Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

The cyclone coding of geographical phenomena is one of the topics that has been interested in many researchers in the design of maps and its drawing because it has a great role in reducing information, elaborating it and representing it with new ideas. Given the absence of a map study on digital coding of urban lands in the municipality of Kadhimiya, it is one of the necessary requirements numbers and drawing a group of objective maps that deal with the distribution of a number of urban land uses according to the foundations and rules of appropriate Khargi representation. The study area in Al -Kadhimiya municipality is chosen due to the lack of a detailed study on the maps of this region. To clarify the information and its numbers and deliver it accurately to the map reader.The primary goal of research is to show the number of specific digital maps symbols using the geographic information systems program by choosing the qualitative symbols for each phenomenon or using and representing it on the map after it is chosen in a deliberate way in line with the type, nature and specifications of the phenomenon that can be represented and on this basis adopt a process reading and analyzing the map. The researcher touches on the concept of coding and its types (symbols, linear symbols and surveying symbols) and the most important problems that the cartovia suffers when they are represented in the maps of urban land uses as well as mentioning the most important basic rules to be followed when represented by each type of symbols and choosing the most appropriate ones in acting to be more aware of the map reade .

The investigation delves into the methodologies employed by Muawiyah in securing allegiance for his son Yazid and the response of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) towards this allegiance as documented in \\\\"Tarikh al-Islam\\\\" by al-Dhahabi (d. 748 AH / 1347 CE). The primary aim is to elucidate the strategies adopted by Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan to strengthen his dominion, which was particularly manifested in the Levant region during his governance. Upon the martyrdom of Imam Hasan (peace be upon him), Muawiyah perceives a strategic opening that he promptly seizes to pave the path for the succession of his son Yazid. An essential factor motivating Muawiyah to designate his son as the caliph of the Muslims is the profound affection he holds for Yazid. Furthermore, the examination unveils Imam Hussein\\\\'s (peace be upon him) standpoint regarding this allegiance. Despite the prevailing adversities and upheavals in the Islamic territories, such as bloodshed and forced migrations, Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) chooses to maintain his loyalty towards the treaty established by his brother, Imam Hasan (peace be upon him). Refusing to swear fealty to Yazid amidst the escalating tyranny and maladministration within the Umayyad regime, Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) articulates his unwavering commitment to upholding moral principles and justice. His uprising emerges as a poignant symbol of martyrdom for righteousness and equity within the Islamic doctrine. A critical analysis of al-Dhahabi\\\\'s accounts concerning Imam Hussein\\\\'s stance underscores their brevity, lack of elaboration, and absence of precision, thereby hindering a comprehensive understanding of Imam Hussein\\\\'s position. This deficiency becomes evident upon meticulous scrutiny, examination, and juxtaposition with diverse historical narratives.

The research aims to study the concept of the Islamic system, explain its nature and its relationship to building the Islamic state, and establish its foundations and general pillars that elevate it to the level of height and nobility. It is the foundation whose foundations were laid and whose pillars were established by the Messenger of the Lord of the Worlds, Muhammad al-Sadiq, the Trustworthy, may the best of prayers and peace be upon him, and then explaining the impact that he has. Through it in building global international systems through its direct influence on those systems in order to establish the principles of justice and equality in those systems to lead them to achieving stages of societal peace in those countries, and that goal, which is the establishment of countries that apply the principles of the Islamic system and their unification, will not be reached except by By activating the principle of doctrinal brotherhood and rejecting extremism, disagreement, tribalism, and fanaticism, because faith is the foundation of the Islamic system and its general foundation.

Since the inception of ancient times and the commencement of human literary text inscription and conservation, there have been concurrent scholarly endeavors to craft these texts, scrutinizing literary forms and terminologies. Despite these endeavors, the endeavors to scrutinize external texts or those adjacent to the text were hesitant until the emergence of "Gerard Genette," who established the foundation for a genuine interest in the external texts encircling the internal text and sought to scrutinize them in what is presently recognized as textual thresholds. These thresholds function as a portal to comprehending the primary text and as a boundary for accessing it. Hence, these inquiries formed the basis for investigation: What did the textual thresholds contribute to Fouad Al-Takarli's novel "Spit in the Face of Life"? Did Al-Takarli possess distinct textual thresholds that set him apart from Iraqi novels? The impetus behind conducting this study resides in Al-Takarli's unique position within Iraqi and Arab novels, along with grasping the extent of the influence of the aesthetics of adjacent texts on readers and the novel as a whole. In my study, I employed the semiotic approach and the methodology of depiction and examination, encompassing an introduction, two segments, a conclusion, and an annex with origins and citations

