Al-Rafidain Dental Journal

Aims: was to evaluate the effect of microabrasion on teeth, to determine the effect of using 2 types of composite resins and influence of storage time on microleakage of composite restorations after microabrasion before making a restoration. Materials and Methods: Forty premolar teeth extracted were used, the teeth were microabrased and composite restorations were made at certain times after microabrasion according to the different groups of the study, a standard cavity was prepared on the two surfaces of the teeth that were restored with either a microhybrid or nanoceramic composite restoration, the teeth were subjected to thermocycling, and sectioned buccolingually longitudinally. Marginal leakage was evaluated using a dye penetration method. Results: Least microleakage scores were observed when the teeth were restored without microabrasion, microleakage increased after microabrasion with no statistically significant difference for the occlusal site for both materials, while a significant difference was seen in favor of Tetric N ceram at the cervical sites. No difference in microleakage scores were observed regardless of the time of restoration after microabrasion, there was no significant difference in microleakage scores depending on the type of the material .Conclusion: given the limitations of this study, there was an increase in levels of microleakage after microabrasion of teeth, regardless of the time of application of the restoration, microleakage was higher in gingival margins in all the groups, and no significant difference in microleakage scores depending on the type of material at the occlusal margin.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of CPP−ACP, raw fresh buffalo milk and cow milk on the microhardness of artificial initial caries lesions. Materials and Methods: 100 sound maxillary first premolars were collected and randomly divided into four groups, the teeth in all groups were subjected to pH cycling procedure then treated with: Group1: n (25) deionized water, group2: n (25) CPP−ACP tooth mousse, group3: n (25) fresh raw cow milk, group4: n (25) fresh raw buffalo milk. Enamel surface was assessed by Vickers microhardness test device at a baseline and after demineralization and after remineralization. Results: In all groups, there were high statistically significant reduction of surface microhardness after demineralization. There was high statistically significant increase in surface microhardness in all groups except deionized water after remineralization, the highest remineralization effect was found in CPP−ACP tooth mousse group followed by the milk groups that showed encouraging results with fresh raw buffalo milk having superior results then fresh raw cow milk. Conclusions: CPP−ACP tooth mousse, raw fresh buffalo milk and cow milk were effective remineralizing agents which were reflected by increasing the surface microhardness of artificial initial caries lesion, but with different abilities, CPP−ACP tooth mousse was the best followed by buffalo milk then cow milk.

Aims: To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of systemic treatment with folic acid and relation to oral health indices of patients with chronic gingivitis. Materials and Methods: Forty patients were classified into two groups; Group 1: (n:20) chronic gingivitis patients, did not receive any medications (control group), Group 2: (n:20) chronic gingivitis patients (treatment group), received 1 mg/day oral tablet of folic acid for 42 days. Scaling and polishing have been carried out for each volunteer to reach the base-line for the gingival index and oral hygiene index. In the next day, these indices were measured for all participants, then measured after 21 days then after 42 days of treatment. In each visit, five milliliters of unstimulated saliva were collected for measurement of salivary IL-6 and salivary TNF-α by human salivary ELISA kits. Results: There is a significant decrease in salivary TNF-α level between treatment group and control group, while there is a nonsignificant decrease in levels of salivary IL-6 at 21st and 42nd day. There is no significant difference in gingival index and oral hygiene index between treatment and control group. Conclusions: sub-acute using of oral supplementation of 1mg / day folic acid in chronic gingivitis patients improves their gingival health by reducing TNF-α level in their saliva.

Aims: This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of chlorohexidine gelfoam on the salivary Tumor Necrosis factor and Interleukin-6 after extraction of the lower third molar to compare these effects before and after extraction ' and to know the benefit of using chlorhexidine gelfoam after extraction of the lower third molar. Materials and methods:-twenty four patients were involved, patients classified into group 1[control group],group 2 [chlorhexidine group] saliva was taken from all patients by using salivette before extraction and seven day after extraction then measure TNF andIL-6 by using [ELISA] kits' Results: In control group there is significance difference in (IL-6) after one week of extraction without treatment from the baseline (before extraction) and the result respectively was (1.96±0.51),( 6.20±5.22), the result of (TNF-α) appeared no significance difference before and after treated the result after treatment is(25.9±30.8) and before treatment is (95.2±131.6) and the result of group used chlorhexidine gelfoam showed significance difference in both (IL-6, TNF-α) after and before treatment, the result of IL-6 after treatment is (16.99±13.31) and before treatment is (1.57±0.18) and the result of (TNF-α) after treatment is (56±79.3) and before treatment is (102.9±133.3). Conclusion: - the use of chlorohexidine gelfoam after extraction produce a significant effect on the salivary TNF-α and. the level of IL-6 when compared with the control group which enhance the healing process and decrease the chance of infection

