Modern Sport

The research aims to identify the difference in some anthropometric indicators and the results of physical tests between accepted and non-accepted students. The research hypotheses were that there is no statistical significance for some anthropometric indicators and the results of physical tests between accepted and non-accepted students. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the comparison method. The results showed that the calculated values ​​for the physical tests were 60-meter sprint (2.60), 540-meter run (2.51), broad jump (3.30), abdominal exercise (2.36), and front lean (1.94), which is greater than the tabular value (1.64). The values ​​of the anthropometric indicators, body mass (0.52) and body type (0.06), are smaller than the table value (1.64) and are considered a random difference. As for the fat mass index (8.82), it is larger than the table value (1.64) and is considered a significant difference. The reasons for the strength and weakness of the differences that appeared were discussed through it. Among the most important conclusions are that the level of all physical tests for accepted students was better than that of non-accepted students, and that the level of the variable (fat mass) for non-accepted students was better than that of accepted students, and that the level of the variables (body mass index and body type) for accepted students was better than that of non-accepted students. The researcher recommended conducting similar studies between universities to compare accepted and non-accepted students at the level of males and females for various physical and bodily measurements.

This research included five chapters as follows:

The first chapter addressed the development in the field of sports training science through the use of means and methods that contribute to the development of players in terms of physical and skill, as the importance of the research lies in using the effect of special exercises to develop the speed of motor response in performing the skill of assistance and defensive coverage in basketball.

What is the problem of the research? The researcher mentioned in it that the component of motor response speed needs to be developed in terms of exercises, meaning that it was not given in a specialized manner in defensive skills, especially the skill of assistance and defensive coverage for most players.

As for the second chapter, the researcher addressed in this chapter some topics related to the subject of his research, as the concept of the nature of motor response speed was addressed, as well as its importance in basketball.

As for the third chapter, the researcher used the experimental method on a sample of players from the Oil Sports Club, as their number reached (6) players represented by one experimental group.

As for the fourth chapter, the results were presented and discussed by using a number of statistical methods.
As for the fifth chapter, some conclusions were drawn that are related to the research, and the researcher recommended some recommendations that are related to the development of basketball training

The study aimed to identify the effect of exercises specific to the style of muscle contraction similar to movement (isokinetic) in developing the explosive power of the arms and the skills of serving and smashing in volleyball. The researcher assumed that there were differences in the effect of the exercises applied in developing the explosive power of the arms and the skills of serving and smashing in volleyball for the control and experimental groups. The research sample consisted of 10 players aged (14-16) years from the volleyball school affiliated with the Ministry of Youth. The researcher used the experimental method in the style of two equal groups (experimental and control) with a pre- and post-test to achieve the objectives of the study. They were divided into two groups (experimental and control), each group consisting of (5) players. Pre-tests were conducted, then exercises specific to the style of muscle contraction similar to movement (isokinetic) were implemented for a period of 9 weeks on volleyball players. After that, post-tests were conducted and the data were processed using the appropriate statistical methods. The researcher reached the following conclusions:
• The exercises used that use isokinetic muscle contraction (similar to movement) had an effective impact in developing the explosive power of the muscles working in the serve and smash.
• Developing the explosive power of the working muscles and what is similar to the movement path of swimming has a positive impact in developing the skill of serve and smash in volleyball.
Finally, the researcher recommends the following recommendations:
• Applying the exercises used in developing the explosive power of the muscles working in the skill of serve and smash in volleyball.
• Conducting other research to determine the effectiveness of using exercises with isokinetic contraction in other skills in volleyball.

