Al-Rafidain Dental Journal

This study aimed to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) effect of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in combination with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by evaluating its effect against endodontic Enterococcus Faecalis (E. faecalis) in the planktonic model. Materials and Methods: the tested irrigants groups (IONPs, 3% H2O2, 5.25% NaOCl, IONPs+H2O2) were serially diluted in brain heart infusion broth, and 100 μl of standard microbial suspensions of E. faecalis were added. The results were obtained based on turbidity and growth on selective enterococcus agar plates. Result: IONPs+H2O2 showed to be more effective against E. faecalis than IONPs, 3% H2O2 and 5.25% NaOCl as lower dilutions were required to inhibit the growth of the bacteria. NaOCl exhibited an antibacterial effect equivalent to that of H2O2, while IONPs exhibited a stimulatory growth at the high tested concentration. Conclusions: IONPs+H2O2 showing promissory antibacterial properties as an intracanal irrigating solution to control E. faecalis from the infected root canal.

Aims: This study aims to investigate the effect of ten days of intraperitoneal injection of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on full thickness wound healing of the skin, using a rabbit model. Materials and Methods: Thirty - male rabbits were used to conduct this study. A full – thickness linear incision, (10 mm) was induced on the back of each rabbit and divided into two groups. Group 1: no treatment (control group) and group 2 (NACtreated group) was injected intraperitoneally ten days before wound induction. Animals were randomly divided into three groups according to sacrificing date (1, 3 and 7) days. The site of intervention was assessed clinically and histopathologically on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day of the experimental procedure. Results: The clinical observation of tissue type revealed that there were significant differences in type of tissue at 1 and 3 days at pvalue ≤ 0.05, and the wound healing was converted to granulation tissue without slough and necrotic tissue formation. There was no significant difference at 7 days compared to the control group. The histopathological finding showed that there were significant differences in angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation between the two groups at 1 and 3 days at p-value ≤ 0.05, while there was no significant difference at 7 days. There was a significant difference of reepithelization at 3 and 7 days at p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusions: Ten days of intraperitoneally N-acetyl cysteine injection before surgical procedures will significantly enhance the process of primary wound healing of rabbit skin on secondary wounds.

The request for orthodontic treatment has grown quickly in the last years. One of the most critical issues in orthodontic treatment is how to decrease the duration of orthodontic treatment since the most common complaint of orthodontic patients is prolong the time of treatment which is a huge burden on patients. Orthodontic tooth movement can be enhanced by different methods and techniques. The current study reviewed and summarized the evidence regarding the success of different methods on speeding orthodontic tooth movement.

In the 21st era, technological progressions challenged the dental professional to perform extremely risky and multifaceted procedures more reliably and harmless way using the finite element method (FEM) that can simulate and analyze the dental structures. As orthodontic revolve about the forces so FEM is one of the most accurate tools for the researchers in this ground. This review highlights the use of the finite element method in orthodontics and craniofacial research. This stores the different researches performed by using the finite element model to study the growth of the cranial structure, biomechanical reaction to orthopedic forces, orthodontic tooth movement, orthognathic surgeries application, and orthodontic implants

Aims: The study aimed to investigate the outcome of different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% by weight ) of zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticle on tear strength of room temperature vulcanized maxillofacial silicone material. Materials and methods: A total of (50) samples were prepared following the manufacture instruction and divided into five groups (n=10). The group A (control group) without nanoparticle, group B (0.5% ZrO2), group C (1% ZrO2), group D (1.5% ZrO2), group E (2% ZrO2). The tear strength samples were measured by a universal testing machine. Result: there was a highly significant difference between the groups' mean values. The control group (21.91 N/mm) showed non-significant difference with both 0.5% ZrO2 group (22.46 N/mm) and 2% ZrO2 (23.22 N/mm), but a highly significant difference with groups 1% ZrO2 (25.37 N/mm) and 1.5% ZrO2 (27.44 N/mm). Whereas the 0.5% ZrO2 group showed a highly significant difference with both groups (1% and 1.5% ZrO2),but no significant difference with 2% ZrO2 group. 1% ZrO2 group showed a significant difference with 1.5% ZrO2 group and a highly significant difference with 2% ZrO2 group. But group 1.5 % ZrO2 has a highly significant difference with group 2% ZrO2. Conclusion: Incorporation of ZrO2 nanoparticle at 1% and 1.5% by weight enhanced the tear strength of the VST 50F RTV maxillofacial silicone material.

