Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Criticism is defined as a topic that is too difficult to be handled. Besides, only the ones who are well-versed in its theme and have know-how with regard to its elements are able to dig in depth of the field whose name is mentioned above. Then, the researchers concerned can raise questions with reference to the topic and they are resulted by speculations which contribute to enriching it. Afterword, they reach their ultimate goal which is about defending the field of knowledge in question and the ones who are dedicated to it as well. It is worth noting that these points mentioned above never happen unless dealing with criticism that impacted all the phases of rhetorical studies. Moreover, the goal is not achieved completely. However, many attempts are carried out in this regard. The researchers' attempts focused on highlighting the works of the one of the authorities in the aforementioned field, his name is Baha AL-Deen AL-Subki. He is chosen to be case study of the current paper because, Baha dealt with every single aspect of rhetoric and he had all the critical elements that made him a brilliant critic. Attempting to understand him is based on grasping the thoughts of his predecessors and contemporary ones. He enriched the knowledge with the employment of a meticulous and scientific approach because he mastered all aspects of rhetoric and he shedded the lights on the explanations and took a look at the approaches employed by authors and he was well-versed in the stylistics, methods of writing not to mention balancing between all these levels until reaching out a great scientific masterpiece based on clear vision embracing the efforts of his predecessors and contemporary ones.

‏Bader Shaker Al-Sayyab, a poet known for his artistic employment of legends. So I decided to search for the poetry of this employment through a modern critical approach, which is the deliberative approach, which is based on understanding the intention of the author through the codes of the text, according to the author’s opinion The poetic legendary employment in the Sarbros poem in Babylon lies in making the entire poem an extended metaphor and a departure from the ordinary speech, the legend here was not a tool for forming the poem, but rather the structure through which the poem was formed. Sarbros is the guardian of the kingdom of death in the myths of the Greek, and (the wounded Iraq) Babylon Sarbros may mean to a poet a person, or a system, in his intentions; however, his interpretation opens to the continent to include various different possibilities, giving the poem a vital flow that connects it with ages and generations that are different from its age and generation, as long as death is one, and wounded Iraq is one, so Sarbros in Every age wears a robe characterized by the ugliness of killing and tearing the heart of Iraq, the poet relied on the ideas of retrieval and anticipation in drawing his expressive portrait of Iraq and the suffering of his people throughout the times, and the central theme of the poem was (the struggle between the unjust power and the people). 

Ibn Jenni, who died in 392 AH his book: (Characteristics) was influenced by the science of the principles of jurisprudence and this is what called him to make the principles of grammar similar to the principles of jurisprudence and speech, as he said: (we did not see anyone of the scholars of the two countries i.e. Basra and Kufa subjected to the work of the principles of grammar, according to the doctrine of the principles of speech And jurisprudence)), Ibn Jenni wrote his book along the lines of the science of origins, and this is a picture of his influence on this science.
Among the images affected by this science also his use of the terminology of this science in terms of analogy, analogy and semi analogy, and so on, and he used to listen to the analogy, and he saw the transfer on the apparent unless he called to leave or shift , as he said: ((When a word is mentioned to you, then the measurement is that you take it on its surface, and do not claim change or distortion in it unless a

This research is concerned with monitoring a judgment made by Ibn Duraid, and a description of the repeated descriptions in his lexicon, which is the judgment on some words without proofing (verification), and this is an important judgment that requires study, review and revision, to protect the language of Arabs, which is as important as the constant knowledge of the language of Arabs. If we add two other dimensions, and two of the two reasons for this study, we have confirmed the necessity of this research, and its importance is revealed: They are
The prestige of the Jamharah language Dictionary which is one of the central dictionaries in the Arabic language lesson
Ibn Duraid's position in the linguistic heritage, and he was accused of fabricating the language, which is a statement that may not be issued by those who say the judgment "without verification" and call it on a set of linguistic material and words.
In order to complete the scene, and to achieve the aims of the research, and to solve its problems, the researcher saw that he not only collected the models of that judgment by Ibn Duraid, but also he added the observation of the lexicalists to that judgment