The research included five chapters: The first chapter included the introduction and the importance of the research. The most important of these subjects is basketball, with its practical and theoretical aspects, as it prepares students for the field of micro-work (which is practical education) before graduation and then in the field of real work after graduation. By reviewing the principles of the K.W.L strategy, the researcher found that it represents a serious contribution to making the student the focus of the educational process, its goal and purpose, as it is based on higher thinking skills, thus providing a solution to get rid of the negative role played by the student to the role of the student's mastery of the decision-making stage and mastery of information and skills specific to a game, including basketball. Here lies the importance of the research as it is a new attempt and a qualitative addition in the field of teaching and learning in the field of physical education and basketball in particular. It is about transferring the experiences of modern learning strategies in the fields of education for other sciences to the sports field to apply it in the practical field in learning defensive skills and cognitive achievement in basketball. As for the problem of the research, it lies in the lack of interest in modern teaching strategies by teachers, in addition to there being general questions about the weak degrees of students' achievement in basketball (theoretical - practical). It also included objectives as the research aims to:
- Identify the effect of using the K.W.L strategy on cognitive achievement and skill performance in basketball.
As for the research hypotheses, they are
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre-tests and the results of the post-tests in cognitive achievement and defensive skills for the experimental and control groups
- There are statistically significant differences between the results of the post-tests for cognitive achievement and defensive skills between the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group.
The research areas included the human field and the temporal and spatial field
The second chapter included the theoretical framework of the K.W.L strategy. The stages of implementing the strategy, its steps, and the steps of implementing the strategy.
The third chapter included the research methodology and used the experimental method and the research sample, which is the second stage students in the Department of Physical Education, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, which was divided into two groups: an experimental group (28) students and a control group (28) students, sample equivalence, defensive skill tests, exploratory experiment, extracting scientific foundations and steps, pre-tests, applying the experiment using the strategy, and then post-tests for cognitive achievement and defensive skills and statistical methods.

As for the fourth chapter, it included a presentation, analysis and discussion of the results of the pre- and post-tests for the experimental and control groups in cognitive achievement and defensive skills.

As for the fifth chapter, it included the conclusions reached by the researcher, which are:
-. The emergence of differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group indicates the effect of the strategy on the development of cognitive achievement and skill performance for some defensive skills in basketball.
-. The experimental group that used the K.W.L strategy advanced in the cognitive achievement and defensive skills tests (defense steps, defensive withdrawal) than the control group.

The high jump is an activity characterized by high compatibility between the nervous and muscular systems and requires special skills that are characterized by stimulating speed of performance, including motor perception skills in terms of (awareness of place and time - awareness of space - compatibility) and their role in acquiring the skill. The importance of sensory and motor skills comes through directing the nerve center and internal organs on the one hand and the balance between distance and time on the other hand, which plays a distinctive and important role in developing the level of performance. The research problem lies in the weakness in the level of high jump performance for first-stage female students and the lack of focus on diversifying exercises specific to motor perception and motor balance. As for the research objectives, they are preparing exercises specific to developing motor perception and balance skills and the effect of developing motor perception and motor balance skills for the high jump. As for the research hypotheses, they are the existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-test and the existence of statistically significant differences between the post-tests in favor of the experimental group. The second chapter included theoretical and similar studies that included motor perception skills, motor balance, and similar studies. The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research sample was chosen intentionally from first-year female students in the College of Physical Education for Girls. Section B was chosen randomly, 20 female students, 10 female students for the experimental group and 10 female students for the control group for the academic year (2011-2012). In addition to using tools and exercises that contain a set of motor perception skills and dynamic balance that are important in improving the students' performance to implement the procedures, in addition to a set of special tests of cognitive and motor skills and the use of statistical methods to extract the research results, the fourth chapter includes presenting, analyzing and discussing the results, where the researchers reached the existence of significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the research variables. As for the fifth chapter, it included conclusions and recommendations. The most important conclusions were that there is a significant impact in developing perception skills, including linking and correct direction of perception skills, motor balance and the level of performance of the high jump skill. The most important recommendations are to focus on motor perception skills and motor balance and their importance in improving accurate performance, especially in the effectiveness of the high jump.

