Al-Rafidain Dental Journal

The purpose of this review article is to introduce the large number of PRF-related studies that have been published to date in the dental industry to better comprehend the clinical processes where Platelet-rich Fibrin may be used to promote bone and tissue growth as it has been shown that Platelet-rich Fibrin increases platelet and fibrin concentration when placed which in turn will eventually speed up the rate of bone development in grafts and enhance the density of the bone created in the region of cleft palate. According to some, the high concentration of platelets, which contain a range of growth factors, is what causes these biomaterials' effects. In addition, the review will highlight the history of evolution, classification, and protocols for platelet-rich fibrin production. Finally, the application of platelet-rich fibrin in cleft lip and palate patients will be reviewed

Aims: Aggressive periodontitis evolves rapidly to severe periodontal destruction, which involves a multidisciplinary treatment for handling the periodontal infection, reconstructing defects, and realigning migrated teeth. Orthodontic treatment improves all aspects of periodontal health including aesthetics, teeth function, and oral hygiene, therefore preventing degeneration. This systematic review intends to focus on the effect of orthodontic treatment on the evolution of aggressive periodontitis. The clinical parameters are pocket depth, decrease in inflammation, attachment gain, index of dental plaque, and bone gain. Materials and methods: This research is based on the analysis of four bibliographic databases which include PubMed, EBSCO, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library. Several search equations are used and the keywords are orthodontic treatment, aggressive periodontitis, migrated teeth, and combination treatment. Pertinent studies with a comparison of periodontal conditions before and after orthodontic treatment are selected. Several analytic parameters are used and tabulated. Results: Two hundred and seventy-one (271) studies were found and only four (04) were selected due to inclusion criteria. The analysis shows significant improvement of all clinical parameters. Conclusions: Although clinical parameters were improved after an orthodontic treatment, the results are irrelevant because of the insufficient studies with arguable statistical findings

Aims: Translucent zirconia has emerged as a promising material for aesthetic dental restorations due to its high translucency. Materials and methods: This review explores various methods to enhance its translucency, including aluminum oxide additives, increased lanthanum oxide content, a higher percentage of yttria, reduced grain size, and reduced sintering time. Strategies to minimize pores and impurities are also discussed. Mechanical properties, such as flexural strength and fracture resistance, are critical factors for successful restorations. Results: Comparisons with conventional zirconia and lithium disilicate reveal favorable flexural strength for monolithic translucent zirconia, making it a suitable replacement for enamel. Additionally, the review examines bonding techniques, such as air abrasion, surface conditioning, and laser treatments, to achieve reliable and durable adhesion between translucent zirconia and resin cement. Proper case selection and handling are essential for achieving optimal outcomes. Conclusions: Translucent zirconia presents a promising option for aesthetic restorations, but careful consideration of clinical requirements and further research on bonding techniques are crucial for its successful integration into modern dental practice. Continued advancements and expanded applications are expected as this innovative material continues to evolve in restorative dentistry

Aims: Bone loss beyond the body's ability to regenerate may occur from various causes. The conventional methods of bone repair commonly used, such as autografts and allografts have their shortcomings and drawbacks. So, this study aims to evaluate the ability of biphasic hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate 0steonIII (60% hydroxyapatite /40% tricalcium phosphate) for osteogenic regeneration in a rabbit model. Materials and Methods: Eighteen domestic rabbits were used in the current study. For each rabbit and following intramuscular general anesthesia, the selected site of surgery over the right femur was shaved and cleaned with povidone-iodine. A small incision of about 1.5 cm was created over the femur bone near its head avoiding any trauma to muscle. Two holes of 2 mm in depth and diameter and 15 mm apart were created under copious irrigation with distilled water in the femur. Using a small plastic scoop about 0.0260 g of Osteon III was added directly to fill one hole while the second hole was left empty to be filled with blood. At completion, the wound was closed using sutures. Based on this, the animals were divided into 2 groups and sacrificed at different time intervals at 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. At the end of the aforementioned time interval, radiographic images of the femoral bones were taken at standard alignment and distance from the X-ray source, and histological assessment was conducted. Results: The osteon III bone defects showed high radio-opacity indicating new bone formation and mineralization due to the osteoconduction properties. Conclusions: This study supports that Osteon III may have better application prospects for bone repair