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The position of the Noble Prophet (May God’s Prayers and Peace be Upon Him and His Family) Regarding Sarcasm in his Noble Hadiths: Desciptive study
Asst.Lest. Jenan Naji Jabr
Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities
2024, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 314-325
Abstract
The investigation primarily centers on stylistics, recognized as an innovative approach in textual analysis, showcasing various applications in interpreting the Quran. Consequently, the study's main focus lies in delineating this approach and elucidating its advantages for interpreting the Quran, alongside the obstacles encountered in its implementation. Furthermore, an analysis of the principal aspects of stylistic examination was undertaken. The study also delved into the subject of sarcasm within the Prophetic tradition, scrutinizing its attributes, essence, origins, and evolution as documented by scholars. Subsequent to this, an exploration was conducted into sarcasm within the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, shedding light on the rationales and incentives driving the use of sarcasm. An examination of sarcasm as a rhetorical tool was also carried out, highlighting its role as a facet of eloquence where a statement is crafted to imply the contrary of its literal meaning. Scholars of rhetoric view sarcasm as a manifestation of cleverness, with practitioners of sarcasm often displaying traits such as haughtiness, scorn, and grandiosity.

The scholar is utilizing diverse statistical methodologies to analyze the data and derive outcomes. The findings of the study demonstrate a moderate degree of utilization of alternative assessment models and approaches among history educators. In light of this, the scholar puts forth several recommendations, such as advocating for the incorporation of alternative assessment models and approaches across all educational levels and disciplines. Moreover, there exists a necessity to amalgamate conventional and alternative assessment methodologies to encompass all facets of the educational framework. It is also advised to organize training sessions for educators in middle and high schools to equip them with the skills needed to implement various alternative assessment methods in education. Additionally, the researcher advocates for the urgency of conducting further investigations and studies to assess the outcomes of the educational process grounded in alternative assessment, its models, and instruments.

The Arabic language belongs to the family of Semitic languages, which share some roots and words due to their Semitic linguistic heritage or by borrowing from one another. This research aims to study the words considered Nabataean in Arabic dictionaries, attempting to identify their roots and derivations in Semitic languages and understand their Semitic commonalities. Through comparative study, it becomes clear that some Nabataean words are used across Semitic languages, based on Akkadian, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Syriac dictionaries, which comparative semantic studies consider part of the Semitic common heritage. Some words undergo changes in sound or meaning, and a word may appear in one or more of the Semitic languages.

The investigation aimed to explore the pressure systems accountable for the seasonal and sporadic precipitation in Iraq, as well as to pinpoint the specific periods of occurrence spanning from 2011 to 2022. This was achieved through the utilization of daily data obtained from eight climatic stations, coupled with the examination of meteorological and surface charts pertaining to pressure levels set at 1000, 850, and 500 millibars. The findings of the study unveiled the precise commencement of seasonal rainfall, predominantly concentrated between October and November across the majority of stations within the research area. On the other hand, the initiation of intermittent rainfall exhibited variability, encompassing the months of October, November, and December, with the most extended duration recorded at 59 days for the Rutbah station during the 2017-2018 season, and the shortest period of one day observed at stations such as Kirkuk, Rutbah, Nasiriyah, Diwaniyah, and Basra. Moreover, the maximum number of consecutive days experiencing seasonal rainfall at the Kirkuk station amounted to 9 days during the 2014-2015 season, while Mosul and Rutbah stations recorded the highest number of continuous days with intermittent rainfall, reaching 6 days in the 2013-2014 season. Conversely, the minimum duration of continuous seasonal and intermittent rainfall was found to be one day, emerging as the most prevalent timeframe throughout the duration of the research. In terms of cumulative seasonal precipitation, Mosul station registered the highest amount at 126.9 mm, whereas the lowest was documented at Al-Hay station with 17.7 mm. Conversely, for intermittent rainfall, Nasiriyah station showcased the highest total at 152.1 mm, while Kirkuk station displayed the lowest at 58.5 mm. Ultimately, the study deduced that the Sudanese depression played a substantial role in generating seasonal rainfall, attributing to 76% of the precipitation during the observation time at 00 GMT, and 79% during the observation time at 12 GMT, while accounting for 71% of intermittent rainfall during both observation periods at 00 and 12 GMT.