In order for the literary text to remain a literary text، it is necessary to abide by the conditions that characterize literature from the rest of the human activities، especially the creative ones. These conditions are related to the relationship between idea، language and expression، which makes literature an art that requires mastery. This can only be achieved by the writer of an expert word، use and words and formulations and draw the image that convey the movements and colors feelings and feelings from the creator to the recipient. Therefore، literary criticism is the other to become a literary criticism to be equipped with literary - artistic approach before any other approach. The rich experience in the history of criticism and its practice by the various specialties proved that the only approach that complied with the terms of literary work is the artistic-literary approach، which، thanks to it، literature continued to maintain its conditions and artistic and literary constants. Perhaps these conditions are behind the birth of the texts of toxicity in my research with the word purple. And that seems to me a theoretical attempt to combine the theory of "purple patch" of Horus and the theory of "artistic sentiment" of Abdel Aziz Dessouki and conclude that the writer must once reach the creation of text to be the peak of production and have all the features of the writer's artistic and intellectual and literary features. I think that this attempt is the first of its kind and I did not review a research or study that preceded this research as an attempt to combine two important theories in the artistic criticism that were originally forgotten by most specialists and draw a new critical theoretical project.

This research dealt with one of many parts that help in understanding the legal text, which are the letters of the end and its connection with the legal rulings adopted by jurists to understand the legal text and infer rulings from it, which is a part that the grammatical, interpretative and juristic sources did not do, which prompted it to address the letters of meanings to show their grammatical and linguistic effect in the legal rulings and collect

This research addresses ( mural ) of Mahmoud Darwish through its studying which reveals its constituent fundamental stylistic characteristics and its relation with grammatical phenomenon by concentrate on analysis of various productive levels of this relation ( anastrophe , elide , grammatical parallel , phrasing , grammatical versions ) by drawing on stylistic studies , and how it was used by MAHMOUD DARWISH in order to study the component of grammatical phenomenon in mural.

at the end of the research , the researcher founded momentum of mural style related to grammatical phenomenon , which form a network of relation between levels and elements producing literary text .

Military cooperation between the United States and the GCC military cooperation 1991-2001.
In the Gulf region was still a strong regional imbalance, to address this situation, there were two options, the first is to continue the arms race which clearly does not accommodate all components option environment strategy. even in the case of a joint Gulf force, it is not easy to achieve strategic balance. The reason for this is the same strategy beliefs espoused by national leaders in the GCC, and not preference options to prepare for war and a low possibility of war themselves other agency allowance, the second option is to rely on what he called the United States a strategy (balance across The Balance of beach Shore) and that the great powers to achieve balance in the regional balance of power system, but without direct involvement in the strategic environment of the local area and implementation by building military bases in the region And rapid intervention area containing warehouses for ordnance and warships and etcetera. already the United States pursuing options with GCC States to achieve its goals and policy objectives.

The French colony of Cote d'Ivoire has witnessed many internal political, economic and social events, since France announced protection over it in the year 1898, as it became one of the pillars of France in the West African region that worked to exploit the capabilities of the inhabitants of that colony by establishing a political, economic and social system It mimics French interests, as it established a political system that is far from the prevailing tribal spirit among the population of the colony dependent on military force and sought to fragment the tribal system and impose a political system that commanded the French governor general, and worked to employ the economy of the colony of Côte d'Ivoire in favor of The French economy by planting cash crops (2) In addition, France has sought to spread Christianity and culture and French language through the establishment of a system of education and health under the auspices of the French missionary societies, which has struggled to exploit such services to achieve its goals.

The books of autobiography in general, and the book titled Al-Wafi Bil Wafiat by Al Safady in particular are of great importance in studying and reporting many visual figures that had a great impact in various science. This confirms the abundance of their books and their creation of science that were not well known at that time.

And that had great impact on our souls to study and get to know these personalities through Al-Wafi Bil Wafiat so we chose to study the Basry grammarians through it.

This is because of the importance of grammar in the city of Basra and Kufa, as these two cities became the most important cultural centers in the Islamic Arab state in the first century AH and for the first time a grammar school and linguists were established there.