Aims: To evaluate the influence of post bleaching diode laser irradiation on the surface roughness of bleached enamel. Materials and methods: Forty bovine teeth were prepared and then randomly divided into two equal groups (n=20) according to the in–office bleaching technique as follows: CB: Conventional in–office bleaching technique LB: Laser–assisted in–office bleaching technique. Each group was then subdivided into two subgroups (n=10) according to laser irradiation setting as follows: C2: Conventionally bleached followed by 2-Watt laser irradiation, C4: Conventionally bleached followed by 4-Watt laser irradiation, L2: Laser–assisted bleached followed by 2Watt laser irradiation and L4: Laser–assisted bleached followed by 4Watt laser irradiation. Surface roughness was assessed three times for all the specimens: before bleaching, 24 hours after bleaching and finally 24 hours after post bleaching diode laser irradiation by utilizing profilometer. Paired samples t–test and independent samples t– test was utilized for statistical analysis at p≤0.05. Results: Both bleached groups exhibited a significant increase in the surface roughness of enamel with no statistically significant difference between them. Post bleaching diode laser irradiation at 4Watt resulted in a significant increase in surface roughness of enamel, while 2Watt diode laser irradiation resulted in non–significant increase in surface roughness of enamel. Conclusions: In–office bleaching techniques had a negative impact on enamel in terms of surface roughness. Post bleaching diode laser irradiation at 2Watt power parameter is more preferred than 4Watt power parameter.

Background: As the knowledge of the important of treatment the impacted canine since in many studies was considered as the key for ideal occlusion and to avoid the deleterious effect of lost, every effort must be done in order to retract and bring the impacted canine in to it is normal position. lower cuspid usually of a single rooted, but some time in about 15% of cases may have two canals in addition to that in a very rare cases approximately 1.7% associated with two roots. Our case showed these anomalies in addition to that the canine was horizontally impacted in the lower arch which is consider as challenge for many orthodontic since the angular of impaction was more than 25%. therefore, our case is a rare. Materials and Method: The treatment focus on the orthodontically extrusion and up righting of the impacted canine by using fix orthodontic appliance with the aid of traditional anchorage device (TDA). Result: this rare case was successfully managed with fix orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: Orthodontic extrusion of horizontally impacted incomplete transposition mandibular canine should be considered for similar cases.

Aims: The current study aimed to compare implant stability of dental implants covered with one of two - platelet rich fibrin preparation protocols namely Standard-Platelet Rich Fibrin and Advanced-Platelet Rich Fibrin) using radiofrequency assessment. Materials and methods: A total of ten male patients with an age range of 28-51 years participated in this split-mouth clinical study. The patients were divided into two groups based on the platelet rich fibrin (PRF) protocol to be used with dental implant insertion into positive control (S-PRF) and study group (A-PRF). Each patient represented the two groups in which he received 2 dental implants; ten implants for each group (a total of 20 dental implants) of standard length and diameter in the posterior mandibular extraction sites of ipsilateral or contralateral side. In the positive control group, the standard PRF protocol was to be used to prepare the PRF clot. In the study group, the advanced PRF protocol was to be used to prepare the PRF clot. Both PRF membranes were to be instilled inside the osteotomy bed during dental fixture installation. Following the installation of dental implants; radiofrequency assessment using Osstell Mentor Device immediately after insertion, four, eight; twelve weeks post-operative as secondary outcomes were conducted. Results: When comparing ISQ means of dental implants between both group protocols, the Friedman test values of ISQ means showed no statistically significant difference between them at the immediate day of surgery, four weeks, eight weeks and twelve weeks post-surgery yet showed increased levels of ISQ at end of the trial. Conclusions: Both S-PRF and A-PRF, similarly enhanced and maintained dental implant stability hence maintain osseointegration (synergistic effect) throughout the period of study and as disclosed by ISQ values. The use of PRF in its current forms seems to be an accepted minimally invasive approach with good clinical results.

