Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

الروائي عباس لطيف هو أحد أدباء الع ا رق الذي انماز بتعدد كتاباته. إذ كتب في النقد والمسرح والرواية والقصة ومنذ ولادته في
بغداد عام 1959 ولدت الانتباهات الأولى له في الطفولة وفى أروقة المدرسة الابتدائية شعر بأنه يميل بشكل غريب إلى الق ا رءة
وعشق المعرفة والتفاعل مع الأحداث الاجتماعية والسياسية وهو يصغي لأحاديث الآخرين ويعزز هذا التوجه حين تفوق بطريقة أثارت
دهشة معلمة اللغة العربية وتحدثت عن طريقته بكتابة الإنشاء . في هذا البحث تصديت للحديث عن أنماط الشخصيات في روايات
الكاتب عباس لطيف ووجدت من الضرورة إيضاح مفهومها لما يمثله من عتبة مهمة لسبر عوالم الشخصية التي تسهم في بناء السرد،
فهي تخلق أحداث القصة أو الرواية استناد ا إلى الخيال أو الواقع، وتعمل على إيصاله بصورة متكاملة إلى المتلقي. إِ ن عملية رسم
الشخصيات ليست بالعملية السهلة فلا بد للكاتب الروائي أَن يكون عارف ا بشخصياته وطباعها ، وأهدافها وطموحاتها لكي يتمكن من
تحديد أَبعادها الاجتماعية والنفسية بدقة عالية.

This extended research, titled (Structures of the more verb in the letters of Ibn Abi al-Khasal), deals
with an important topic within the morphological level, which is the forms of the more verbs, and their
application to the letters of an Andalusian writer, Ibn Abi al-Khasal, d. (540 AH). Through this
research, we will focus on the writer’s linguistic ability. And his ability to express with precision and
impressive beauty through his use of additional forms of verbs, and his understanding of the functions
of these morphological additions in deriving a new meaning and employing them within the text, and
the extent of their contributions to enriching the linguistic lexicon with vocabulary and connotation, as
well as revealing the extreme importance that the original building acquired so that it acquires a new
meaning in The linguistic dictionary, whether it is an addition of one letter, two letters, or three letters.
This increase had a great impact in changing the word and adapting it within the linguistic text with a
new look and new meaning, and this depends on the ability of the writer, the richness of his linguistic
repertoire, and his knowledge of words and meaning to the extent that enables him to conjure
whatever he wants in the text to express what he wants in every detail with intelligence in expression
and accuracy. In using the word for this meaning easily, conveniently, and in a consistent and coherent
way...and in revealing the meanings of the structures, we followed the descriptive and analytical
method, from which we deduced the knowledge of the writer Ibn Abi Al-Khasal and his coming up
with several meanings for one structure. There may be more than one structure for a single image,
each image having its own context and meaning. This linguistic ability proved Ibn Abi Al-Khasal’s suitability to hold the position of minister twice, and for the princes to seek help from him to write
about them in the most eloquent and accurate terms in conveying the message.

The map is the language of geography, the symbols represented by cartographical are the language
of maps, and visual perception is the ability to interpret the information transmitted from visible light
to the eye. Choosing the optimum symbols and colors in order to reach the best, fastest and most
accurate visual perception for the user, as well as avoiding the difficulties and problems of confusion
and complexity. Cartography when designing, as well as the problems that lead to poor speed and
accuracy of the reader's visual perception of maps, And after conducting a questionnaire on a random
sample of university professors and graduate and undergraduate students, the research concluded that
GIS provides wide options when selecting the appropriate colors to represent the map data, and that the
use of the color gradient (Temperature) achieved the fastest visual perception among the search maps
from (10) degrees by (6.67), and the slowest visual perception was for the color gradient map (Purple-
Red Bright) by (5.25), and the color gamut achieves faster perception the higher the degree of contrast of the colors used to encode the map, and overall, the color coding achieves excellent perceptual
accuracy, especially when representing Rate the data directly.