The importance of the research is evident in relying on scientific concepts of motor learning and knowing the impact of some water games to achieve educational and teaching goals based on the principle of investing time and effort as a result of following one of the concepts of transferring the effect of learning, which helps to accelerate the learning process in freestyle swimming and achieve optimal learning through the play style.
The research problem was revealed:-
Most teachers and trainers rely on traditional educational methods and their lack of the element of excitement and suspense and saving effort and time, which leads to a clear weakness in the performance of basic swimming skills in general and freestyle swimming in particular. Therefore, the researcher saw the play style to create educational situations similar to the basic skills of freestyle swimming to form similar, sequential, and gradually difficult motor situations to achieve better learning using educational water games.
The study aimed to prepare an educational program using the play style to teach freestyle swimming.
As for the research hypothesis:-
There are no statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups.
It was concluded that the experimental group that adopted the educational program using the play style achieved better learning.
It is recommended that the water games program be used in other types of sports because it achieves faster learning and its effectiveness in creating a more effective learning environment.

Fencing is one of the world and Olympic games that has sports, social, psychological and educational requirements, as it is practiced according to special organized laws and rules that govern competition between competitors. The study aimed to identify the effect of special exercises in developing some visual abilities in the research sample and to identify the effect of special exercises on the level of learning some offensive skills in the research sample. As well as to identify the percentage of learning level for research variables. The research hypotheses are that there is a positive effect of the method followed by the subject teacher in developing some visual abilities and the level of learning for some offensive skills in the research sample members. There is also a positive effect of special visual exercises in developing some visual abilities and the level of learning for some offensive skills in the research sample members in the experimental group. There are statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-test in favor of the experimental group. This chapter included the fields in which the study was conducted, and the human field included the sample represented by the third-year students, numbering (36) students, and the time field in which the experiment was conducted from (3/1/2013) until (4/15/2013) and the spatial field was the hall and playgrounds of the College of Physical Education / Al-Muthanna University. As for the chapter, the researchers addressed in the theoretical studies fencing between the past and the present and the requirements of the sport of fencing and the importance of visual abilities in the field of fencing and its great role in the learning process and motor performance in the game of fencing, then addressed the special visual exercises and how to evaluate the level of skill performance. As for similar studies, the researchers addressed the study of (Ghosoun Natiq Abdul Hamid). The researchers addressed the entire study with a discussion of it in terms of similarities and differences with the current study. In the third chapter, this section dealt with the research methodology, as the researchers chose the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the problem, as the students of the College of Physical Education, third stage, numbering (36) students, were chosen and divided into two groups. The researchers also addressed in this section the devices and tools that were used in the experiment with an explanation of the tests used and then processing the results statistically using the statistical system SPSS. As for the fourth chapter, it included a presentation of the results obtained from the tests and their analysis according to tables and graphic and illustrative forms and discussing them according to the scientific method followed. In the fifth chapter, it included the conclusions reached by the researchers, the most important of which is the development of the level of visual abilities under study in both the experimental and control groups and the development of the level of learning the offensive skills under study in both the experimental and control groups and the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the visual abilities tests under study and the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the level of learning the offensive movements under study. As for the recommendations recommended by the research, they are the necessity of emphasizing visual exercises as they are the basis in the sport of fencing, through which positive results can be achieved in the match, as well as the necessity of developing visual abilities through Visual exercises and linking them to the player's motor performance