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of staining by coffee and In-office bleaching by 30% hydrogen peroxide on surface roughness of two different Nano Hybrid composite and Omnichroma resin-based composite. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 32disc samples were fabricated from each type of the Nano-Hybrid resin composite materials, each sample measured 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm in height. The samples for each composite group were then sub-divided randomly into four sub-groups (n=8). In control sub-groups, samples were stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 1 week. Samples of Staining sub-groups were stored in a coffee solution for 48h at 37°C. Samples of Staining Bleaching sub-groups were stained in a coffee solution for 48 h at 37°C then bleached with 30% H2O2. Samples of Bleaching sub-groups were bleached with 30% H2O2. The surface roughness measurements were taken for all samples of each sub-group; the measurements for control sub-groups considered as baseline data. Non-parametric tests were used for statistical analysis at P≤0.05. Results: The surface roughness measurements of all sub-groups for both tested materials didn’t exceed the critical value (Ra< 0.2 μm) with no significant difference among all sub-groups (P >0.05). Conclusion: Surface roughness of the two tested Nano-Hybrid resin composite materials were neither influenced by coffee staining nor by inoffice bleaching with 30% H2O2.

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and anti-inflammatory effects of nanocinnamon gel on oral health. Materials and Methods: prepared nanocinnamon gel 2% concentration from nanocinnamon powder and study some of its properties (TEM , IR , pH) and evaluate its effects on gingivitis. The study was carried out on the randomized clinical trial of chronic gingivitis comprises of 45 patients of age between (18-50) years old. They were divided into three groups, fifteen for each group and have been measured the plaque index, gingival index and bleeding for each group at baseline, after 7 and 21 days of treatment, treatment involved mechanical therapy by scaling and polishing at dental clinic and drug treatment in which the first group applied to the mechanical treatment alone, , second group received chlorhexidine gel topically and third group received nanocinnamon gel topically , the treatment used twice daily at least ten minute for three weeks. Data were analyzed using kruscal wallis -test for nonparametric data. Results: the results showed that plaque index were decreased significantly in nanocinnamon group after 21 days of treatment . Gingival index levels decrease significantly in nanocinnamon group after 7 and 21days of therapy.Conclusion: Noancinnamon gel has anti-inflammatory effect that decrease clinical parameter of gingivitis.

Aims: The study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of nanocinnamon gel on salivary concentrations of cytokines: interleukine-6( IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-α) in chronic gingivitis.Material and Methods: prepared nanocinnamon gel 2% concentration from nanocinnamon powder. The study was carried out on the randomized clinical trial of chronic gingivitis comprises of 45 patients of age between (18-50)years old .They were divided into three groups, fifteen for each group , treatment involved mechanical therapy by scaling and polishing at dental clinic and drug treatment in which the first group applied to the mechanical treatment alone, , second group received chlorhexidine gel topically and third group received nanocinnamon gel topically , the treated groups used the gel twice daily at least ten minute for three weeks. Unstimulated saliva was collected for each individuals and at least two hours after any food intake to disregard the food stimulatory effect on salivary secretions. ELISA kits (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) used to measure IL-6 and TNF-α in saliva . Data were analyzed using kruscal-wallias H test and Friedmans̓ test analysis range test. Results: the results of present study showed that there were no significant differences in salivary IL-6 among groups after treatment however , there were significantly decreasing in salivary TNF-α of nanocinnamon group after 21 days of interval therapy in comparison to control group. Conclusion :The use of nanocinnamon gel have anti-inflammatory effect against gingivitis and the changes in the salivary concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α can help in the diagnosis of periodontal disease