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Urban sprawl and its impact on agricultural lands in the city of Canaan for the period (1997-2023)
Asst. Lect. Lubna Sattar Ibrahim Al-Bayati
Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities
2024, Volume 2, Issue 3, Pages 363-377
Abstract
The research aims to reveal urban sprawl and its impact on agricultural lands in the city of Canaan, as well as to determine the best directions for its future urban expansion away from inventorying and preserving orchards and agricultural lands. To achieve this, the descriptive, historical, analytical and quantitative approach was used, as well as the use of maps using systems technology. Geographic information using the Arc gis program and satellite visuals from the Bing satellite. The research reached the most important results, including that economic factors and government intervention had a major role in urban expansion at the expense of agricultural lands in the research area. The research also showed the most important stages in which The city of Canaan has a wide extension over agricultural land, which is the second morphological stage for the period (1971-1981) and the third morphological stage for the period (1982-1999), as well as predicting the future of the city in terms of population and area until the target year 2038, after which the research showed the best directions for its future expansion, which is The direction is east and southwest.

Belief in the "purified Sunnah" as exemplified by the narrations of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) and his household (peace be upon them) and their methodology and benefits for all individuals is a focal point of the study. The research delves into the establishment of jurisprudential principles using noble hadiths, with a specific focus on the principle "There is no harm and no harassment in Islam". This analysis involves considerations of establishment, chain of transmission, and semantic interpretation. This aspect holds significant value for jurists due to its pivotal role in deducing Islamic decrees, a feature lacking in the examination of intricate jurisprudential matters that do not generally offer assistance compared to the overarching principles embraced by jurists. Jurists encounter a myriad of specific legal issues, whereas jurisprudential principles encompass lucid expressions and connotations that encompass these diverse legal matters, facilitating memorization and regulation. Through these principles, solutions to these issues are derived, founded on overarching principles that shield the jurist from inconsistencies. The majority of these principles are universally accepted among scholars, with only a few exceptions, characterized by their lucidity, precision, and memorability, enabling jurists to leverage them in addressing any specific scenario dictated by a legal ruling in accordance with the noble hadiths from the purified Sunnah. This research, entitled "The Hadith-Based Establishment of the Jurisprudential Rule 'There is no harm and no harassment in Islam': An Analytical Study," confirms these points. The study is structured into three sections, culminating in a conclusion presenting the primary findings, along with a compilation of the most significant sources and references.

The study area is located in the northeastern part of Iraq, with the area of the basin being (232.7 km2). The research aims to study the estimation of the volume of soil lost due to water erosion factors using the Gavrilovic model, which is a hydrological model used to estimate the volume of soil uprooted in water valleys. To apply this model requires It provides a set of factors, namely (rainfall, temperature, slope, soil, vegetation density, and erosion). We also relis on satellite visuals (Landsat8) in deriving vegetation density and on the digital elevation model (DEM) in deriving the slope, after applying the model. In the study area, it was found that the size of the uprooted or lost soil in Wadi Zalm varied, as the area of invisible erosion reached (45.5 km2), at a rate of (19.6%) of the total area of the study area, while weak erosion records the highest area, amounting to (167.2 km2), at a rate of ( 71.9%), while the area of moderate erosion reachs (18.6 km2) at a rate of (8%), while generalized erosion reachs an area of (1.3 km2) of the total area of the study area at a rate of (0.6%).