The aesthetics of the text that was the subject of our study included irony of all kinds as a tool for
controlling others' emotions. By flipping the significance, sowing shock and awe, and setting up mental
traps, irony has the power to draw the reader into the text's world and turn him into a partner. A good
reader looks for deep writings, which demand mental work, in-depth thought, and the pursuit of the
intended meaning, rather than direct declarative texts.
This title was not picked at random; rather, it was the product of a thorough perusal of the poet's
volumes. I discovered that they are packed with a wide variety of lyrical paradoxes, enough to inspire
a master's thesis or a Ph.D. dissertation. Because of the narrow scope of our academic research, I
summed it up as (verbal and dramatic irony, irony, and sarcasm.

The aim of the current research is to identify the quality of school life among male and female
primary school teachers in Rusafa Third Education. The research objectives were to identify the
quality of school life among primary school teachers and the significance of the differences in the
quality of school life according to the gender variable (males - females). To achieve the research
objectives, a scale was adopted (Belkasmi Bou Abdullah, 2019) to measure the quality of school life,
which consists of (34). The options were (strongly agree, moderately agree, slightly agree, slightly
reject, moderately reject, strongly disagree) and grades were given (1,2, 3,4,5,6) The quality of school
life, which consists of five dimensions: the nature of work, which consists of 6 items, educational
supervision, which consists of 7 items, job satisfaction, which consists of 7 items, mental health,
which consists of 7 items, and human relations, which consists of 7 items, and defines society. The
current research on primary school teachers in the third Rusafa Education Directorate for the academic
year (2021_2022), as the total number of the research community reached (8078) and the number of
male teachers reached (2649) and female teachers (5429), and the number of the current research
sample reached (200) male and female teachers who were chosen randomly and showed The results
are that the research sample of male and female teachers enjoys a level of quality of school life, andfemales. The researcher used the SASS statistical package, and recommendations and proposals were
developed.
1- Developing programs to pay attention to the quality of school life by the Ministry of Education
2- Conduct a study to determine the quality of school life in secondary schools and a number of
variables, including the culture of achievement and teacher performance
there are statistically significant differences between males and females. The result was in favor of

The current research aims to identify mental maps, their concept, origin, benefits, theories on which
they are based, and teaching strategies, as they are one of the means used by the human mind to
understand a certain idea and consolidate it in memory with this idea, through shapes, images and
colors, the strategy of mind maps uses the right and left sides of the brain to understand and clarify the
subject of the idea, which facilitates understanding and clarification for the learner.

The research aims to prove the advantages of the Iraqi government's scholarship plan and how they
contribute to the education and employment development of other countries studies. The questionnaire
method is used to collect data from participants in different scholarships in Iraq. A total of 2057
people responded to the online questionnaire. After ignoring 20 answers, 2037 answers were analyzed
due to repetition. The first stage of the evaluation involves two aspects: the appropriate investigation of
the workplace, the recipient of the scholarship, and the inspection of self-motivation to use their
professional knowledge. The survey also collected personal information, such as age, gender, and
functional details, from the recipients of scholarships. The study will analyze the education and
professional results of scholarship winners, as well as their views on the effectiveness of the plan. In
addition, research will investigate the sustainability of the plan and its ability to continue to provide
scholarships in the future. Finally, the study will evaluate the plan by checking its accessibility and
fairness to various social groups. The study results provide insights on the advantages and disadvantages
of the Iraqi scholarship plan, and will affect future political decisions related to education opportunities
and justice

The current research aims to: design teaching plans, according to Bruner's educational model, to
improve ceramics skills. Testing the efficacy of the teaching plans by applying them to a sample of
fifth-grade students in the Ceramics Branch/Department of Fine Arts/Institute of Fine Arts for Girls.
To achieve the second goal, the researcher developed two null hypotheses.
The researcher chose a purposive sample from the original community from the Institute of Fine Arts /
Al-Karkh for Girls (morning study), Department of Fine Arts, Ceramics Branch, Fifth Grade, with
(10) students from Section (A) representing the experimental group and (10) students from Section (B)
represent the control group for the academic year (2022-2023).
The results of the research showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group that
learned the artistic skills of ceramics according to the stages of the educational model prepared
according to Bruner's educational model.