Aims: The study aims to assess the early bone response to a digitally designed and manufactured zirconia dioxide (ZrO2) implant accompanied by Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) as a bone substitute material. Materials and methods: Twenty rabbits were subjected to a surgical experiment to implant forty machined ZrO2 screws on their left femur bones. Each of the first twenty ZrO2 screws was fixated in the prepared implant cavity about 1cm away from the mesial femoral head of each rabbit, those were the group of (ZrO2). The other twenty implant cavities were prepared about 1cm away from each distal head and filled with a standard amount of CSH, then the remaining twenty ZrO2 screws were fixed, those were the group of (ZrO2+CSH). The bone response was evaluated histologically in intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 21 days where every 5 animals represent one interval. The histometric evaluation of the decalcified sections of the bone around each implant was done using a light microscope for the No. of osteoblast and osteocytes together with the bone trabecular thickness. Results: Significant differences were noted between both groups at all time– intervals regarding the number of osteocytes, and at each of 3, 7, and 14 days regarding the number of osteoblast, and at 3 and 7 days regarding the bone trabecular thickness. Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study we can conclude that the use of CSH as an artificial bone substitute around the ZrO2 implant can increase bone formation around the implant.

Aims: This experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of β–calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) as a bone graft substitute on the bone response around CAD/CAM machined zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) implants. Materials and methods: Forty ZrO2 implants were digitally designed and manufactured using computer–aided design/ computer aided–manufacturing CAD/CAM machine. Twenty New–Zealand rabbits were included in the experiment and a bed was made for implantation in each head of the left femur. Each animal received a ZrO2 implant in the mesial femoral head and this group of implants was considered as a control group. Then the calcium sulfate hemihydrate was placed in the implant bed at the distal femoral head followed by fixation of an implant, and this group was considered as an experimental group. The twenty rabbits were randomly allocated into four groups, to represent the study periods i.e. 3 days, 7days, 14 days, and 21 days. Bone response was assessed around each of the forty implants by measuring the bone mineral density using densitometric analysis of the digital periapical radiological image which was taken after the euthanization of the animals according to study intervals. Results: The results showed a statistically significant difference between the control group (ZrO2 implants) and the experimental group (ZrO2 implants with CSH) in bone mineral density. Conclusions: the use of CSH as an artificial bone graft around ZrO2 implant is beneficial for increasing bone formation around the implant as it increases bone density.

Aims: To evaluate the tissues formed by the pulp stem cell homing technique through the histopathological sections, after a three months follow-up period. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on twelve right second premolars of twelve local breed female dogs, that were randomly selected form different areas of Mosul City. The study was divided into four stages, stage I (Induce infection), stage II (Disinfection), stage III (Treatment), and stage IV (3 months follow-up). In the stage IV the tooth and the surrounding bone segment was sectioned and routinely processed to produce H&Estained tissue sections that were evaluated under the light microscope. The histological examiners were evaluated presence or absence of 1st normal pulp-like tissue, 2nd newly hard tissue (bone,cementum, dentin),3rd empty/necrosis,4th intra-canal inflammation, 5th periapical inflammation, 6th apical narrowing and wall thickening. Results: The results have shown that 85.71% of specimens had normal pulp-like tissue ,100% had newly hard tissue structure, 14.28% had an empty canal necrosis, 57.14%had intra-canal inflammation, 71.42% had periapical inflammation, and 85.71% had apical narrowing. Conclusion: The pulp stem cell homing procedure showed an effective way to treat an open apex tooth and this procedure was increased the root length and thickness and also filled the pulp space with pulp-like tissue. The procedure did not regenerate the tooth structure, but formed a tissue like dental structure (dentin, bone and cementum) and these tissues did not for regeneration, but for tissue repair.

Aims: The study aims to evaluate the blood level changes of basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) during pulp cell homing procedure of teeth with incomplete apices in dogs, and to evaluate the root canal disinfection recommendation of American Association of Endodontist protocol used in pulp revascularization procedure. Materials and Methods: Twelve local breed dogs randomly selected form different areas of Mosul City. The study was included four stages, the bFGF levels in the blood samples were measured by canine bFGF ELISA kit, stage I control (Induce infection),stage II (Disinfection),stage III (Treatment),and stage IV (3 month follow up).In stage II there are two microbial samples have taken from the root canals before and after AAE disinfection protocol ,and also after final irrigation in stage III by the aid of paper point These microbial samples were diluted and spread on blood agar and after 24hr the colony forming unit per milliliter was calculated CFU/ml to evaluate the effectiveness of AAE disinfection protocol. Results: The aid of ANOVA for Repeated Measure Statistical Test, the levels of bFGF in all stages were statistically analyzed. The result show significance at 5% level of significant P-value=0.04. The microbial counting result showed a highly significant difference at 1% P-value=0.000. These three samples have been statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Conclusion: There is a difference in the levels of bFGF in the blood between the stages during pulp cell homing, also AAE protocol for disinfection is an effective method to disinfect the open apex root canal system.

