The Arab Gulf

Several essential factors contributed to establishing and maintaining balanced political, economic, and diplomatic relations between Iran and India. The two countries grew closer through numerous bilateral agreements. When India gained independence in 1947, a new situation emerged in the Indian subcontinent, with its effects spreading to parts of West Asia, including Iran.
Iranian-Indian relations experienced periods of tension and development depending on internal and external circumstances; however, they remained largely stable. Notable aspects of these relations included trade, navigation, and import-export agreements, which positively impacted their sustained cooperation despite political differences over Pakistan. India recognized the importance of convincing Iran of the need to maintain their bilateral relationship, emphasizing that traditional friendship should not be hindered by any obstacles. This realization led to diplomatic exchanges and official visits, including presidential meetings.
External factors also played a role in strengthening ties, such as Iran’s support for India during the 1962 Sino-Indian War, where Iran openly backed India. Furthermore, education fostered a mutual understanding and internal awareness in both nations, highlighting the importance of economic development and mutual cooperation. This understanding emphasized economic integration and paved the way for robust Iranian-Indian relations focused on mutual development and true partnership.

This study sheds light on the discovery of oil in Iraq during its time as an Ottoman province, and the subsequent rush by Western powers to claim this resource for themselves rather than allowing it to benefit the Iraqi people. The study describes how these nations vied for control over Iraq’s oil wealth like fierce predators, albeit using sweet words and imposing realities rather than claws and fangs.
The study reviews Iraq’s negotiations with oil companies that were forced upon the country, leading to a monopoly over its oil resources. It also explores the intermittent attempts by Iraq’s leaders to break free from this oppressive monopoly, culminating in a series of nationalizations of oil companies in Iraq, which were completed by 1975. The study seeks to analyze the role of oil in Iraq’s economy, whether through maximizing its benefits and the associated industries or by diversifying Iraq’s national income sources as a precaution against future oil depletion or sudden price drops, as has happened multiple times before.
The study highlights the importance of security stability, development, social justice, and Iraq’s need to overcome the divisive practice of sectarianism, which has been destructive wherever it has taken root, with Lebanon serving as a cautionary example.

This study aims to clarify the origins and development of education in Kuwait from 1760 to 1981, highlighting the role of katateeb (traditional learning centers) and the contributions of the Kuwaiti Council of Education, which helped shift the trajectory of education by sending educational missions abroad in 1938, especially following the increased oil revenue, which led to the establishment of numerous schools. Thus, the evolution of the educational environment in Kuwait included two main stages: primary and secondary education, encompassing both males and females. This progress culminated in a complete educational system across various fields and the introduction of modern curricula.
The Council of Education also played a significant role in establishing institutes in Kuwait and acted as a cultural center, overseeing libraries. With substantial advancements in education, there arose a pressing need for a university in Kuwait, which was established in 1966. This university became a cornerstone of Kuwait’s educational and intellectual renaissance, graduating a significant number of students across various disciplines during the 1970s and 1980s.

This study aims to examine cultural pluralism and its impact on the formation of identity within Western modernist thought. With the existence of diverse groups, minorities, and sects, the crucial issue arises of defining an identity that encompasses these cultural pluralities. Each minority group or ethnicity has its own culture and independent entity, making it challenging to establish a shared identity, especially in contemporary times with the emergence of the modern state as a politically powerful international entity. This modern state focuses on its identity amid plurality and unity, balancing cultural affiliation with individual loyalty to the state, while also emphasizing human rights and minority rights.

Since sources of evidence form the foundation for deriving rulings, sometimes judgments are derived directly from explicit statements, while other times they are inferred from implied meanings. Usul scholars have given considerable attention to the concept of compliance, recognizing it as a key method by which language indicates rulings. Based on the concept of compliance, many rulings have been derived from the Qur\'an and the noble Sunnah. This study examines the definitions given by jurists for the concept of compliance and the terms used by Usul scholars to refer to it, such as fahwa al-khitab (implicit meaning of speech), fahwa al-lafdh (implicit meaning of words), lahn al-khitab (underlying tone of speech), and lahn al-qawl (tone of words). The study also explores the conditions for compliance, its classifications, the permissibility of specification and abrogation through compliance, and the major applications of compliance among Usul scholars.

Talib Al-Rifai’s novel Kidnapping the Beloved addresses several contemporary social issues in a smooth and subtle artistic style. Yet, it carries ideas that challenge societal norms, embodying a social adventure that aligns with Lukács\' conception of the novel as an art form of society, one that reflects and expresses all its contradictions. The novel is a bourgeois epic representing and embodying values.
The narrative structure relies on two primary movements. The first, and more dominant, forms a personal adventure driven by thoughts and anxieties, ultimately leading to particular behaviors. This self-driven adventure is woven from multiple threads: emotions and love, fatherhood and family, social class, and travel. The second movement unfolds through encounters with \"the other,\" manifesting in tensions with those of different sects, the rigidly conservative, and the woman as the other.