Aims: To investigate the effects of the incorporation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs) with size (20 nm) at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) on the thermal conductivity of heat-cured acrylic resin. Materials and methods: The total number of specimens was thirty which was divided into ten specimens (control, 0.5 % HA NPs, and 1 % HA NPs), the thermal conductivity was performed using Lee's disc apparatus. The statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS program including descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's test at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results demonstrated that there was a significant increase in the thermal conductivity for the PMMA-HA nanocomposite at HA nanoparticles (0.5%) and (1%) when compared to the control. Conclusions: the use of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as dental fillers at 0.5% and 1% by weight increased the thermal conductivity of PMMA denture base material

Aims: To investigate the effects of the incorporation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HA NPs) with size (20 nm) at two concentrations (0.5% and 1%) on the water sorption and water solubility of heat-cured acrylic resin. Materials and methods: The total number of specimens was thirty which was divided into ten specimens (control, 0.5 % HA NPs, and 1 % HA NPs). The statistical analysis was done by using the SPSS program including descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's test at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in the water solubility and a non-significantly decrease in water sorption for the PMMA-HA nanocomposite at HA nanoparticles (0.5%) and (1%), when compared to control. Conclusions: the use of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as dental fillers at 0.5% and 1% by weight decreased the water sorption and water solubility of PMMA denture base material

Aims: To evaluate the ability of natural biomaterial nano chitosan for osteogenic regeneration in rabbit animal models. Materials and methods: Eighteen male domestic rabbits were used in the study the formation of two bony defects was created in the rabbit's femur, one filled with nano chitosan material, and the other defect was left empty as a control. Densitometry and histomorphometric analysis were measured at, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days which was used as a parameter. Results: The nano chitosan showed lesser radio-opacity than the control with a positive osteogenic effect due to the osteoinduction and osseointegration properties. Conclusions: This study supports that nano chitosan natural polymer may have better application prospects for bone repair and acceleration of the healing process

Aims: The study aimed to investigate the effect of sterilization by microwave irradiation at 640W on the surface roughness of polyvinyl siloxane. Materials and methods: 30 samples of addition silicone impression material with a thickness of 20mm and 3mm as diameter. The acrylic mold was used for the samples' fabrication. The samples were divided into six groups, each group had five specimens (C) control, (3MWD) Samples irradiated for 3minute in dry conditions, (6MWD) samples irradiated for 6minute in dry conditions, (3MWW) samples irradiated for 3minute in wet condition, (6MWW) samples irradiated for 6minute in wet condition and (CHX) samples immersed in chlorhexidine with 0.5% concentration for one hour. A profilometer (Talysurf 10, R.P.I. LTD, Metrology Division) was used for measuring surface roughness by taking the means of three points with the aid of a stylus. Results: There were statistical differences between the control group and the tested groups. Mann-Whitney test showed that only 3MWD had no statistical differences from the control group. Conclusions: Disinfection of polyvinyl siloxane using the microwave at 640W for 3 minutes is safe or recommended regarding its least effect on the surface roughness

Aims: This in-vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of microwave irradiation on polyvinyl siloxane impression material contaminated with candida Albicans. Materials and methods: 30 samples were fabricated from the acrylic mold with disk shape 5*2 (diameter*thickness). Samples incubated with Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHI) media containing Candida albicans. Then divided 30 samples into 6 groups: C (positive control); 5 non-irradiated specimens, 3MWD ( samples irradiated for 3minute in dry condition), 6MWD (samples irradiated for 6minute in dry condition), 3MWW (samples irradiated for 3minute in wet condition), 6MWW (samples irradiated for 6minute in wet condition), CHX (samples immersed in 0.5% chlorhexidine) After incubation of all samples for 24 hours at 37°C, the samples were got vortex and then serial dilution carried out of suspensions then cultured on Sabouraude Dextrose Agar after incubation for 24 hours at 37°C bacteria were counted. A further 7 days of incubation for microwaved samples was done to verify the effectiveness of both dry and wet microwave sterilization for two periods of time. Results: There was a significant reduction in cfu /ml of candida albicans at 24 hours of incubation. No growth of C. albicans was recorded after 7 days of incubation. Conclusions: Microwave irradiation at 640W for both wet and dry conditions for 3 and 6 min was proved to be effective in the disinfection of polyvinyl siloxane specimens contaminated with. Candida. albicans