The fictional character represents an important element of the narrative formation in the fictional or
narrative text, As the fictional character is the only element at which all other formal elements intersect
, Including the temporal and spatial coordinates necessary for the growth and steadiness of the
fictional discourse. There is no novel without a character that leads the events, organizes the actions, and gives the story its narrative dimension. All writers have resorted to employing different techniques
to present the fictional character and draw its physical and psychological features according to various
and different semantic purposes. The authors' differed among themselves some of them draw the
character in the smallest detail and others are those who obscure the personality from every outward
description. Some of them present it in a (direct) way, telling about its nature, descriptions, and
everything related to it or presents it in an (indirect) way, as entrusts this to other imaginary characters
within the fictional work, but in general it can be divided the construction of the character into two
styles.
First: news style where the narrator informs about the character and draws its features through two
levels:
- The news style at the level of external vision
- The news style at the level of internal vision
Second: the dramatic style
According to this trend in constructing fictional characters, the novel “Professors of Illusion” was
written by the writer (Ali Badr), which we can consider “historical blog” documenting the details of
the social, political and economic life in Iraq. In one of the most difficult stages that the Iraqi people
went through during the eighties of the last century, while they were enduring the conditions of the war
that lasted for eight years, which ate the crops and the cattle.
The Iraqi novelist (Ali Badr) tries, through his fictional characters, to give an analytical visualization
of the conscious and educated youth, revealing his thoughts, feelings, dreams, and ambitions, in light
of a repressive political regime based on confiscating the freedom of youth and driving them to the
machine of death (war).

This study was based on revealing the role played by the elements of reference, especially the
demonstrative noun and the pronoun, in achieving the speaker's intention by conveying great meanings
befitting the position of the Praiseworthy Imam Ali bin Al-Hussein. Al-Farazdaq mentioned them along
with a network of relationships that tightly connect the parts of the text, which increases the interaction
of the recipient to fall upon him. What the speaker means. The reference came as a reference to the
near masculine singular in the first stanzas of Al-Farazdaq's poem in nine places to draw the recipient's
attention to the status of the given, and one place as a reference to the distant masculine singular at the
end of his poem. The reference was made with the third person singular pronoun, connected ((), and
separately (he) and concealed in two-thirds of the poem to show the religious and social status of the
praised person and his piety, tolerance, generosity, good manners, and great status. Then the reference
came with the third person collective pronoun (they) in the last third of it, to include those meanings.
Noble religion, and the noble morals of the People of the House, peace be upon them in general.

This study dealt with an Islamic figure who took over the treasury of Damascus and then took over
the ministry in Damascus several successive times, beginning in Muharram n the year six hundred and
ninetyAH.
She was able to strengthen her position among the sultans of the Mamluk state and proved her
competence in assuming several positions.
Despite his frequent removal and assumption of the position of minister, he was able, with his
intelligence and courage, to assume the position of minister several times and convince the sultans of
his ability to manage and assume the position of minister in Damascus with five sultans in a row,
namely (AL-Mansour, AL-Ashraf, AL-Adil, Katiga, and AL-Mansour Lajin)it is mentioned that he
was a financial genius known for his financing, and he always preserved the kingdoms money and
worked to develop it.
He also used people who had experience, competence and trust in order to assign them their work
and oblige them to follow the work because he was of high determination and had qualities similar to those of his father, and he had simple tolerance and generosity. And his morals were good and he did
not have tyranny, and these qualities were sufficient to make him hold several positions before
assuming the ministry.
As for the field of trade, he is know to have been amerchant from the beginning ,always traveling
between Baghdad, the Romans, and Bilad Baker.
When the Mongols occupied Baghdad, he went to Damascus and settled there. Because Damascus
was an unusual city. Or just a city belonging to the levant, the Mamluks looked at it with a special
look, and on this basis, they established administrative divisions for it.
In order to ensure their political and economic stability there, the research also dealt with many
virtues of this minister, including the great prosperity of Damascus in the Mamluk ear, as well as the
political role that this minister played in the Mamluk ministry.