A comparative study Between Hasaba in the Abbasid and Fatimid times in the Levant
Teacher: Venus mathm Ali That arithmetic as a legit system has found the existence of Islam, and continued during the reign of Caliph of Islam as a legitimate duty to play like myself, as a Muslim volunteer and wanting to pay, most inappropriately in this period and until Search era Levant was part of a large Muslim world affected by political and economic conditions and sometimes follow the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad as it merged with Egypt under the two altolonih and ikhshidid dynasties did. And save Abbasi, and the second axis arithmetic in the Levant in Fatimid, epilogue, sources and references and must indicate comparative research methodology included int by talking about the system of reckoning in both modern
1. was the Levant in an era of large part of an Islamic world research affected by political and economic conditions and sometimes follow the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad as it merged with Egypt under the two altolonih and ikhshidid dynasties did.
2In the Abbasid era, heresy was the first to appear as an independent entity with its own components
3. The beginning of the system of Hesba in the Abbasid period beginning with the pursuit of heretics and the severity of the punishment
4. In the Abbasid period conditions that were not before him, such as science Almkayel and parallelists of Egypt and the Levant as well as what the Franks used to be able to control the economy.

Schools in AL-Muntaghab Min Al-Seiq Book, To The Nishapur City For The Seerfeni (D.641 M/1243M)
This research deals with a historical study of the schools by the authors, where the city of Nisapur in the ate Islamic times of scientific intellectual development including the various and diverse schools built and founded by scientists, princes, and senior states men.
This book is a translation of the most proment scientists of Nichapur and contains different and concise information about its schools, through the translations of those scientists. In addition, this book is considered a great scientific wealth for its important and diverse information about the scientific and cultural movement of Nishapur and other Islamic cities.
The book shows us that scientific integration between these cities through communication and exchange between them without boarders and obstactes.

Figurine art of making is one of the most significant folklore arts or industries that played a role in the religious and social life, they were presented as vows for the gods in temples and also buried with the dead, often at other times also used as toys or perhaps reflect the gods placed in temples for worshipping.
The Iraqi Museum, frequently receives tens of these artifacts those come from an unknown sources artifacts, such an artifact by itself may represent a challenge for professionals and students to first define and identify spatial and historical identity and is like a puzzle of the researcher.
In this study we'll discuss models of these confiscated figurines and plaques in the Iraqi National Museum stores, the group selected for study reflects a variety of subjects, some of which represents the goddess in scenes reflecting themes related to religious thought in ancient Iraq, as there are other related to purely social ideas like breastfeeding women or women alone.

The research tackles an important environmental problem that most of the cities of Iraq in general and the city of Baquba suffer from. This is the problem of the accumulation of drinking water bottles from the College of Education for Human Sciences / Diyala University for the 2015-2016 academic year. West of the city of Baquba on the right side of the Diyala River along the external transport route of Baquba - Old Baghdad, specifically within the 27 / Katoun district between the two latitudes (99 33, 47 33) north of the equator and between latitudes (35 44, 40 44) east of Kring line. The study concluded that the quantity of plastic drinking water bottles in the morning study was higher than the evening. The study concluded that the quantity of plastic drinking water bottles in the morning study was higher than that of the evening. (400.65) kg, while it reached (89.4) kg for the evening study of the same year. At the level of sections, we found that the Department (Arabic) has recorded the highest quantity of plastic bottles reached (104.24) kg compared to the rest of the sections, Quran) Record the lowest quantity of bottles reached (43.71) Kg for the morning study. The Department of English has recorded the highest quantity of plastic bottles (23.92 g) compared with the rest of the departments. The Department of Psychological and Educational Sciences recorded the lowest quantity of bottles (8.15) kg for the evening study for the previous school year. The final result is that the quantity of flasks reached for the academic year 2015-2016 during the first round only reached (490.05) kg in the college.
The research relied on the method of predicting the future and statistical in the estimation of the quantity of plastic bottles resulting from the college in 2030, if the college continued to follow the same method in the final examinations, the researcher found that the amount of plastic bottles of the kidney reached (793.24) kg during the academic year 2029 - 2030. In the case of consumption of drinking water drink only one. The researcher recommends a set of solutions to this problem, most importantly replacing plastic bottles with other cardboard or glass, recycling plastic bottles and turning them into fuel to be used by the college in other areas.