Aims: To measure the effects of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on swelling and saliva levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) at different intervals after surgical removal of the impacted lower third molar. Materials and Methods: The study included 30 patients aged between (17-35) years who needed surgical removal of an impacted lower third molar under local anesthesia. Patients were divided into two groups, L-PRF, and control groups. In the L-PRF group, the L-PRF was prepared from the patient’s blood, and the blood was centrifuged for 12 minutes at 2700 rpm. The clot was inserted in the socket after surgical removal of the impacted lower wisdom teeth, while in the control group, no material was inserted inside the socket. Facial swelling was assessed preoperatively, 2nd, and 7th days after the operation. Saliva level of IL-6 was measured (using ELISA) preoperatively and 7th day after the operation. Results: Regarding swelling within groups, in the L-PRF group, swelling showed a significant difference, while in the control group, there was no statistically significance difference. Between groups, there was no statistical difference in swelling between the preoperative and 2nd day postoperatively, and between 2nd and 7th day after the operation. Regarding IL-6 levels on the 7th postoperative day, there were no statistically significant differences between both groups. Conclusions: L-PRF decreases swelling following surgery within the group, but differences in swelling and levels of IL-6 in saliva among groups were not statistically significant, after surgical removal of the impacted mandibular third molar

This study investigates the beneficial role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in oral wound healing. Materials and methods: Twenty-five rabbits were divided into three main groups; First was the Negative Control group (group I) with five rabbits, these had neither surgery nor treatment. The second was the Positive control group (group II) with ten rabbits, these had an incisional cut of 1cm in their buccal mucosa but none had received any treatment. The rabbits in this group were subdivided into two subgroups (a and b) with five animals each according to the time of euthanasia, as explained below. The third was the treatment group (group III) with ten Farma, Turkey); an already ®rabbits. These all had the same oral incision and received probiotic drops (VITRONprepared solution containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus, 5 oral drops (0.25 ml)/kg to be swallowed once daily starting from the first day of study till the day of euthanizing. Animals in this group were also subdivided equally into a and b subgroups according to the time of euthanasia. The rabbits from group I and subgroups IIa and IIIa were euthanized on the third-day post-surgery. All other rabbits from subgroups IIb and IIIb were euthanized on the seventh-day post-surgery. Serum samples were collected and mucosal tissue at wound sites was excised for histological analysis. Results: The serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the third-day groups of the study indicated a highly significant difference (P ≤0.001), as well as between the groups on the seventh day which also showed a noticeable decrease in the concentration of these cytokines. A microscopic inspection in the Positive Control group after three days revealed a wound with inflammatory exudate, fibrin deposition, and destruction of the epithelium layer of mucosa with slight re-epithelialization. The seventh-day tissue of the positive control group showed highly inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrin deposition, re-epithelialization, and minimal granulation tissue formation. In contrast, the treatment group's mucosal wounds on three postsurgical days showed a wound site with little inflammatory exudate, early signs of re-epithelialization, and well-formed granulation tissue, while on day seven showed a wound site with no inflammatory exudate, well-developed re-epithelialization, well granulation tissue formation and signs of angiogenesis. Conclusion: Systemic probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus enhanced the wound healing of oral mucosa in rabbits