The current research aimsIdentifying the effect of (Yaker's Constructivist Model (CLM) on the
acquisition of historical concepts by fifth-grade literary students and the development of their spatialvisual
intelligence). To verify the aim of the research and its hypotheses, an experimental research method was used,
and a design of two equal groups with partial control with a post-test was chosen. The sample consisted
of (70) students from the fifth literary grade, studying European history and modern and contemporary
America in the First Rusafa Education Directorate, in middle school. (Al-Farouq for boys) The research
sample was selected by a simple random method, and two groups were selected from the fifth literary
grade, distributed into two groups, an experimental group taught according to the constructivist model
(CLM) and a control group taught according to the usual method, after the researcher conducted
equivalence operations between the two groups in the variables. The following (the chronological age
of the students, academic achievement for the previous year 2018/2019, intelligence - a pre-test in
visual-spatial intelligence), and the t-test was used) for two independent samples. It turned out that the
difference is not statistically significant at the level of (0.05)
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted the test for acquiring historical concepts
by researcher Mahdi, Qasim Ismail (2013), which consists of (54) objective items after confirming its
validity by presenting it to experts and specialists, and extracting its stability by re-applying it. The
researcher also prepared a test for spatial intelligence. - Al-Basri consists of (30) paragraphs prepared
by reviewing previous literature and studies, after confirming its validity and extracting its reliability.
After correcting the answers and processing the data statistically, the results of the research showed
that the students of the experimental research group who learned the subject according to Yacker’s
model were superior to the students of the control research group who studied the same subject using
the usual method in acquiring historical concepts and developing their spatial-visual intelligence.
The researcher came up with a set of recommendations, the most important of which is: using
Yacker’s constructivist model (CLM) not in subjects other than history, because it has an impact on
their acquisition of historical concepts and the development of their spatial-visual intelligence.
The researcher also suggested conducting a number of future studies, including: a study similar to
the current study to identify the effect of Yacker’s constructivist model (CLM) on other variables such
as: (creative thinking and developing mental abilities).

Grammatical orientation is a grammatical phenomenon that has received the attention of ancient
and modern grammarians.
In this research, we focus on this phenomenon according to AL-HADITHI (D. 715 D) in his
explanation of IBN AL-HAJIB’S KAFIYAT called AL-KITAB AL-RUKANI.
The axis of our study is nouns, verbs, and tools. AL-HADITHI leads the text and presents it to the
grammatical rule, and he mentions the scantest opinion from the Basra and Kufic schools, and guides
them to the text, that he selects one of these opinions, or takes a special decision for himself according
to his knowledge or what his grammatical ability lead for it, and the multiplicity of grammatical
aspects in nouns, verbs, and tools according to one of the commentators of KAFIFA, IBN AL-HAJIB,
and it can be said that Grammatical guidance has arisen since the arisen of grammar in its conventional
sense. The grammarian mentions the ruling and then infers it by analogy with the speech of the Arabs.
Thus, he used to direct the text to conform to the grammatical rules based on the rules of the Arabic
language. In this way, the text was compatible with Arabic on one side, and the grammatical orientation
of the HADITHI in general was characterized by what could be called mingling and selection. That is,
he was mingling the opinions of grammarians and their schools of thought on a single grammatical
issue, and he recommended deep research into our Arab heritage and displaying its creativity, to enrich
modern studies with it.