Cotton industries are important and vital industries , which have received the support and attention of many countries of the world and from various political and economic systems , their ability to absorb a large number of labor and reduce the unemployment rate , which in turn build the fundamentals of solid economy and the development of social structure in many from developing country regions , the research refers to the study of evaluating the performance efficiency in the qatniyah plant – Baghdad governorate – kadhimiya district and the importance of using economic standards and their role in evaluating the performance of the factory to show the strengths and weaknesses in its productive activity during the period specified for the study (2013-2018) , the possibility of exporting various cotton products , which greatly affected the profitability and became the factory is unable to develop its production capacity and expand it to enter the field of international competition with its products , which uses raw cotton as a competitive advantage

Educational services are essential services for social development and services that affect the lives of the population and are important tools for economic, social, cultural and technical construction. The geographers are interested in studying everything related to this type of service.
The study seeks to reveal the reality of educational services in Mansouriya and to identify the spatial distribution and efficiency of the job in relation to the size of the population according to local standards.
The study dealt with the spatial distribution of educational services in Mansouriya. It was found that the spatial distribution of educational services at the neighborhood level is unfair and unplanned compared to the population of each district.
The second topic was discussed the efficiency of educational services in the city of Mansuriya in terms of educational and demographic indicators, where it is generally observed that the rates of school and the division of students more than the specified standard, and the school buildings also suffer from many problems, including the number of number compared to the number of schools with a shortage In its services

The research aims to reveal the reality of large, medium and small industrial enterprises and the most important problems faced by these institutions as a result of reducing their role, and the extent of their impact on the phenomenon of unemployment spatially and temporarily and at the level of administrative units of the province of Baghdad, as well as the extent of those institutions, especially small in reducing unemployment Study area after 2003.
To achieve this, the quantitative method and the descriptive and analytical approach were used. The data were tabulated into tables and converted into percentages, as well as maps and graphs for easy spatial and temporal comparison, using the standard score for the same purpose, and dealing with the official data of the Central Bureau of Statistics and Information Technology, especially the results of the 1997 census. And the results of the 2013 Poverty and Maternal Mortality Survey.

Jihad (holy war) verses in the Qur'an have been employed, from past times until the present, as a constitutive referential authority by extremist Takfiri groups which take these verses as a pretext and a legitimate justification for murder and violence, in all its ugly forms, against others: Muslim or non-Muslim. They, firstly, accuse Muslims with apostasy and then they judge that apostates must be Killed wherever they are. All of this is based on superficia interpretation of verses or interpreting verses outside their context overlooking the conditions and terms stated by the said verses. The most important condition is that Jihad is to repel foreign or external aggression, to liberate countries and to defend people. However, there are certain conditions provided by the holy Quran verses which urge Muslims to fight as the Almighty says: (And fight in the Way of Allah those who fight you, but transgress not the limits. Truely, Allah like not aggressors) (al-Baqarah, 190).Jihad, then, is a defensive fight against those who launch war against believers, their state and society; it is a "legitimate defense" authorized by religious laws, legal and political legislations. One of the Quranic verses that have been distorted and misinterpreted by taking them away their context to be a pretext to justify the deviant behavior, which is against religion and its proper course, is the fifth verse of Surah al-Tawbah, which was called by some interpreters Ayatualseif "the sword verse", which some people claim that it has abrogated dozens of Quranic verses which encourage and call for good behavior, peace and peaceful coexistence; they are one hundred and fourteen verses in four and fifty Quranic Surah (chapters).Terrorist and extremist groups believe that these verses have been aprogated to be replaced by murder commands at all times and places against those who are though to be disbelievers, polytheists or apostates. This is the ground and the basis on which extremists justify their criminal acts to spread chaos and war all over the world instead of creating harmony and peace. These verses have been exploited through wrong and deviant understanding to provide extremists with a permission to use all kinds of violence, force and forms of abuse in the name of religion. Extremism

Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds, and the best prayer. The first teacher of the values of humanity, our noble Prophet, and his family and companions, and those who follow them with goodness, until the day of judgment, and afterThe Islam took care of the proper humanization and give it great importance in accordance with the integrated moral system, which is associated with human nature of humanity, which was established and confirmed in all the previous heavenly religions,
The development of human values in the human being is a priority of the Islamic religion and appear on the ground through the daily dealings between people and the issue of displacement is not a new topic on the ground throughout the long history, but it is a new in the manner in which the displacement . It is not a new topic on the ground through the long history, but new in the manner in which the displacement has emerged because of it and accompanied by a lot of new issues and problems that need