Aims: To assess and compare the shear bond strength of alkasite restoration, as well as, to compare the shear bond strength between alkasite with and without bonding. Materials and methods: Twenty-five permanent maxillary premolars were used in which, with diamond disks, their buccal surfaces were flattened until a clear superficial dentinal surface could be seen. Samples were randomly assigned to five groups (n=5). Group 1: alkasite without adhesive, Group 2: alkasite with adhesive, Group 3: Nanohybrid composite, Group 4: Glass ionomer cement, and Group 5: Resin modified glass inomer cement. Following the recommendations of the manufacturers, cylinders of the five restorative materials were bonded to the buccal surfaces. Following 24 hours storage at 37°C. The evaluation of shear bond strength was employed by the use of the universal testing machine. Under a stereomicroscope (×20), the fracture mode was determined. Data were statistically analyzed using a nonparametric independent sample Kruskal-Wallis test at the confidence level of 95%. Result: There were statistical differences among groups and there was a significant difference between the alkasite with and without bonding. Conclusion: Alkasite with bonding showed a higher shear bond strength in comparison with GIC and resin-modified GIC, but still lower than that of nanohybrid composite Moreover, the shear bond strength of alkasite highly improved with the use of bonding

Aims: This in vitro investigation was used to evaluate and compare the bioactivity of several restorative materials (Cention® Forte, Tetric Power Fill bulk fill and evere X Posterior™). Materials and methods: Disc-shaped specimens of 10 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were made for Cention® Forte, Tetric PowerFill bulk fill, and EvereX Posterior™ in order to evaluate their bioactivity. The manufacturer's instructions were followed while handling the materials. Dental floss was used to suspend the samples in plastic containers that filled up to 25 milliliters with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 28 days, the pH was 7.4 at 37°C, and the solution was changed every three days. The samples underwent cleaning, drying, and analysis using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM)/ Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). Results: Hydroxy apatite crystals precipitated as nano-spherical needle-like shapes on the surface of Cention® Forte. The Ca\P ratios of Tetric PowerFill bulk fill and evereX Posterior™ were (0.69) and (0.71), respectively, whereas Cention® Forte had a Ca\P ratio of 1.86, which was more than the normal Ca\P ratio of dentin which is 1.67. Conclusions: Over 28 days in phosphate-buffer saline, Cention® Forte exhibited the ability of HA precipitation on its surface with a Ca/P ratio comparable to that of natural HA.

Aims: This article aims to present a novel technique of dental implant placement for atrophied cases of maxilla without bone graft and/or sinus lifting and with early loading of the prosthesis. Material and Methods: In a clinical study fifteen cases of the severely atrophied maxilla were treated with the following approach; 8 implants were placed (2 implants in the pterygoid region, 2 implants in the trans-nasal region, and 4 implants in the anterior segment of the maxilla) with early loading of the prosthesis. With follow-up regarding Clinical complications, implant success/failure, and radiographic parameters were evaluated. Consent forms were taken from the patients. The data were tested by Descriptive data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 29). Results: Out of a total of 120 inserted implants, 8 implants in 15 patients (10 males and 5 females with mean age of 60.8 years), were placed to treat a severely atrophic upper jaw and with a mean follow-up of 28.27 months without any unwanted complications and without failure of the implants. Conclusions: With in limited cases that enrolled in our research; We concluded that the rehabilitation of difficult cases of severely atrophied maxilla can be achieved within a short period with early loading, and the patient need was met without additional surgical operations

Many challenges may occur during the dental intervention of pediatric patients. One of the steps to overcome these challenges is shifting towards 3D technology to obtain superior and precise performance. Among these advancements, the applications of 3D printing concepts have recently emerged. Dental professionals and patients may get many benefits from the use of 3D printing technology. This review will help the researchers and clinicians to consider the applications, benefits as well as constraints of this modern digital technology for efficient implementation of their procedures in pediatric dental practice

Aims: The current retrospective radio-graphical study aimed to find the prevalence of lower third molar impactions and angulations in a sample population of Duhok Province -Kurdistan region, Iraq. Materials and Methods: The study included randomly chosen Orthopantomograms (OPGs) of 1316 adults; “682 males and 634 females” with ages ranging between (21 – 50 years) old who were referred to the College of Dentistry / Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department / University of Duhok between the years (2020 and 2023). A total of 502 OPGs were included in the study with impacted lower wisdom teeth (344 bi-lateral impactions, 158 uni-lateral impactions), Analysis was made according to the classifications of Pell and Gregory and Winter’s categories of radiographic images (OPGs) to determine the prevalence and angulations of impacted lower wisdom teeth. Results: The data was collected from 502 patients “183 males and 319 females” OPGs, with a total of (846) impacted lower wisdom teeth (344 bi-lateral impactions, 158 uni-lateral impactions). The prevalence of mesioangular impactions was 28.2% being the most common. Vertical angulations were significantly lower than other impactions 3.7%. There was a significant difference between female and male-impacted third molars “18.8% in females and 10.4% in males” (577 teeth in females and 269 teeth in males). Conclusion: Mesioangular lower wisdom teeth impactions were recorded to be the most common type found with females being more than in males