Aims: The aim of this study was to assess temperature changes of dental implant body when using different wattage of diode laser (Fox laser 1064-nm) and set a proposed power setting that has no detrimental effect on adjacent bone. Materials and Methods: Seventy-five Titanium implants with healing screws were used in this study. Thermocouple technology was used to measure the temperature level generated in the dental implant body when being exposed to laser. The implants were fixed in an acrylic mandible model and then placed in a controlled water bath at 37 °C. Time to reach a temperature degree of 47 °C were recorded after each wattage as well as the dropping time of temperature to reach a degree of 37° C was recorded. Results: The decrease in time needed to reach 47 °C was directly related to an increase in wattage and as such the time is inversely related to wattage. All the recording time measures dropped to 37 °C with no significant differences. Conclusion: It can be concluded that using diode laser in at 6 wattages with pulsed wave settings produced high temperature with minimum time compared when using 2 wattage settings which needed more time to produce the same heat

Aims: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different mouthwashes in decreasing the gingival inflammation. Materials and Methods: The participants were (88) dental students, aged between 18 to 25 years (44 males and 44 females). The students with mild to moderate gingivitis were randomly divided into four groups, 22 Participants for each one. In Group A, participants were advised kin gingival mouthwash, Group B participants used Wisdom daily gum health mouthwashes, Group C participants are given LACALUT aktiv mouthwashes, and KIN B5Gums mouthwash was given to Group D. The students were advised to use 10 ml of given mouthwash for 30 seconds, twice a day, not immediately after tooth brushing (at least 5minutes after tooth brushing), for 14 days. The parameter was recorded for gingival index (GI) at 0 and 14 days. Results: The reduction in the gingival inflammation is highly significant on day 14 (T1) compared to baseline values (T 0). There are highly significant differences among the four types of mouthwashes used for the reduction of gingival inflammation. These results prove that the four mouthwashes used have variable efficiency on gingival inflammation depending on their major active chemical components. Mouthwash C is the most effective one in reducing gingival inflammation. Mouthwash A, mouthwash B and mouthwash D have no significant differences between them. Conclusions: In this study, all the mouthwashes were used showed clinical efficacy in reducing gingival inflammation. The mouthwash LACALUT aktiv is the most effective one.

Aims: Study and compare the effectiveness of different mouthwashes on dental plaque and assess the efficiency of text messages on the response of participants. Materials and Methods: The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee board (University of Mosul, College of Dentistry, REC reference No. POP/R.10/1/21). The Participants were (88) dental students, aged between 18 to 25 years (44 males and 44 females). Students with mild to moderate gingivitis were randomly divided into four groups, 22Participants for each. In Group A, participants were advised kin gingival mouthwash, Group B participants used Wisdom daily gum health mouthwash, Group C participants were given LACALUT aktiv, and KIN B5Gums was given to Group D. The subjects were advised to use 10ml of mouthwash for 30seconds, twice a day, not immediately after tooth brushing (at least5 minutes after tooth brushing), for 14days. Half of the students in all groups (44students) were motivated on regular intervals by personal text messages, to use mouthwash on regular basis. The parameter was recorded for Plaque index (TQHPI) at day 0 and14. Results: The reduction in dental plaque is highly significant on day 14(T1) compared to baseline values (T0). There are highly significant differences among the four types of mouthwashes used on the reduction of dental plaque. Mouthwash in Group C and D were significantly more effective than Group A and B. Mouthwash in Group A was significantly more effective than mouthwash in Group B. Group C mouthwash did not differ significantly from Group D nor Group A mouthwash in plaque build-up reduction. Conclusions: The four mouthwashes used has good efficacy in reducing dental plaque and there were differences in efficiency between them. KIN B5Gums and LACALUT aktiv mouthwashes were the most effective. Wisdom daily gum mouthwash was the least effective.