The study aimed at identifying the motivator and its impact on the personal status contracts. The study was divided into two sections. The first topic is the statement of the concept of the motivator, its controls and its evidence, and it dealt with the definition of the motive in terms of language and terminology, and then clarified the difference between the term emulator and other suspected terms. A statement of the legitimate evidence of the emitter, and what are the controls through which the emitter can be identified.The second topic dealt with the effect of the inducement on the methods of marriage and its deterioration in terms of health and invalidity, where the first demand explained the effect of the motive on the marriage contract. Through the engagement and marriage of the patient death disease and marriage analysis. Then the second requirement of this study showed the effect of the emitter On the ways to dissolve the marriage contract, and one of these ways to divorce the patient disease of death. The patient removed the disease of death, and some of the issues that are related to the subject of divorce: such as muscle and return

The concept of media has now taken an influential role in the attitudes and attitudes of individuals and the formulation of most of their individual and collective attitudes and behavior, in addition to the basic role of the various media in linking the interaction between the public environment or the general pattern and the social and political content of societies through contemporary technologies, The topic is the relationship between the role of the media and the foundations and foundations of civil peace building, and through the activation of the role, means, tools and techniques of the media in various directions in the transfer and dissemination of a culture of peace within the structures and social structures and able to resolve and confront De most important crises in many societies: The media as an important social institution in human societies may have the ability to contribute to the support pillars linked to civil peace building process by contributing to the management of the process towards the respect of making the style and approach of the life of society and the State Administration of society

Social media, especially; Twitter provides great microblogging services for all individuals, such as; politicians as, it is believed to have the potential for increasing political participation. As well as an perfect platform for users to spread not only information in general but also political opinions publicly through their networks. Also it presented to be used badly in spreading rumors and tendentious lies, as mentioned that (takes down whoever you want if the opponents use it best). More recently, it has been widely used by a large group of presidents and political figures. The research aimed to target the content of the American speeches by president Trump on social network sites concerning Middle East (Arabic region) issues, and analyzing the tweets of president Trump on Twitter for the period from 1/8 to 30/11. President Trump has a Twitter account which has 21 million follower. According to news sites and research centers, Trump managed successfully through posting thousands of tweets in Twitter, during Trump's campaign, were most of these tweets; dubious and unreliable information, both in terms of source and history. These deeds during presidential campaign, can be described as “media misinformation” because publishing false information and false statements, In light of the huge amount of tweets and news circulating, it is difficult for users to ascertain the authenticity of what is published by the president, and this has contributed greatly to the promotion of his orientations, as required, at the expense of his competitors. The research uses the analytical survey method of a sample of tweets, mainly (275) tweets, concerning related issues during the presidential campaign period. The research has stated that, the content related to the Arab issues in Trump’s tweets through this site, like publishing the official political discourse, the American media discourse represented by Trump, and monitoring its trends. The research found five key tracks in president Trump's tweets related to the war on terrorism, U.S. interests and financial gains in the region. The U.S. attitudes towards the Iranian and Russian role in the region, the U.S. position towards the international nuclear dossier and the U.S. supporting Israel, and reached important results in the field of determining the foundations and paths of American media discourse.

Louange à Allah, et alors: Le noble Coran est la constitution et le système de la vie, miraculeux dans l’éloquence de son style, de son sens et de nombreuses significations de ses mots, et tout en assurant une législation sage, et les images des divers natures humaines à tout temps et lieux, y comprit les trois versets de la dernière partie de sourate Al-Ana'am qui incluent les dix commandements du sujet de la recherche, ainsi que leurs homologues dans la sourate Al-Isra'e, et la législation du Nouveau Testament…

The primary goal of this research is to study Iraqi EFL learners’ collocation performance at Al-Iraqya University/ College of Arts/ English Department. Those learners encounter barriers using collocations in their English texts (written and spoken contexts) on the two phases; recognition phase and production phase. Not being aware of the sufficient skill to use collocations in a context when their existence is necessary to deliver the exact meaning could cause misunderstanding of some or even whole material. Thus, the study utilizes the Bandura’s theory (1986) ‘theory of planned behavior’. The survey is of the type of a self-administered questionnaire, which is the major method for the data collection. The questionnaire has two parts; the demographic part that supports a general background of the students.. t, and the other part is subdivided into two parts: the first branch asks questions that investigate the theoretical part of the study like their interest in observing English contexts and the time they consume per week on such practice. The other branch contains 40 multiple-choice questions (MCQ) of English collocations. The participants of the study were 48 Iraqi students at the fourth stage at the English Department. The findings exposed that the learners who show more efficiency English collocations appear to have longer experience in surfing the net and watching English texts whether visual, audio, written, or a combination of two or more of such aspects. In addition to the importance of the current study to the literature, it grants a pedagogical contribution to the academic fields.