The investigation aims to identify the climate comfort indicators for laborers in the brick industry within Baghdad Governorate. In order to accomplish the research objectives, the investigator employed the descriptive survey approach, utilizing a sample of 150 individuals based on a variety of demographic variables. A survey was developed to assess the climate comfort indicators among laborers in brick factories in Baghdad, with its validity and reliability being confirmed. Following the administration of the survey, the study yielded the subsequent outcomes: The vast majority of the research participants perceive that temperatures exhibit fluctuations and instability due to the absence of centralized or consistent heating within the factory premises, impacting the well-being of the laborers. The conditions inside the factory premises are artificial rather than natural, attributed to the failure of the factory management to allocate resources that would regulate the indoor climate irrespective of the season (be it winter or summer). Prolonged high levels of humidity across all seasons represent one of the climate-related challenges encountered by brick factories in Baghdad, with over 80% of respondents acknowledging this issue, underscoring the prevailing perception among the research participants regarding the presence of this challenge in Baghdad's brick factories. The research participants are of the opinion that there is a lack of thermal equilibrium in the weather conditions within and outside the factory, consequently resulting in various work delays and exposing laborers to a spectrum of ailments in the short and long term. Furthermore, the research participants contend that most factories neglect adherence to precautionary measures, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall, heightening the risk of laborers contracting severe illnesses in the long term and inevitably leading to sustained financial losses due to work interruptions

The history of distinguished military and political figures, and their activities is worth attention .The researchers must shed light on the lives of these characters . This study come to shed light on the important aspects of the lives of these figure , who had a role in Arab and Iraqi issues, Sabih Naguib , his exceptional personality and The social and cultural environment in which sabih Naguib AL. Azzi grew up, played major role in his orientation toward the military corps, because his father was an officer in the Ottoman army. Which is affected his orientation towards this field Sabih Naguib was from AL-uzzi. Which is one of the authentic tribes of Iraq. This made him love the idea of Arab nationalism.participated in founding the secret Political Societies such as AL. Ahed society.Sabih Naguib was an important and beloved figure.He participated in in most of the battles during world war against the British. He received many courage awards and medals for hisHe participated in the Great Arab Revol and he was with prince Faisal bin Al-Hussein.He joined the Iraqi army upon it is founding and rose to administrative positions and military ranks. He held important political positions, including Iraq\\'s representative to the League of Nations and general director of the Iraqi ministry of foreign Affairs

The research titled "The Truth Behind the Usage of 'Or' in the Context of 'Waw': A Study Based on Fairness and Quranic Evidence" delves into a significant topic in Arabic grammar, exploring the perspectives of grammarians, linguists, and interpreters within the framework of grammatical norms, scholarly doctrines, and linguistic contexts related to this conjunction. The researchers are convinced that numerous poetic and Quranic examples provide clear evidence of the usage of 'Or' in the context of 'Waw'. To focus on a key source, they refer to the book "Fairness in Issues of Disagreement between the Grammarians: Basran and Kufan". The research aims to address a specific issue mentioned by Al-Anbari, namely issue 67, through various research topics. These include examining whether 'Or' can be interpreted as 'Waw', comparing the arguments of the Kufans and Basrans, analyzing Al-Anbari's responses and opinions, and determining whether there is consensus among the Kufans regarding this interpretation. Additionally, the research incorporates Quranic evidence supporting the occurrence of 'Or' in the context of 'Waw'. It begins with an introduction, concludes with the key findings, and provides thorough documentation of sources and references.

Floods in recent decades have been among the most common, complex and destructive natural disasters in the world due to the significant damage they cause to the economic, social, urban and infrastructure aspects and the loss of human lives, and since the city of Erbil is located in the eastern part of the study area, which has been exposed to many floods, the last of which was in In the year 2022, these floods that the city was exposed to cause the death of 12 people, destroyed thousands of homes, and caused major damage to public projects such as power stations, roads, etc. Therefore, the research aimed to identify areas of flood risk in the study area for reducing its risks in the city by the decision makers. The AHP method, remote sensing techniques, and geographic information systems were used to determine flood risk areas based on ten variables: elevation, slope, topographic humidity index (TWI), water current impetus (SPI), water network density, and the distance between sewers. Water, rain, rock, soil, land covers and uses. The importance of each criterion was revealed through analyzing the sensitivity of all variables and giving a weight to each of them in order to build the Flood Hazard Index (FHI), as it was revealed from this index that areas with very low risk and low risk Its area was (384.5 km2) with a percentage of (22.86%) of the total area of the study area, while the area of medium-risk areas reached (529.29 km2) with a percentage of (31.47%). As for the high-risk and very high-risk areas, its area reached (767.91 km2) with a percentage of ( 45.76%) of the total area of the region.