This study seeks to explore the theme of manipulation in Kuwaiti novels and analyze its strategies—which can be considered as mechanisms through which the text, whether written or spoken, aligns itself. Kuwaiti novels serve as a social discourse that enables the reader to experience societal realities, including issues and practices related to racism and marginalization.
Manipulation is a social practice aimed at altering individuals\\' thoughts and behaviors, leading them to believe in false ideas that ultimately serve the manipulator’s interests. Critical discourse analysis aims to uncover these strategies by which individuals are manipulated and their minds controlled, examining various discourses to scrutinize their rhetoric by focusing on individual expressions and phrases that reveal institutional dominance and its ideologies

This study aims to address the topic of the poetics of irony in the discourse of Al-Hariri\'s Maqamat, specifically exploring the strategies employed by Al-Hariri to construct an ironic discourse that enhances the poetic nature of his work. Al-Hariri’s Maqamat, born from a cultural fusion and the diversity of literary genres, serves as a medium for authors to express their social, political, and ethical needs. Through a descriptive stylistic approach, this study analyzes the structure of the text and decodes its discourse by examining the convergence and cohesion of various elements within the maqama. It further explores the reasons that led to the creation of such ironic discourses, reflecting the social realities of the time.

Sayyid Haidar Al-Hilli was born in the village of Birmana, near the city of Hilla in Iraq. Besides the title \"Al-Hilli,\" he was also known as \"Al-Husseini\" due to his descent from Zayd al-Shaheed, the son of Imam Zayn al-Abidin (peace be upon him). He rose to prominence in poetry, and many prominent figures of his time attested to his leadership in the field. Al-Hilli was influenced by two major poets: Al-Sharif Al-Radhi and Al-Muhyar Al-Daylami. His literary legacy includes three works in addition to his poetic diwan. He was a student of Sheikh Hassan Al-Falluji and his uncle Sayyid Mahdi Sayyid Dawood.
Sayyid Haidar passed away in 1304 AH at the age of 59 and was mourned by prominent poets, including Sayyid Muhammad Saeed Al-Haboubi, Sheikh Hassoun Al-Abdullah, and Sheikh Hassan Al-Qayyim. His poetry is marked by a variety of themes, although he was most renowned for his elegies, particularly in lamentation of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him).

This research aims to study intertextuality with preceding texts in the poetry of Muhammad Salih Abdul-Ridha and how he skillfully employs intertextuality as an artistic tool, drawing upon his extensive cultural experiences in language, literature, and media. The study explores the mechanisms of intertextuality and its critical functions in distinguishing between interwoven and interacting texts. The poet utilizes intertextuality in his poetry from a variety of sources, including religious intertextuality from the Qur\'an, literary intertextuality from both classical and modern works, popular heritage, and mythological intertextuality.

It is well-known that argumentation divides into three main categories: logical, rhetorical, and linguistic argumentation. The sacred text is considered an argumentative discourse as it refutes false ideological narratives, as seen in the improvisational quality, which represents a high standard of rhetorical excellence in Arabic, thus positioning the Qur'an primarily as an argumentative discourse.
This paper aims to examine theories of argumentation and apply them to selected passages from Surat Al-Mulk. The researcher seeks to shed light on these theories using modern concepts—particularly those of Ducrot—by analyzing specific arguments within the surah. Based on the premise that "the Qur’an is suitable for every time and place," this study utilizes Qur'anic verses to demonstrate that the Qur'an embodies elements that establish it as an argumentative discourse, fulfilling the purposes of persuasion and influence.

This study addresses an important social and academic phenomenon—grammatical debate, which has played a significant role in shedding light on various grammatical issues and topics discussed among scholars and grammarians. The study aims to collect and analyze grammatical debates through the lens of dialectical pragmatics theory introduced by Frans van Eemeren and Rob Grootendorst. By applying the reconstruction transformations specified by dialectical pragmatists, specifically the ellipsis transformation, this study seeks to eliminate extraneous annotations and repeated text that lie outside the core resolution of disagreements. The research examines several grammatical debates involving groups of grammarians who strive to reach a mutually agreeable solution—or, at times, an unresolved outcome.

