and played a greater role in Andalusia, where he was given command of the armies in the Battle of Zalka. Andalus and led the Islamic Resistance Movement and Jihad against the Spanish kingdoms and then entrusted with the task of deposing the kings of the sects and sending them bound to Morocco, this commander spent his life in jihad and fought many battles and proved his military ability to develop plans that fit the geography Of the region died in 507 AH -1113 AD and his death the state lost Almoravid leader of their leaders brave.

This research deals with a creative scientist in the field of translation, the research dealt briefly with his biography and scientific and the most prominent activities at the levels of book translation and document translation, all of which is related to the old Ottoman language and dealing with the Ottoman archive in particular, that is Professor Kemal Khocaoglu, an expert in Ottoman documents.

This study gains its importance in that it combines three variables of great importance, which is communication technology as one of the most important types of new technology in the field of information and the university students who use it in addition to the uses and gratifications as one of the most important theories that the researcher will apply in this study. In knowing the most important types of modern communication technology used by university students, in addition to knowing the most important types and motives for university students’ use of modern communication technology.

The Arabic words interfered with the Turkish language ( the letter A)
It is worthy to be mentioning that this research is about the eastern languages which are the interfered languages , taken from one language to another . Owing to the Turkish 's occupation to large parts of Arab Home , including Iraq , so many Arabic words have been interfered into the Turkish Language and at the same time many Turkish words into Arabic Language. Through this current study the ratio of the Arabic words in the Turkish language surpassed 20% after the entrance of Turkish into Islam Religion in the 8th century AH
, where it has been increased the using of Arabic words in the Turkish language since the Arabic language is the language of Holy Quran , especially the Arabic language is considered as civilized integration among the nations of Middle east .

This study uses a postmodern ecocritical framework to analyse John Steinbeck's eco-centric worldview in the Postmodern age in his last book, The Winter of Our Discontent (1961). This ecocritical study examines the novel's themes and shows how they relate to postmodern issues like identity crises, disintegration, alienation, and ethics by focusing on man's relationship with nature. Nature declares itself to be man's "place," friend, consolation, and shelter from the rapidly changing American society of the 1950s and 1960s when capitalism and consumerism ruled culture. In the novel, Steinbeck emphasises interdependence to challenge the duality of man's superiority over nature. In this case, nature is central to a postmodern literary narrative about a man searching for a lost, fragmented identity and an escape from moral degradation. This study shows how postmodern themes of alienation, identity crisis, and moral decay influence the protagonist's search for oneness with nature, linking postmodernism and ecocriticism.

The paper is concerned with examining the sports and commercial advertisements in the Iraqi context. The research is situated in both linguistics and translation in terms of examining the way and procedure in which those ads can be translated from Arabic into English from a functional perspective. The data which have been selected for analysis are quoted from social media platforms and sites. We have selected 16 ads from both the commercial and sports domains. It has been found that the translations of ads face a little difficulty as compared to other genres. The translations of both discourses can be done by using a formal language aiming to achieve different goals such establishing social and national solidarity.