Literary translation is defined as one of the most difficult types of translation because literary texts embrace a lot of figurative devices and aesthetic effects that require skillful translators to render them into the target language successfully. The study is a translation of Nizar Qabbani's Poem titled "Balqees" into English. The study is of the following parts: Part one is concerned with the introduction, while the second part is about an overview with regard to the poet's life. As for part three, it is dedicated to the translation studies, methods, strategies and model of translation. Part four is a Translation Analysis of Nizar Qabbani's Poem Balqees. Finally, the researcher presents the Translation Analysis Results. This study aims at rendering the poem whose name is mentioned above into English analyzing it to pinpoint the appropriate methods of translation and problems with their solutions. The researcher raises the following questions: Does the translator (researcher) render Balqees poem into Poetic text in English? What are the methods of translation he followed? What are the problems faced by the translator in rendering Balqees Poem into English? What are the proposed solutions of the problems? To answer the abovementioned questions, the researcher translated the poem into English and analyzed it to see the types of methods used and to underline the problems and to present solutions. The study answered all the above mentioned questions; the researcher (translator) employed four methods of translation in rendering Balqees poem into English: (POPOTM), (POPRTM), (PRPOTM) and (PRPRTM). And the researcher (translator) faced some problems within the process of the translation of the poem whose name is highlighted above, and he presented the proposed solutions.

Die vorliegende Studie konzentriert sich auf das Mißverständnis der Deutschen und der Araber bei der Übersetzung der Verse 23-24 von Joseph-Sura 12. Dabei werden eir die beiden Verse 23-24 von Joseph Sura 12 behandeln. Denn sogar in deutschen Übersetzungen als auch in arabischen Übersetzungen gibt res ein Mißverständnis bei der Übersetzung dedr beiden oben erwähnten Verse , in dem sie die Interpretationen einiger Verse des Korans falsch verstanden haben, und in dem auch den Propheten Joseph so beschrieben haben , als ob er auch mit der Frau des Königen eingelassen hätte. Das deutsche Missverständnis bei der Übersetzung der Verse 23-24 kommt wegen des Missverständnises der Partikel ( Laula لولا ). Die obengenannte Partikel hat eine klare Bedeutung im Arabischen, die keinen zweideutigen Sinn enthält. Das wird im nächsten Kapitel mit Erläuterung normalerweise klar und deutlich erklärt. Wenn die Araber dieser Partikel verwenden, bestimmen sie die Verneinung der Tätigkeit des Verbes im zweiten Satz, weil diese Partikel zwei Sätze einen Nomenialsatz und anderen Verbalensatz verbindet. Im Vers 24 versteht man am besten, dass Joseph nicht sich nun mit ihr eingelassen hätte, und nicht wie Rudi Paret u.a. verstanden hatten.

The paper studies the inactivity of the central character of Doris Lessing’s novel Martha Quest (1952) which is Vol.1 in a five-volume series entitled Children of Violence (1952-69). The text is set in one of the British colonies in Southern Africa called Rhodesia. The paper attempts to analyse the character of Martha Quest who is an adolescent at fifteen at the beginning of the novel, and it deals with her rebellion against her mother and the inferior role Mrs. Quest stands for as a wife and a mother. It is significant to mention that the heroine rejected this end for women believing that they can achieve greater than this inferior role. Moreover, the paper tackles the experience of Martha in the Sports Club which prevents marriage, but allows public sexual practices, and which appears to be only a miniature to the very social and political systems she rebels against like colonisation and racial discrimination. It shows how Martha does not compromise her intelligence and beauty, and how she fails to make all her dreams come true. The heroine’s rebellion against her mother’s conventionality and protection ended in a way that lets down her feminist fans for she copies her mother’s lifestyle, i.e., Martha’s marriage to Douglas Knowell in the civil service is a kind of a bond she has strongly rejected. However, Martha gains a deeper knowledge of herself and her society.