The current study aimed to test the extent of the application of physical education teachers of the concept of posture awareness in primary and preparatory schools in the Kingdom of Bahrain, and to test the extent of the difference in the application of physical education teachers of the concept of posture awareness according to gender, and finally to test the extent of the difference in the application of physical education teachers of the concept of posture awareness according to years of experience. The descriptive analytical approach was used, and the study sample consisted of (59) teachers (21 males, 38 females) from primary and preparatory schools in the Kingdom of Bahrain, their ages ranged from (22) to (56) years with an average of (34.11) years and a standard deviation of (6.30). The percentage of their years of experience ranged from (one to 5 years) and their number was (11), and from more than 5 to 10 years and their number was (30) to more than 10 years and their number was (18) male and female teachers in the field, distributed over the five governorates of the Kingdom with a number of (8) male and female teachers from the schools of the Southern Governorate, (19) from the Central Governorate, (11) from the Muharraq Governorate, (11) from the Northern Governorate and (10) from the Capital Governorate. The study tools were represented in a questionnaire to evaluate the extent to which physical education teachers apply the concept of postural awareness (prepared by the researcher). The researcher applied it after verifying its validity and reliability. The study reached results that confirm the agreement of 43.99% of the sample members of male and female physical education teachers, which clarified the rarity or lack of their application of the concept of postural awareness during physical education classes, compared to a percentage of about 30.01% who acknowledged the application of the concept of postural awareness during their classes. The study also found that there were statistically significant differences between the averages of both female and male teachers on the postural awareness questionnaire in favor of females at the level of 0.05, which means that females apply the concept of postural awareness more than males. Finally, the study found that the differences between the individuals of the target sample in applying the concept of postural awareness were not significant due to the number of years of experience. The researcher discussed the results in light of the findings of the study and presented recommendations related to the results of the study.

The importance of the research came through the use of special exercises that are consistent with the nature of the activity and its conditions to achieve development in the level of physical fitness. The problem lies in the need to develop some special physical qualities for female students during practical lessons, especially the ability to run fast.
The aim of the study was:
1- Preparing special exercises to develop the level of physical efficiency.
2- Knowing the effect of using special exercises on the progress of the level of fast running.
The most important hypotheses were:
- The existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests.
- The existence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the control and experimental groups in the research tests.
Field procedures:

This study was applied to a sample of female students of the College of Physical Education / University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya / first stage for the academic year 2012-2013, sections (H-T) and the two groups were divided into section (H) as a control group and section (T) as an experimental group, each of which had (20) students. Pre- and post-tests were conducted and the duration of the program was (8) weeks at a rate of two units per week. It appeared through the analysis of the results of this study that special exercises have an effective impact on the progress of the level of physical efficiency in general and fast running in particular for female students.

The researcher recommends the introduction of special exercises in the teaching and training curricula for speed activities.

Training aids are among the requirements that must be provided in the training process, as they give positive returns from both the physical and skill aspects. Among these training aids are rubber bands, which are among the modern resistance training aids that have many benefits that help the player develop his physical and skill capabilities alike. Therefore, they have been used to develop the shooting strength and accuracy of handball players, and have given positive results and a large impact on the shooting strength through lengthening and shortening the working muscles. As for accuracy, the impact was small, and this result is considered normal, as accuracy is directly related to the work of the central nervous system and the nature of internal signals and external stimuli, and its development requires a longer period of time. This development in strength and accuracy was positively reflected in the development of shooting in general among the research sample members, as these two qualities are the most important in shooting with a handball. If the player does not have sufficient strength or accuracy, or both, he cannot achieve success in shooting on goal. Therefore, using rubber bands in exercises similar to performing the handball shooting skill had an impact on developing the motor paths of the skill and modifying them in a way that It matches the amount of force required and the precision at the same time.

The use of assistive tools is an important element to achieve the goals of the physical education lesson, and when they are not available or scarce, the creative teacher tries to find alternatives for them from materials that are not suitable for use and are available inside the school or in its external environment and do not cost the school large sums when manufactured through special innovations that suit the activities in the school.
The research aimed to design alternative assistive tools and use them as stimuli in learning basic motor skills for third-stage primary school students aged (9) years, boys and girls. The researcher used the experimental method with equivalent groups in the random stratified method with equal distribution on a sample of (80) students, at a rate of (26.94%).

The following was concluded: -
1- The results produced by the post-tests of the two experimental groups proved the validity of using alternative assistive tools for the research sample.
2- Boys outperformed girls in all skill tests under study.
The researcher recommended: 1- Using locally manufactured alternative tools in physical education lessons because of their low price and ease of manufacture from consumable materials available in most schools and outside them. 2- Supporting teachers and school administrations who manufacture alternative tools financially and morally so that they can be role models for their other colleagues.