The results of the current study showed that the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in the
water and sediments of the longitudinal section studied (Abu Al-Khasib District) recorded high
concentrations of petroleum materials in the bottom sediments compared to their presence in the water
mass for both seasons. It was found that the most important sources of hydrocarbon pollution in the
stations studied are household waste, civil and industrial waste, oil production and its transportation by
ships and vessels. Oil refineries and the port of Abu Flus also contribute, or from the emission of gases
resulting from the atmosphere, especially from the Iranian Abadan refinery, which is located on the
opposite bank of the district, or through What the Karun River discharges in general is that the
concentrations of hydrocarbons in the stations studied have witnessed seasonal variations, as their
percentage increased during the winter compared to the summer in water and sediments. The reason is that bacteria break down petroleum hydrocarbons in a temperature range (30-40) degrees Celsius, and
that lowering the temperature reduces the activity of Biology analyzers of petroleum materials. The
concentrations of hydrocarbons also witnessed local variations, as they increased in the water and
sediment samples in the first station due to the station’s proximity to the Al-Khora irrigation canal,
which is a berth for boats and ships with an increase in population. They decreased in the second and
third stations, due to the mixing of petroleum materials with the waters of the Shatt al-Arab, as the
hydrocarbon concentrations Its percentages decrease in fast currents, and oil concentrations recorded
higher values in water samples and sediment samples at the fourth station due to its proximity to the
mouth of the Karun River. The fifth station also recorded a noticeable increase compared to the rest of
the stations due to floating oil spills from the Abadan oil refinery.

Bolivia's history has been linked to military coups The army Generals took Control of the Reins of
Power, Controlling the Destinies of the People more than any other country In Latin America as a
result of rampant corruption, mismanagement of governance and low economic performance, which
the Bolivian military found a justification to pounce on power in order to save the country from
collapse and reform its institutions and economy, convinced that the policy of pressuring the Bolivian
regime for moderation had failed, the United States American called for a more direct approach, in an
attempt to find a better alternative, and to fund anti-regime groups. The United States put the Financia
Aid behind its policy, Supporting the leaders of the right-wing military wing as a guarantee of
stability, taking advantage of the army's need for loans and military aid to get out of political crises in
the Countary, On the other hand, the United States viewed Bolivia as an Important Resource of rew
Resources, so American Policy at the time Worked to Preserve That Important Resource and Close to
it, and saw any Attempt as a direct Threat to its Interests in Bolivia, and then in the entire Latin
American Countries .

Intertextuality appears in the poetry of Ajwad Migbil, by multiple mechanisms,Absorption was Its
most important pillar, through the formations of Intertextuality in different colors, the most prominent
of which is the presence of the Qur’anic text in his poetry, supporting his poems with It, leaving the
reader with the pleasure of listening.And Interpretation, just as the presence of referential intertextuality
in the circle of popular song constructs the architecture of the text, and we do not lose sight of it’s
accessibility from literary texts.As Gerard Genet says ((I only care about the text in terms of Its textual
transcendence, that Is, to know everything that makes It in a hidden or overt relationship, with other
texts…)).
The research focuses on the relationship of Intertextuality to the original texts and the relationship
between the meaning of the absent text and the intertextual text, and examining the stylistics used in
the poet’s discourse through its influence on religious and literary texts and…; The extent to whichh
creativity and Influence on the recipient are achieved by recalling these texts; The importance of
achieving textual cohesion, especially in absorbing religious intertextuality, which is what the poet
dealt with extensively, in addition to our focus in searching for this privacy and its value.

This research represents the inductive and analytical method that specializes in studying the life
and analytical method of the opinions of Abbas Al-Musawi, and all the titles mentioned in the research
and it’s analyzing, then coming up with a clear result. It also includes an introduction two studies
conclusion, the sources of the research. Finally, I will present my work before you after a long effort,
and I hope that it will reach the truth.
Whereas the first section included: the life of Sayyed Abbas al-Moussawi, including his name, his
birth, and the scholarly biography of the Sayyed during his long journeys, as well as the Sayyed’s
migration to the Holy City of Najaf, the difficulties he went through, the reasons that led to his staying
there, and the professors and personalities influenced by Sayyed Abbas and his students after that who
were influenced by his knowledge. As for the second section, it included the approach of Mr. Abbas
Al-Moussawi in interpreting the verses of rulings, and it included the definition of usury linguistically
and terminologically, the reason for prohibiting usury, and the verses that were inclusive of the
prohibition of usury, and then in memory of them, the results that I reached through this research,
which show us the work of Mr. Abbas in researching the subject of usury and its controversy over it.
Society, the rulings mentioned in this aspect, and the verses that came are forbidden to it, and staying
away from it in any form.