Narrative techniques span various creative arts, marking a significant shift in the blending of genres and the expression of modernity, often referred to as genre openness and the breaking of boundaries between forms. This shift has led to condensed expression and intensified meaning through poetic storytelling, where drama escalates within a circular structure that begins where it ends. Iraqi poets have achieved their goals by embracing difference, divergence, and deviation, venturing into a maze of visual and auditory illusions. This approach elevates the artistic qualities of poetry, while also engaging the dynamic capability of the reader’s mind to decipher visual and sensory imagery within the poetic text. This imagery relies on sensory perceptions and visual insight, allowing the reader to uncover the mysterious aspects of the poet’s intent

The study area was designated as the southern part of the alluvial plain in Basra Governorate. The objective of the study was to identify and analyze the geographical issues affecting the agricultural sector in general and the plant sector in particular. This includes addressing climate issues, water resource problems, and soil conditions, as well as proposing solutions to address or mitigate these challenges. The study aimed to reduce the amount of evaporation/transpiration in the area, establish a green belt, conserve biodiversity, and improve agricultural soil properties, such as soil texture and structure, and reduce salt concentrations. Additionally, the study explored solutions for water resource issues and irrigation and drainage systems by utilizing modern technologies and upgrading traditional irrigation systems. Further proposals were made for linking, converting, and creating new water pathways.

The study of social and housing indicators holds great significance for the city of Abu Al-Khaseeb as a fundamental indicator of the city’s status. This study focuses on understanding the current state of social and housing indicators and their variation by assessing their efficiency and adequacy concerning the social and economic variables of the housing function. It also seeks to uncover the challenges these indicators face and offers some suitable solutions. The study aims to reveal the social and housing indicators in the city and their alignment with human development indicators by analyzing various variables, such as the occupation of the head of the household, educational attainment, and ownership type of housing units. Housing ownership types are categorized into four groups: freehold, agricultural title, rental, and waqf (endowment). Other variables include housing unit area, type of housing unit, construction material, roof material, number of bedrooms, presence of a home garden, and the number of families residing in the unit.

This study examines the reality of primary education in the city of Al-Qurna to assess its capacity to provide educational services to the area's residents and to determine how well these institutions align with local standards. The research also focuses on identifying obstacles hindering the educational process in these schools and proposes appropriate solutions in line with the standards set by the Iraqi Ministry of Education and Ministry of Planning. The study is divided into three sections: the first addresses the spatial distribution of primary schools in Al-Qurna, the second discusses the use of statistical methods for school distribution within the city, and the third evaluates the efficiency of primary schools in Al-Qurna. The researcher utilized several programs, including EXCEL and GIS 10.8, for data analysis.

The surface runoff coefficient and index are influenced by several factors, including the basin’s geometric and morphometric characteristics, soil, vegetation cover, geological properties, sediment, and human activities, each of which affects the water runoff volume. This research aims to estimate the surface runoff volume by analyzing the relationship between rainfall and runoff. The study applied a series of mathematical equations recommended by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) method and utilized Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The findings indicate that the basin has varying natural characteristics, especially in terms of geological formations, which are distributed across the basin’s surface between the Ghar and Euphrates formations and Quaternary sediments. The CN (Curve Number) index was categorized into three classes (A, B, C) due to variations in land cover and its uses. The estimated surface runoff volume in the basin was approximately 16 million m³.

Tourism is a vital economic activity for a country, directly influenced by climate and its elements, as well as indirectly affecting a broad range of environmental resources that are essential for the tourism industry. This study aims to explore the impact of climate on tourism and tourist activity within the study stations. It assesses the tourism climate in certain regions of Iraq using an important criterion: the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI). This index was applied to each month of the year over a minor climatic cycle lasting 11 years to analyze the climate’s varying impact on tourism in Mosul and Basrah.
The study revealed notable variations in TCCI categories. For instance, the “hot-unacceptable” category was observed more frequently in Basrah, occurring over seven months, compared to four months in Mosul. The “acceptable, suitable, and very acceptable” categories were equally distributed between the study stations, averaging four months per station, though the months differed. The “cold-unacceptable” category was more prominent in Mosul, averaging four months, while in Basrah, it appeared only in January due to differing climatic conditions between the stations.

This research aims to study and analyze the density of passenger vehicle traffic on the Al-Qurna–Maysan road to identify the variations in traffic density and the main factors contributing to this variation. Using the traffic count method, the study quantifies the number of vehicles passing through the road within the study area. This process involves manually counting the vehicles at clearly marked observation points over two days: a regular workday and a holiday (Friday), monitoring both entry and exit directions.
The study's key findings indicate a noticeable variation in passenger vehicle density during the observation hours across both days. The outbound traffic of passenger vehicles was higher in density on both the workday and the holiday compared to the inbound traffic.