It is beyond doubt that overlooking the study of a vital sector of the Iraqi؛ indigenous population and a significant element of its structural composition, affects presenting an objective interpretation of the developments and understanding of the relative historical facts. This study talks about the issue of the Nabateans, and the situation experienced by this people who were forbidden to express themselves, during historical stages that spanned more than four centuries, by analyzing the texts written by compilers in this era.There was a community facing each other, eating each other. Thus, works written by authors appeared that gave a picture of the variable events and the facts of the days in a way that reflects the nature of coexistence in Iraq during this era. Who are the Nabat? What is their relationship with other components of Iraq? How did they deal with the Arab Muslim conquerors? Answers through which we try to trust the issue of the Nabataeans and their origins through an objective and purposeful reading in the books of the Arab-Islamic heritage.

Tourism development has emerged as a significant subject in recent times, with the goal of enriching the city's cultural and economic status through the exhibition of its cultural and religious landmarks. Baghdad, distinguished by its religious importance, particularly shines due to its religious legacy, attracting Muslims and individuals from around the globe. The city is famed for its religious shrines, tombs, mosques, and churches, which serve as key attractions frequented by Muslims and others for religious events and otherwise. The exploration of the role of railway systems in the advancement of religious tourism in Baghdad and its progression seeks to illustrate the influence of transportation through this mode in rejuvenating religious tourism. Urban centers like Baghdad often encounter diverse transportation-related challenges due to factors like population expansion and the inadequacy of transportation infrastructure to cope with this growth. There has been a noticeable surge in the number of vehicles, notably post-2003, placing a strain on street capacity. Presently, tourist transport is viewed as a foundational element in the enhancement of the religious tourism sector in all its facets. Railways have evolved over time to not only serve as a mode of transportation but also as a means to reach tourist sites. It is evident that the development of tourist destinations in numerous nations has progressed alongside the introduction of railway networks. Train speeds have advanced to surpass 400 miles per hour, rendering it a swift, cost-effective, and comfortable mode of travel. Some countries have adopted the practice of linking airports with railway systems to facilitate the transportation of tourists to tourist sites. All these factors underscore the significance of the chosen topic as the focal point of my research. The study delves into the correlation between rail transportation and religious tourism endeavors from a geographical standpoint, as indicated by the spatial context of Baghdad city.

Those individuals who engage in the analysis of the verses pertaining to family laws and meticulously scrutinize the viewpoints of legal scholars on various aspects thereof, it becomes evident the degree to which Islam underscores the reform of the family, deeming it the core and basis upon which the virtuous community is constructed. Comprehending the fundamentals and constraints of this is imperative for each adherent of Islam, particularly in the contemporary era, given the proliferation of injustices and ethical deterioration, exacerbated by the deviation of individuals from Islamic doctrines. Therefore, we opted to explore a specific issue within the domain of family affairs: the concept of disobedience (marital discord or disobedience) and how Islamic legal theory has dealt with it, as well as the injustices endured by Muslim women due to misconceptions of Islamic precepts. We partitioned the subject into three segments: Firstly, we expounded upon the lexical and terminological interpretations of disobedience and the divergences among legal scholars concerning its limitations. Secondly, we elucidated the concept of responsibility (male authority or guardianship) and its boundaries. The third section was allocated to scrutinizing the approaches to dealing with disobedience, and upon the completion of our examination, we acquired an understanding of the essence of disobedience, grasping the viewpoints of legal scholars, pinpointing its origins, and delineating strategies for addressing it.

The Noble Qur'an, authored by Allah Almighty, serves as a fundamental source of enlightenment and wisdom across various domains. Distinguished from other religious texts, it presents a comprehensive framework for human existence encompassing intellectual, spiritual, political, social, and economic dimensions. Its teachings offer timeless guidance adaptable to diverse cultures and eras. Islamic jurisprudence, rooted in the concept of ease and convenience for adherents, aims to foster a fulfilling and honorable existence. This approach aligns with the overarching theme of compassion and leniency within Allah's divine laws. The Quran aims to streamline human affairs, catering to evolving needs, interests, and ambitions. Islam, as a faith system, resonates harmoniously with human inclinations, capabilities, and goals