The research deals with the efforts of the Arab Islamic state in developing agriculture in the
Umayyad era, the importance of agriculture al activity and its major role in supporting the revenues of
the treasury and thus activating various aspects of economic, political and social life, and the states
efforts in various aspects of agriculture al activity from topography , climate and the human aspect. The
importance of the research comes in highlighting the efforts of the Umayyad state in developing
agricultural activity as it is a source of support for the states imports . One of the objectives of the
research is to identify the efforts of the caliphs and government in developing agriculture , and to
explain the importance of agriculture and to know the methods through which lands were reclaimed,
the mashes were transformed into agricultural lands, the revival of dead lands, and how to provide
irrigation water. Due to the nature of the research , the historical research approach was followed, and
the limits of the research were the era of the Umayyad state(42-132 H/ 661- 750 AD). The research
came out with several results, the most important of which is that agricultural activity represents an
important tributary to the state economy, giving land to those who make it productive and withdrawing
it from those who neglect it, and there is no objection to private owner ship of agricultural lands. This,
if it contributes to the development of agriculture and the necessity of providing irrigation water by
various means and returning Iraq to its pioneering agricultural realty by benefiting from the
experiences of those who came before us

The current research is an attempt to evaluating the content of the social books for the primary
stage according of knowledge economy standards . The research sample included the content of social
books for the academic year (2020-2021).
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher relied on the literature, research and previous
studies in determining the criteria of the knowledge economy in its initial form. Then it was presented
to a group of experts and arbitrators in geographic teaching methods , history , curricula, measurement
and evaluation, to determine its final version, which included (7)main criteria and (46) sup-indicators.
The researcher used the descriptive analytical methods it is suitable with the nature of the study,
and he used the books of the primary stage, which are three books for the fourth , fifth , and sixth
grades, which represents the research community, the content of those books was analyzed in the light
of the standards of knowledge economy .The validity of the tool was confirmed by presenting it to a
group of experts, and the stability of the tool was calculated by re-analysis with a time difference
between the first second analysis, and by agreement between the researcher and external. The
researcher relied on frequencies and percentages in obtaining the final results, which are as follows:
1. The fourth grade book of primary school obtained(402)repetitions distributed over its content, The
percentage of each of the knowledge economy ware as follows, it was a field of knowledge (23,63),
and activities and calendar (18,16), and readiness for learning and self-development (16,91), and life
skills (16,17),and thinking development (12,94), and communication and communication(6,72), and
economic filed (5,47).
2. The fifth grade book of primary school obtained(510)repetitions distributed over its content, The
percentage of each of the knowledge economy ware as follows, it was a field of knowledge (21,96),
and readiness for learning and self- development (17,25) , and activities and calendar (16,47), and life
skills (15,49),and thinking development (13,73), and communication and communication(7,84), and
economic filed (7,26).
3. The sixth grade book of primary school obtained(497)repetitions distributed over its content, The
percentage of each of the knowledge economy ware as follows, it was a field of knowledge (20,72),
and readiness for learning and self- development(16,90), and activities and calendar (15,90), , and life
skills (15,29),and thinking development (12,48), and economic filed (11,27), and communication and
communication(7,44).
4. When comparing the results with the expected spoken ratios ,the social sciences books achieved
good percentages in the criteria (cognitive, readiness for learning and self- development, activities and
evaluation, and life skills) and did not achieve the required percentages in my criteria (development of
thinking ,communication and communication) as for the (economic field) it achieved the required
percentages for the books of the (fourth and sixth) grade of primary school ,but did not achieve the
percentage specified for the book of the (fifth) grade of primary school. In the light of the above stated
results, suitable conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for further studies are put forward.