The research dealt with football, which is one of the games that require speed in performance. The study aimed to prepare a training program to develop the motor speed of some basic skills in football for young players in Iraq, as well as to know the effect of (anoxic) physical skill exercises in developing motor speed (scoring, handling, rolling). The researcher assumed that the training program has a positive effect on the results of the post-tests of the experimental group on a sample of young players (19 years and under) numbering (20) players, who were divided into two groups, a control and an experimental group. Through the conclusions between the training program, it has had a positive effect on the results of the post-tests of the experimental group.

Chapter One: Definition of the Research: Chapter One included the introduction and the importance of the research, which addressed the definition (strategic planning) based on scientific foundations, and its impact on educational institutions, as well as identifying the internal and external analysis of the educational and teaching institution’s environment, while taking advantage of the available opportunities to reduce the challenges surrounding it, as well as identifying scouting education as an educational movement with a national, regional and global character, and scouting education institutions as an aspect of human activity. The problem was that the Iraqi environmental conditions are characterized by instability, lack of stability, and the acceleration of the pace of changes on all levels (economic, social, political, cultural). It becomes imperative for the directorates of sports and scouting activities, and those related to boys and youth, to manage themselves in a purposeful and conscious administrative manner that enables them to overcome their reality burdened with many problems and challenges and transfer them to an advanced stage that enables them to increase their chances of survival and success in achieving their goals and ensuring that they perform the roles assigned to them in the best way. This will not be achieved without strategic planning. Based on the above, the research problem can be formulated through the following main question: (What are the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges facing the scouting education departments in the directorates of sports and scouting activities), i.e. analyzing the internal and external environment and then identifying the positive and negative factors and methods of addressing them. The research aimed to identify the components of the internal environment for strategic planning in the scouting education departments in the directorates of sports and scouting activities in Basra. And to identify the components of the external environment for strategic planning in the education departments in the directorates of sports and scouting activities in Basra. As for the research areas, they were represented by: the human field and included scouting education leaders and the spatial field sites of the directorate of sports and scouting activities in Basra, and the time field from the period ((1/5/2013) to (3/7/2013).
In the third chapter: - which bore the title of the research methodology and its field daring:
The researcher chose the descriptive method with the survey method, as the sample reached (50) leaders in scouting education.
As for the fourth chapter: - which was devoted to presenting the results, analyzing them, and discussing them:
In this chapter, the researcher reviewed the most important results that appeared through the application of the research tool (questionnaire) on the research sample and the researcher relied on the scale (triple estimation scale). And discussing them according to the scientific method followed .

The researcher addressed the conclusions and recommendations in the fifth chapter, as the researcher concluded: that the analysis of the external environment (opportunities, challenges) and the internal environment (strengths, weaknesses) of the institution was at an acceptable level, weakness in achieving a balance between easy and immediate opportunities to improve scouting education activities, and more difficult and long-term opportunities, which require more creativity and change in the characteristics of scouting education activities, and the recommendations recommended by the researcher were to reduce and address the weaknesses of performance, whether related to current performance or expected future performance, which leads to increasing the level of performance and improving the level in the institution in general. And work on paying attention to training administrative leaders and educating them on the importance of strategic planning, future strategic thinking, and emphasizing the need to practice strategic planning more widely in educational institutions, in order to support their internal capabilities and increase their capabilities and push them to progress and grow and support their adaptation to various environmental changes by devoting the culture of strategic planning within the institution so that it becomes an integral part of the culture of the institution and its employees.