The research aims to find out the effectiveness of the Gubins model in the achievement of the second-stage students in the Physics Department in the research curriculum subject. To achieve the goal, the null hypothesis was formulated and the experiment was conducted. It took a full semester, which is the first semester, and the research population consisted of second-stage students in the Physics Department in the College of Education at Al-Mustansiriya University. A sample was chosen. The research was intentionally selected, and the number of students reached (92) male and female, and the parity between the two research groups was confirmed through the variables (intelligence test, previous information test). The research requirements were prepared, namely preparing an achievement test for the research method material, and its psychometric properties were confirmed. After the end of the experiment, my group was tested. Research using the research tool, and upon analyzing the data, it was found that the experimental group was superior to the control group. In light of these results, a set of recommendations and proposals were developed to conduct subsequent studies.

The ongoing study aims to identify the cognitive vitality among secondary school educators, along with the importance of statistical variances in cognitive vitality based on gender (males vs. females). Furthermore, it seeks to investigate the subdued self-concept among secondary school educators and the statistical discrepancies in the subdued self-concept based on gender (males vs. females). Additionally, it endeavors to scrutinize the statistical variances in the subdued self-concept based on cognitive vitality among secondary school educators. In order to accomplish the aims of the ongoing study, the investigator utilized the descriptive comparative approach to attain the research outcomes. The investigator utilized the Quiet Ego Scale developed by Hassan (2020) and the Mental Energy Scale created by Ibrahim (2018) to align with the current research community and streamline the process of adapting measurement instruments. These scales are relatively contemporary. The research population comprised educators in Baghdad Al-Rusafa Governorate for the academic year 2022/2023. The current research sample encompassed 140 educators, and data were analyzed utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings are outlined as follows: The prevalent cognitive vitality style among educators is the sensory-sequential style. There were no statistically notable variances in cognitive vitality based on gender (males vs. females). Educators exhibit a heightened level of subdued self-concept. There were no statistically significant variances in the subdued self-concept based on gender (males vs. females). There exists a distinction in the subdued self-concept based on the four modalities of cognitive vitality, with a preference for the abstract-sequential style among educators. Drawing from these findings, the investigator put forward several recommendations and suggestions.

The civilization of Mesopotamia exhibited a remarkable diversity in various cultural aspects, whether pertaining to religious or secular matters, with one such aspect being the "scepter" or commonly known as the "club." The origins of each cultural facet in Mesopotamian civilization can be traced back, and the emergence of the club in the cultural milieu might be linked to early humans during the ancient Stone Age utilizing parts of large animal bones, such as the leg bone with a substantial mass at its end, as primitive clubs for hunting. Over time, humans developed the club's head, akin to a mace in the local language, leading to its continuous usage and evolution in accordance with different eras and cities.

The present study aims to delineate self-management within secondary school principals, as well as organizational agility within the same group, and to examine the correlational nexus between self-management and organizational agility among secondary school principals. This investigation is carried out within the administrative offices of secondary schools in the Education Directorate of Baghdad Governorate/Al-Rusafa during the academic period of 2023-2024. The sample for this study comprises 200 principals. In order to accomplish this, the investigator devises a self-management scale grounded in an 18-item model of self-management. Moreover, the researcher incorporates the organizational agility scale (Al-Dhubayani, 2020) comprising 22 items. The methodology employed is the descriptive correlational approach, and the validity of the scales is authenticated by subjecting them to scrutiny by a panel of experts. The reliability of the scales is further confirmed through the test-retest method. Data analysis is executed utilizing the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The study unveils various findings, notably the presence of a positive correlational linkage between self-management and organizational agility among secondary school principals. Consequently, the researcher puts forth a series of recommendations and suggestions.

The present study aims to explore the influence of the implementation approach on the academic performance of geography learners in the fifth grade. The investigation seeks to confirm the null hypothesis that there exists no statistically notable distinction at the 0.05 significance level in the mean scores between students in the experimental group who are taught natural geography through the use of the implementation approach and those in the control group taught using traditional methods during the post-assessment. A total of 56 students form the research sample, and the researcher adopts an experimental research design. The evaluation tool utilized is a post-assessment exam comprising 25 items, whose validity and reliability have been established. Upon data analysis, the findings reveal that students in the experimental group outperform those in the control group in the post-assessment. Consequently, the researcher draws a series of inferences, highlighting the effectiveness of the implementation approach in enhancing the academic performance of fifth-grade geography students, surpassing the traditional method. One of the recommendations emphasized by the researcher is the incorporation of contemporary teaching approaches, particularly implementation strategies, in the teaching of natural geography. Furthermore, the researcher advocates for further studies to scrutinize the impact of alternative implementation strategies on various outcome variables such as attitude, retention, cognitive inclination, and comprehension of geographical and historical concepts.