Aims: This study aimes to prepare a new formula by thymol crystals incorporation into locally prepared zinc oxide-guaiacol root canal sealer and evaluating the antibacterial activity and comparing the results with zinc oxide eugenol-based root canal sealer. Materials and Methods: The addition of thymol crystals at three different concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%) to improve the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide-guaiacol endodontic sealer was done: 40 Petri plates of Enterococcus agar media were used, each plate with five wells. Petri plates divided into four groups incubation intervals (1, 2, 3, and 7 days) for each type, using agar diffusion test (ADT) with 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards and statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, a one-way ANOVA test, and Duncanʼs Multiple Range Test. Results: The thymol incorporated zinc oxideguaiacol sealer groups at studied concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10% ) produced bacterial growth inhibition zones persisted at all incubation time intervals at (1, 2, 3, and 7 days) and high significantly at p≤0.01 than that of zinc oxide eugenol based sealer. There is a significant reduction at p≤0.01 in antibacterial efficacy in all incorporation groups at 7 days incubation period, 5% thymol incorporation group with significant largest bacterial growth inhibition zones for all incubation periods. Conclusions: This study concluded that the prepared zinc oxide - guaiacol sealer formulas with three studied thymol crystals concentrations having better antibacterial efficacy than that of zinc oxide eugenol root canal sealer, 5% thymol incorporation formula is the best in antibacterial activity than others.

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the overall and anterior Bolton’s ratio between females and males of the Kurdistan population, and then compare it to Bolton’s original ratio . Materials and methods: This crosssectional study consisted of 160 orthodontic models (80 males, 80 females) that randomly selected from the Kurdistan Iraq population for patients seeking orthodontic treatment, ranging in age from 16 to 34 years. After evaluating the width of each tooth separately using digital caliper, anterior and total ratios were calculated by a formula presented by Bolton . Results: The study’s overall Bolton’s ratio was significantly higher for both females and males at 92.54 and 91.73, respectively, when compared to that of Bolton’s original value of 91.3; the anterior Bolton’s ratio was also significantly higher at 79.97 for males & 79.22 for females, when compared to that of Bolton’s original value of 77.2. The high significant difference was observed between the current study and Bolton’s ratios, with p-value of 0.01, whereas no significant gender differences in any malocclusion group have been found . Conclusions: No gender effect on Bolton’s ratios among all Angle’s classification types.

Aims: This study endeavors to estimate the synergistic effect of aqueous extracts of propolis on microhardness power of fluoridated CPP-ACP (MI plus) paste after demineralization challenge. Materials and methods: A total of (75) posterior wisdom teeth were used in the study. Enamel blocks were prepared and divided into five groups randomly, the teeth in all groups were subjected to demineralization cycle and then treated with: Sinjar's aqueous extract of propolis (AEP) -MI paste plus cream n. (15), Sulaymaniah's AEP-MI paste plus cream n. (15), Duhok's AEP-MI paste plus cream group n. (15), control positive group of MI paste plus alone n. (15), and control negative group of artificial saliva alone n. (15). Microhardness of enamel blocks was measured using Vickers microhardness tester machine at base line, after demineralization cycle and finally after treatment protocol. Results: Statistically, there were highly significant differences among study groups after demineralization cycle and there was a decrease in surface microhardness in all groups after demineralization, but the least reduction in surface microhardness belonged to mixture of Sulaymaniah's aqueous extract of propolis with MI paste plus followed by MI paste plus alone group after treatment protocol. Conclusions: Mixture of Sulaymaniah's aqueous extract of propolis with MI paste plus was significantly better than MI past plus alone in preserving enamel's hardness and resisting the demineralization challenge.