Aims: study aims is to compare the tensile bond strength between fissure sealants placed after rubber cup pumice polishing and air polishing of the enamel surface. Materials and Methods: An experimental study was carried out using 40 non-carious upper first premolars extracted for an orthodontic reason, the crowns were separated from the roots, the teeth were randomly divided into 2 main groups consisting of 20 crowns depending on the sealant material used (Prevent or Angie), the teeth were subdivided into two subgroups of 10 teeth depending upon whether rubber cup with pumice slurry polishing or air polishing. Group Ia: Prevent Rubber cup (PRC). Group Ib : Prevent Air polisher (PAP), Group IIa: Angie Rubber cup (ARC). Group IIb: Angie Air polisher (AAP). Each tooth in this study was etched with a 37% semi-gel phosphoric acid for 15 seconds on the buccal surface, rinsed thoroughly for 20 seconds, and dried with the air stream to get an uniformly white, chalky-similar appearance. A translucent plastic tube was fixed on an etched enamel surface and filled incrementally with a fissure sealant then ready small post screws with twisted orthodontic wire gauge 0.012 inches which placed inside the tube until the serrations of screws were embedded in the last increment and light-cured. Samples were kept in the distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours. Tensile bond strength was measured by using the universal testing machine (GESTER, GT-C04-2, CHINA) and the values were statistically analyzed using Independent sample t-test. Results: A non-significant difference in tensile bond strength was detected between two methods used in the groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: The air polishing method is easy and useful but, there were no significant differences on the tensile bond strength of material in comparison with a rubber cup and pumice

Aims: The aims of this study to compare the tensile bond strength (TBS) of self-adhesive Flowable composite with conventional fissure sealants. Materials and Methods : an experimental study was carried out using forty non-carious upper first premolars that were collected of orthodontic extracted teeth. The crowns separated from the roots and the buccal surface were cleaned and polished to obtain a clean enamel surface. The samples were randomly divided into 4 main groups according to the types of resin material (n:10 for each group). Group I: testing TBS for Vertise Flow, Group II: testing TBS for Prevent, Group III: testing TBS for Angie, Group IV: testing TBS for Conseal. A translucent plastic tube was fixed after acid etching application on enamel surface for 15 seconds followed by water rinsed and air dryness, the tube filled incrementally with flowable resin and fissure sealant then ready small post screws with twisted orthodontic wire gauge 0.012 inch which placed inside the tube until the serrations of the screws were embedded in the last increment and light-cured. The Samples were stored in the distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours. Tensile bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine (Electronic Elastic Strength Tester GT-C04-2, GESTER, CHINA).The values were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan tests. Results : A significant difference in the tensile bond strength were observed among all groups (p<0.05). Vertise Flow showed higher tensile bond strength value than fissure sealants followed by Prevent , Angie and Conseal. Conclusions: The tensile bond strength of Vertise Flow better than the fissure sealant due to the presence bond (Optibond) with etchant properties.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of sandblasting with Al2O3 particle and 30% citric acid etching on the roughness of zirconia ceramic. Materials and Methods: Thirty disks were prepared from partial sintered zirconia (IPS e.max ZirCAD MT blank disk, Ivoclar Vivadent; Schaan, Liechtenstein). Specimens were assigned randomly into three groups based on surface treatment techniques (n=10). Group I zirconia surface was left without surface treatment (control). Group II specimens were subjected to sandblasting with 110 µm Aluminum oxide particles (Al2O3) while the group III surface was treated with citric acid solution 30% for 10 minutes. The surface roughness of the zirconia was investigated using a profilometer. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s tests at 5% level of significance. Results: Sandblasting with AL2O3 110µm significantly increased the surface roughness value of the zirconia surface. Chemical treatment with 30% citric acid did not exhibit any significant changes in comparison to the control group. Conclusions: Sandblasting with AL2O3 increased zirconia surface roughness but acid etching has no effect