The study aims to explore the extent to which professors at the University of Basrah possess technological knowledge, teaching methods, and scientific content based on the TPACK model in education. The study concluded that professors in the Colleges of Education (Humanities and Sciences) exhibit a high level of technological knowledge related to teaching scientific content. The results also showed no significant differences between male and female professors in this usage, as well as in various model domains such as CK, PK, TK, PCK, TPK, and TPCK, indicating a close level of technical proficiency between genders. However, significant differences were observed between scientific and humanities specializations, with professors in scientific fields demonstrating a higher level of technological knowledge across the model, particularly in the TCK and TPCK domains.
This research highlights the importance of ongoing training and development in technology-based teaching methods for faculty members. It provides a foundation for further research in this area to enhance our understanding of effective technology integration in the educational process

Architecture is considered one of the most important formative genres that present the final form of art، relying on the integration of size with space in a creative integration that gives the place aesthetic characteristics in which anthropological، sociological and artistic dimensions merge، which is governed by new aesthetic standards that expressed a formative identity specific to sculptural monuments، with the architectural identity being affected in terms of formal structures and their formations by the locational conditions، which in turn was reflected in the architecture of sculptural monuments from material، urban design، collective thought and aesthetic taste in the United Arab Emirates. The research contained four chapters. The first chapter dealt with the methodological framework of the research، represented by the research problem، which defined the following question: (How was the architectural identity of sculptural monuments achieved in the United Arab Emirates? The second chapter came with the theoretical framework and previous studies and was divided into three sections. The first dealt with the concept of architectural identity، the second section dealt with the sculptural components of the monument، and the third section dealt with the characteristics and civilizational features in the United Arab Emirates. The third chapter contained the research procedures، while the
fourth chapter included the research results، the most important of which were:
1. Construction work The architect in the sculptural monument about separating form from function and liberating it towards a purely symbolic aesthetic form created an architectural identity for a design that carries artistic principles on the one hand and engineering design principles on the other hand.
2. Some architectural characteristics gave the sculptural monument an identity different from what is found in the artistic sculptural work، including moving away from the base on which sculptures are usually based and replacing it with a flat floor of reinforced concrete that gives the monument balance and strength of stability in the face of natural and mechanical influences، which is a pure architectural feature، as well as introducing modern industrial materials that depend on designing iron networks covered with cement and mosaics، which are materials widely used in buildings.
The study reached some conclusions، the most important of which are:
1. Benefiting from modern materials and techniques that have entered contemporary architectural construction designs، which created an urban identity for the Emirati cities and were reflected in the method of designing and constructing sculptural monuments and gave them their own architectural identity.

Translation of products and slogans from English into Arabic can be a challenging task due to the differences in language, culture and traditions between the target audience and the source once. Creative translation, also known as trans-creation, is the process of adapting content or text from one language to another by maintaining the same essence of the original text. Creative translation doesn't replace the source text word for word but instead focuses on using the source text as a point of reference to create equally compelling copy in the target language. The process of creative translation requires expert linguistic knowledge on the part of translation team, it is essential for businesses that operate on a global scale, as it enables them to get their message across international markets and cultures. Creative translation can involve simply changing few words or sentences, or completely rewriting the whole text. The current study works on illustrating the idea of creative translation and the main approaches dealing with it. In this study, a special focus has been paid to example of product or brand names and slogans translated creatively into Arabic. Also some other non-creative translation has been given in the study to show the problem of creative translation and its effect on product marketing and continuity.

This experimental process-oriented study investigates the effect of the text type, specifically scientific and literary ones, on the quality of inverse/ second language (L2) translation. It attempts to look into the effect imposed by the text specialization on the participants’ levels of competence in translating into their non-native language. To investigate this problem, the study adapts the Translator Competence Model (PACTE, 2018), and a triangulation of methods (two tools; a translation task and a questionnaire). That is, the study has selected 23 student-translators, who are native speakers of Arabic, at the Department of Translation to translate two Arabic texts; scientific and literary (appendix A), decided by the study expert, into English (L2). They are, also, required to respond to a questionnaire (Appendix B) designed in accordance with the study model. The collected draft translations are evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively (by the study evaluator) according to the parameters of assessment suggested by the same model of measurement, as it accounts for quality assessment too (PACTE, 2018). Besides, the responses to the questionnaire (Appendix B) are analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings prove the applicability of PACTE’s model (2018) in inverse/L2 translation and indicate that there is an effect of the text type on the quality of the TT, yet it is not that significant. Although a bit higher in the literary text than in the scientific one, approximately, similar mistakes, in number and category, are committed and nearly similar TTs are presented by each student-translator. Further, student-translators have not admitted much variance in the level of difficulty encountered during translating either text type, yet they are stalled by their linguistic competence in the TL. The results are of pedagogical use; they are meant to shape the designing of the curriculums adopted in student-translators’ training courses and guide lecturers’ methods of teaching L2 translation.