The present study aims to investigate the influence of the application strategy on the academic performance of fifth-grade literary students in the geography subject. This study seeks to test the null hypothesis, suggesting no statistically significant difference at the 0.05 significance level between the mean achievement scores of students in the experimental group, who are learning natural geography through the application strategy, and those in the control group, who are taught the same subject using the conventional method, in the post-achievement evaluation. A total of 56 students were included in the study sample, and the researcher adopted an experimental research approach. The research instrument utilized was a post-achievement test comprising 25 items, following the establishment of its validity and reliability. Upon data analysis, the findings revealed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the post-achievement assessment. Based on the results, the researcher drew a number of conclusions, highlighting the effectiveness of the application strategy in enhancing the academic performance of fifth-grade literary students in natural geography, demonstrating its superiority over the traditional approach. The conclusions also encompassed various recommendations put forward by the researcher, emphasizing the significance of incorporating innovative teaching methodologies, such as application strategies, in the teaching of natural geography. Additionally, the researcher suggested the necessity of conducting further research to explore the impact of different application strategy models on various dependent variables, including attitudes, retention, cognitive preferences, and the acquisition of geographical and historical concepts.

The present study seeks to evaluate the influence of the Robinson strategy on the academic performance of female students in the second grade of middle school. The investigator opts for a quasi-experimental design with partial control, encompassing both pre-test and post-test assessments. The study population comprises 61 students, segmented into two cohorts: 30 individuals in the experimental group and 31 in the control group. Both sets are equated across all variables. A pre-test evaluation of academic performance is executed, and the methodologies are scrutinized by a panel of specialists in pedagogy, appraisal, and validation to ensure dependability and authenticity. Following the conclusion of the intervention period, a post-test is administered to both factions of students. Examination of the data using statistical techniques uncovers notable distinctions between the control and experimental clusters in the post-test, demonstrating that the Robinson strategy exerts a more substantial influence on academic achievements. Drawing from these outcomes, the researcher puts forth various recommendations and insights.

The research endeavors to elucidate the stance of the papacy concerning World War I (1914-1918), given its noteworthy position in social, political, and economic spheres as a prominent international authority in Europe. Its moral and religious eminence frequently prompted nations to solicit its involvement in conflict resolution. One of the occurrences in Europe was the eruption of World War I, compelling the papacy to embrace a global and humanitarian position throughout the wartime period. Its aim was to encourage belligerent nations to contemplate alternative viewpoints. Nevertheless, the unfolding events, such as Italy and the United States joining the conflict despite professing neutrality, shifted the dynamics in opposition to the papacy's objectives. Consequently, this necessitated direct engagement to pursue a peace resolution to terminate the war. Despite diverse responses influenced by personal agendas, it is indisputable that substantial endeavors were exerted in humanitarian assistance and aid. Furthermore, the constructive political involvement in fostering proximity among conflicting parties held ramifications for the future rapport between the papacy and the global community post-war, bolstering its international reputation

The teaching profession is one of the important professions in society, as it constitutes a basic foundation for building generations. Despite its importance, it faces many challenges that put psychological pressure on male and female teachers, especially at the primary level. Hence, the aim of this study is to reveal the relationship of the pressures of the teaching profession to the dimensions of mental health among male and female primary school teachers.
The stress of the teaching profession includes a group of negative feelings and experiences that male and female teachers are exposed to as a result of practicing their work, such as: workload, dealing with student behavior, high expectations, feelings of inferiority and lack of appreciation. Mental health includes many dimensions, such as: emotional health, social health, cognitive health, and behavioral health.
The basic research sample consisted of (400) male and female teachers who were selected using a random sampling method. The researcher identified the teaching profession stress scale by (Al-Kahlot and Al-Kahlot, 2006) and the mental health dimensions scale by (Al-Rukaibi, 2019) as research tools and standards.