The research included five chapters: - The first chapter included the introduction and the importance of the research, as the introduction dealt with the fact that motor abilities have an impact on students' performance and improving their levels, whether in the player's ability to be agile and change direction with high fluidity and correct timing, or in his ability to achieve general and specific coordination related to the coordination of the muscular and nervous systems and the coordination that occurs between the eye and hand during performance, or in the flexibility of muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments and a wide range of joint movement, or balance and control of the body's center of gravity during movement, or accuracy in scoring and the process of transferring the ball and advancing with it, then students will be able to integrate these abilities with some skills related to basketball, to achieve a high level of progress and correct learning in the sports field. The researcher also touched on basketball and its importance from all aspects. Accordingly, the researcher has chosen suggested exercises in her work, based on scientific principles and foundations. The researcher relied on what some studies have indicated, in an attempt to raise the motor status and the skill of tapping and scoring from jumping with a basketball. Hence, the importance of the research to benefit students of the Teachers' Training Institute, Department of Physical Education. The research aims to develop suggested exercises to teach some motor abilities and some basketball skills, fourth stage, Teachers' Training Institute, Department of Physical Education. And to know the effect of these exercises in teaching some motor abilities and the level of some basketball skills. The following results appeared: There are significant statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests in motor abilities, in favor of the post-tests. There were significant statistical differences between the pre- and post-tests in learning some basketball skills (tapping and scoring from jumping) in favor of the post-tests in light of the results reached. The researcher recommends the following: - Adopting the introduction of the suggested exercises through the curriculum of the College of Physical Education in teaching basketball. The necessity of conducting similar studies and research using suggested exercises for motor and skill abilities in basketball.

Sportsmanship is a desirable moral value when dealing with colleagues and other competitors. Despite the importance of sportsmanship, especially during competitions, the researchers noticed that there were no measures used to evaluate the aspects of sportsmanship for sports teams, as they were former players and a current supervisor and coach of the Baghdad Girl Club volleyball team for advanced players. Therefore, the researchers decided to conduct this research to identify the sportsmanship of female volleyball players and its relationship to the ranking of their teams.

Therefore, the importance of the research came as it is the first research concerned with studying sportsmanship and its relationship to the ranking of women's volleyball teams. This research also contributes to determining the level of sportsmanship among female volleyball players of the Premier League clubs in women's volleyball.
The researchers reached the following conclusions: -

1- The effectiveness of the scale in measuring sportsmanship among female volleyball players for advanced players.
2- The research contributed to determining the differences in the level of sportsmanship among female volleyball players in women's sports club teams.
3- The research contributed to determining the differences in the level of sportsmanship among women's volleyball sports club teams.
4- There is a correlation between sportsmanship and the ranking of women's volleyball teams.

The researchers recommended the following:
1- The necessity for coaches and officials responsible for sports activities in clubs to organize educational lectures on the concept of sportsmanship to increase awareness among players and commitment to the values ​​of sportsmanship and positive behavior, and urge them to accept winning and losing with the same sportsmanship, respect sports laws and regulations, and avoid harming and offending others.
2- The necessity of honoring players or teams that are distinguished by fair play and imposing deterrent penalties against players or teams whose behavior contradicts sportsmanship.
3- The necessity of taking sportsmanship into account when preparing players psychologically and cognitively and translating that behavior into practice during training and practice.

The research aims to build a factorial battery to measure the physical adequacy for accepting female students in the College of Physical Education for Girls and standardize the battery by setting standard scores for the extracted tests. The researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method. The research sample included first-stage female students in the College of Physical Education for Girls - University of Baghdad, numbering (103). Twenty tests were applied to them, and the data were processed statistically using the ready-made program (SPSS). The researcher used factor analysis using the basic components method (for Harold Hotelling). After rotating the factors orthogonally, (9) factors were reached. In light of the conditions for accepting the factor, (5) factors representing the extracted battery were accepted. Based on the research results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: 1- Five factors were extracted to measure the physical adequacy of female students, namely (explosive strength of the arms, endurance, agility, and transitional speed). 2- Standard scores were derived for all battery tests. The researcher recommends:
1- Using the extracted battery for the purpose of selecting female students applying to the College of Physical Education.
2- Using the battery criteria in evaluating the performance of all extracted tests.