Aims: Dipyridamole is a well-known coronary vasodilator. It is an adenosine reuptake inhibitor leading to increased blood levels of adenosine. So, this study aims to investigate the effects of systemic administration of dipyridamole on the salivary gland tissues in the rabbit model. Materials and methods: Ten male rabbits with a body weight of 1.50 ± 0.25kg were involved. The control group (5 animals) received no treatment, while the treatment group (5 animals) was treated with dipyridamole by gavage tube at an oral dose of 8 mg/kg once daily for 30 days. Then all animals were sacrificed and tissue sample sections from the salivary glands were subjected to a hematoxylin-eosin stain and evaluated for histopathological examination. Results: Histopathological slides of parotid and submandibular glands in the treatment group showed abnormal changes in the structure of acinar cells and the cells lining the striated ducts. Sections of parotid displayed necrosis of the cells of serous acini and the cells lining the striated ducts, with the presence of hemorrhage around these ducts. Conclusions: Increased levels of adenosine in the body microenvironment induced by systemic administration of the dipyridamole can cause salivary gland tissue disturbance

Aims: To estimate the effects of plant oil (coconut oil and/or rosemary oil) in two concentrations on the hardness and roughness of cold-cured acrylic resin. Materials and Methods: 50 samples each measuring 30 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness were made from cold-cured acrylic resin. Forty samples were made with the addition of rosemary and coconut oils at concentrations of 1.5% and 2.5%, respectively, while ten samples were made without any oils (the control). Each oil concentration is represented by those ten samples. A profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness (μm) and shore D hardness for each group. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test were both used to analyze the results. A level of P≤0.05 was regarded as significant. Results: Adding rosemary at concentrations of 1.5% and 2.5% would increase the value of Shore D hardness, causing an enormous variance from the control (P ≤ 0.05). However, the addition of coconut oil considerably decreased the shore D hardness in comparison to the control group. Apart from the 2.5% coconut oil, which resulted in an extremely significant rise in surface roughness from the control and other experimental groups, the results revealed no noticeable difference in surface roughness between the control group and experimental groups. Conclusions: The hardness of cold-cured acrylic resin was increased when adding rosemary oil in concentrations of 1.5% and 2.5%, with 1.5% rosemary achieving the best findings. However, there was no effect on surface roughness when adding rosemary and coconut oil, excluding the concentration of 2.5% coconut oil, which had an adverse impact on the surface roughness of cold-cured acrylic resin.

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the healing of exposed pulp immunohistochemically by using hyaluronic acid (HA) with MTA by evaluating collagen III expression rate. Materials and method: Ninety teeth were used from 10 dogs to perform an experimental pulp exposure. The samples were divided into three groups according to the mixing medium with MTA: group I: MTA + distilled water (control group), group II: MTA + hybrid cooperative complex hyaluronic acid (HCC-HA), group III: MTA + high molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA). After pulp capping, all cavities were restored with glass ionomer restoration. The dogs were divided randomly into five groups (2 dogs each) according to the evaluation periods (7,14,21,30,60) days. At the end of the study, the dogs were euthanized and the sampled teeth were processed for immunohistochemical investigation to evaluate collagen III expression rate by Kruskal-Wallis Test using Pairwise Multiple Comparison Tukey Test with significant level set on P ≤ 0.05. Results: Both types of hyaluronic acid (HCC-HA, HMW-HA) showed a statistically higher expression rate of collagen III than using distilled water with MTA. Conclusions: within the limitations of this study, using HA for mixing with MTA increased collagen III expression, which can be explained as an increase in the healing process. HA could be an effective water substitute for mixing with MTA for direct pulp capping.

Aims: To determine the influence of titanium oxide nanoparticles at two different concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) on, the thermal conductivity of heat-cured denture base resin. Materials and Methods: The specimens, were constructed from PMMA with TiO2 nanoparticles with different concentrations (0.5 and 1%). The specimens were produced using "heat-cured PMMA" and TiO2 nanoparticles, the resulting nanocomposite will depend on the dispersion of the nanoparticles within the matrix, which is directly related to the added amount. The required percentages were weighed and thoroughly mixed with acrylic powder. TiO2 nanoparticles were mixed with the acrylic powder for up to 20 min in an amalgamator to obtain a homogenous mix. Also mortar, and pestle, were used, to attain a uniform mixture and homogenous distribution of TiO2 nanoparticles. The mixture is then combined with the PMMA monomer and stirred before being packed with curing to produce the final specimen, which had been stored in an incubator for two days before testing. Lee’s Disc method is used for thermal conductivity tests by apparatus (Griffin and George/England). The specimen for this test was prepared in a cylinder –shape with a thickness of about 3 mm and a diameter is about 40 mm. Results: According to the study's findings, there was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of
thermal conductivity. Conclusions: According to the experimental results of PMMA denture base materials, prepared in this research can be concluded the following sentences: The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles has a remarkable effect on the thermal conductivity of PMMA denture base material with a small concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity of PMMA was increased with the decreasing volume fraction of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the compressive strength of a fluorescent orthodontic adhesive modified by the incorporation of different concentrations of Zingiber officinale essential oil. Materials and Methods: Compressive strength test groups consisted of the control group, orthodontic adhesive modified with 1% Zingiber Officinale essential oil, and 2% groups, (5 specimens for each group). Cylindrical rubbery molds were utilized to fabricate the study specimens; their diameter was three millimetres while their height was six millimetres, each specimen was constructed by utilizing an incremental approach. Each layer of Fix fluorescent orthodontic adhesive was about 2 mm level, the curing light was applied for 20 seconds. A universal testing apparatus with a cross-head velocity of 1 millimetre/ minute was used to assess the compressive strength. Statistical comparisons were conducted at p >0.05. Results: The compressive strength of the control group was higher than orthodontic adhesive modified with 1%, and 2% Zingiber Officinale essential oil, but no statistically significant differences were shown among them. Conclusion: The current study concluded that compressive strength reduced after incorporation of Zingiber Officinale essential oil with orthodontic adhesive, however, no evident differences were noticed.

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the skin wound healing potential of Rhamnolipid in vivo employing an experimental rat model. Materials and Methods: Rhamnolipid was purchased from a commercial source (Sigma) diluted in normal saline at 5 mg/mL and applied topically on excision back wounds in healthy Wister rats, Hyaluronic acid cream was used as the positive control. Wounds were monitored for closure rate and biopsies were obtained for histology assessment at the end of the experiment. Results: Wounds of the Rhamnolipid-treated group were completely closed within 14 days compared to 68.25 and 92.63 % closure rates for the untreated and Hyaluronic acid-treated groups, respectively. Histology assessment revealed a significant re-epithelization of Rhamnolipid-treated wounds when compared to the other groups. Inflammation was significantly (P = 0.049) diminished in response to Rhamnolipid, while granulation was significantly (p = 0.043) enhanced. No significant (p = 0.111) difference in angiogenesis was encountered among the groups. Conclusion: The findings of the study highlight the need to further seize the potential activity of Rhamnolipid as a wound healer, anti-scarring, and antimicrobial agent, especially in the maxillofacial field.

Aims: The study seeks to investigate the hardness and chemical structure of the MWCNTs-Nanonystatin-modified hard chairside denture reliner after nanosizing nystatin macromolecules to be conjugated with MWCNTs for loading into chairside hard denture reliners. Materials and Methods: The examined material was chairside hard denture reliner (CHDR) (Rebase II). Tokuyama®. Japan. The nano additives applied were Nystatin (Nys). SDI (Samirraa’ Drugs, Iraq) and Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, 95%, VCN materials). Chairside relining material was manufactured following the manufacturers' specifications. Surface hardness was tested using a shore D durometer tester, while FTIR Spectroscopy was conducted using an IRAFFINITY-1S-FTIR spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU, Japan). The chairside hard denture reliner specimens were divided into (a control group,5 specimens) and a modified chairside hard denture reliner (MWCNTs-Nys- CHDR at 0.025%, 0.05%, and 0.1% by weight, 5 specimens for each group). The CHDR specimens have dimensions of 10×10×3.3 ±0.2mm. Total number of samples in this study was 40 samples. Results: The bioactive modification of CHDR resulted in increased hardness without changing the chemical structure of the materials in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: The bioactive modification of CHDR led to improved hardness, without any chemical modifications

Aims: The study aimed to assess the midfacial soft and hard tissue changes of males and females following maxillary skeletal expansion in young adults. Materials and methods: 24 patients, 11 males, and 13 females (mean age, 19.54 years; between 17 to 27) with maxillary transverse deficiency treated with MSE. CBCT scans taken before and after expansion were used to measure the changes in soft and hard tissue landmarks. Paired t-tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: Hard tissue lower interzygomatic distance increased by (3.41mm in males, and 2.97mm in females), intermolar distance increased by (5.84mm in males, and 5.51mm in females), the palatal separation anteriorly was (4.14mm in males, and 3.76mm in females), posteriorly was (3.24 mm in males, and 3.25 mm in females), however nasal width increased by (3.49mm in males, and 3.29mm in females). Soft tissue average lateral movement of the alar curvature points was (2.1mm in males, and 1.98mm in females). the nasolabial fold width was (3.54mm in males, and 2.55mm in females). and interzygomatic width was (2.27mm in males, and 1.85mm in females). Conclusions: Maxillary expansion using MSE resulted in an almost parallel expansion with significant lateral movements of the soft tissues of the cheek and alar curvature points on both sides in young adults and it was correlated with the hard tissue changes

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the effect of the addition of salinized zirconium oxide (ZrO2) and silicon oxide (SiO2) nanoparticles at two concentrations (1% and 3% by weight) on the dimensional accuracy of the heat-cured denture base material. Materials and Methods: Fifty samples were prepared in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and divided into five groups (n=10) according to nanoparticle type and concentration (1 and 3 wt.%). The control, unmodified acrylic resin was used. Dimensional accuracy was measured using a superimposing of 3D software. Results: The result showed high significant difference between study groups, which showed less dimensional change in ZR3(3% ZrO2) and SI1(1% SiO2) than control group. Conclusions: The merging of a 3% concentration of zirconium oxide and a 1% concentration of silicon oxide nanoparticles to heat-cured denture base material improved the dimensional accuracy

Aims: Microbial adherence to different denture base materials causes denture stomatitis. This study sought to assess the effectiveness of certain antibacterial, antifungal drugs and disinfected solutions. Materials and methods: the drugs were applied in two forms: gel and mouth rinse against various types of candida and bacterial strains that adhered to the two types of denture base materials the acrylic-chrome cobalt and the heat cure acrylic resin denture base materials. The microbial strains used in this study were isolated, by using two different agar mediums Sabouraud's dextrose agar was used for Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida famata, and Candida albicans while blood agar includes Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lactobacillus acidophilus, Actinomyces Spp., Enterococcus Spp., Streptococcus spp., and E. coli. The susceptibility of candida and bacterial strains against the three types of drugs was determined using nystatin (Nys) in the form of 100000IU /ml suspension and 15gm ointment, and metronidazole (metro) in the form of 250mg tablet diluted in 100000IU/ml of distilled water and 15g 0.75% gel also the chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.20% in the form of both mouthwash and gel used disk diffusion method. The level of inhibition zones was determined in the median and interquartile range due to the small sample size of strain (n=5). The effectiveness of different drugs was examined in the Kruskal-Wallis test. Nonparametric Comparisons for All Pairs. Results: The study showed remarkable outcomes related to the effectiveness of the two forms of the three different drugs against fungi and the bacterial strains associated with the fungi in our samples. Conclusions: The finding specifies that the gel forms are the most effective