Journal of The College of Education

The current research aims to know the effect of using the Thomas and Robinson strategy (PQ4R) in the achievement and development of reflective thinking skills among students of the College of Education for Humanities The research sample consisted of 68 male and female students from the first stage of the Department of Qur’anic Sciences and Islamic Education at the College of Education for Humanities / University of Wasit Distributed into two sections, Section A included (33) male and female students who represented the experimental group that studied the Qur’anic Sciences subject using the Thomas and Robinson strategy (PQ4R While Section B included (35) male and female students, representing the control group, which studied the Qur’anic Sciences subject in the usual way To achieve the objectives of the study, two tests were prepared: one was an achievement test in the subject of Quranic Sciences and the other was a test of reflective thinking skills The results showed statistically significant differences attributed to the teaching method in the two tests, and the differences were in favor of the experimental group In light of the results, the study recommended including Thomas and Robinson’s (PQ4R) strategy in teaching and learning Islamic sciences

In the name of Allah, praise be to Allah, and the best prayers and most complete peace be upon the best of His creation, the truthful and trustworthy, and his blessed family and chosen companions.
Now then... Allah the Almighty has honored us by making us in the nation of the last of His prophets and has blessed us with the study of His Book and the contemplation of it. The Book of Allah, whose wonders never cease and whose knowledge never runs out due to frequent repetition, is renewed in every age, and in it there is much good and widespread benefit. Scholars have striven to uncover the secret of its miracle, and from it came diverse studies and abundant research, especially in the phonetic aspect of the words of the Holy Quran. Ease and weight in keeping with different situations, and the music of the intervals had what included the pleasure of emotion and the conviction of the mind at the same time. I have sought to mention the great importance of the sounds of the Quranic word and sentence and the phonetic effect in its intervals, and the aesthetic and rhetorical meanings that it performs at the level of the Quranic word and sentence and the attractive force it creates that has puzzled the Arabs in the past and present, and has triangulated one of the secrets of this immortal book.

The delinquency of peace is not far from the delinquency of peace. It is one of its important buildings and has been meant by heavenly books in various forms to limit people's stampede because it has harm to the nation. hence our journey with the Koranic text in presenting this concept of coexistence as well as using its approaches that meet the purpose of my mission, This is what the research tried to follow with the aesthetics of the Quranic text in its many places that we stood up for when used and in multiple contexts and humanity has overcome this use and is perfectly consistent with the meaning of the right represented by the book, In all its uses, it is irrelevant to the individual, the family, the community and the nation. And we explained the title buildings what reconciliation means in the lexicon and the terminology and in the context, So did we with the printing that is closer to psychological research and then normalization and you don't have the opinion to go to the political normalization that is known. s need to eliminate hostility, how groups are printing the new state of affairs.

The present research aims at the discovery of the hidden cultural modes in the poem of Um Al- Marathi by Maithem Bi Noaira Al- Yarboei. It is a poem which is related to the event of his brother killing whose name Maalik, simply because he did not follow the procedure of paying Al- Zakaat. The form of the peom’s writing was achieved by the heritage of Al-Jahilia mode of literary writing. which is basically based on the principles of ethics, courage and all the means of help and support …., etc. which were annexed as a process of completion, and being associated with his brother whose name is Maalik.The hidden mode of the poem corresponds its apparent mode in the notion that the death of maalik is associated with the death of his brother maalik. The poet uses the mode of Al- Jahilia instead of Islamic writing; unconsciously as a reaction against authority which is from his point of view which did not take an action towards his brohter’s killing. The verdict that is faced by the killer was to pay blood money. Therefore, the hidden meaning of the poem refer to his criticism against the authority.

This critical paper seeks to identify the presence of personfication in Ahmed Matar’s poetry. By personfication we mean attributing human qualities to non-humans. The researcher reached several results. Among them is that Ahmed Matar was able to employ personfication for the purpose of sending ideological messages represented by his criticism of the miserable political and social reality. The poet was able, through his attribute of human qualities to animals, inanimate objects, abstracts, and to natural beings such as the moon, the sun, the sea, and others. The poet was trying to castigate himself and his people by sending his ideological messages that are conveyed by this technique .He made some of these non_human beings speak to people, and even act and think like them, in order to expose the contradictions and cons that exist in the Arab society and people...

Literature, criticism, thought, rhetoric, and eloquence were important during the Abbasid era. In addition, one of the characteristics that distinguished this era, author, and the book was its stylistics. Before the Abbasid era, supplication was a component of famous writing; but, during the Abbasid era, it was codified. The Abbasids, specifically what was communicated from Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon him, as it contains a unique supplication for the infallible Imam who lived during the Abbasid era or was transmitted from him before that time. The research examines literary stylistics, the amount of aesthetic beauty it possesses, its shadows on prayer, and its reflections on the human spirit. Thus, stylistics is the study of language in terms of sound as a significant tone, intonation, rhyme, interview, naturalization, and what is manifested in the beautiful voice, as well as the verbal structure and significance in its eloquence, according to their different meanings. And what it gives of mental images and their effect on the soul of the recipient human, and the semantic level in a statement or between the word as a key or etymology, or an analogy or a metaphor, in which the research examines each of the three levels of research, with one example focusing on a rhetorical element and the other on a stylistic element.

Andalusian society, at its most general level, lived a life almost dominated by leniency in religious and societal values and customs until it became.
A clear feature in their lives. At the same time, we have encountered a religious trend that attempts to follow the traditions of the early Muslims in imbuing their lives with a religious and moral character, which stands in contradiction to what.
Others knew about it.
The research attempted to answer this turning point
The great story that changed the path of poets and they then changed from a carefree life to an ascetic one.
The attempt was to trace the poetic production that depicted two contradictory realities among poets Especially in wines

The research deals with the grammatical weaknesses in the book Al-Maqasid Al-Shifiyya by Al-Shattabi (d. 790 AH), and Al-Maqasid contains material related to the subject referred to. I would like to stop at it so that it can gain its share of study and analysis regarding the expressions that indicate grammatical weakness. The book, in general, is a precious treasure that indicates what it excels at. Al-Shatibi is distinguished by his meticulous research, extensive analysis, and truth-seeking.

This research was concerned with revealing the diversity of methods of metaphorical graphic performance, and their artistic and semantic impact in drawing the literary image of the two literary ministers (Ibn al-Ameed and al-Sahib bin Abbad); Their metaphorical formation revealed the predominance of spatial metaphor, which represented the focus of semantic tension. It dominated their literary texts, thanks to its effectiveness in embodying various emotions and feelings, and its embodiment of inanimate objects, which gave their literary texts a distinctive suggestive and expressive dimension that worked to draw the minds of the listener to them, and added aesthetics to the connotations to be conveyed. Their metaphorical formation, both the verbal and the declarative, was characterized by clarity and distance from verbal complexity, with some points of agreement and difference between their methods, which were demonstrated by the balance.

The research deals with the subject of nature for the poet Muhammad Saeed Al-Haboubi and the extent of the influence of nature on the poet and his influence on it, as it was a primary source of his image and a source of his poetry. From a poet whose poems are devoid of nature, nature has a great importance in the imagination of poets, as they find through it the expression of what is in their minds and through which many images and meanings emerge.

Analysis of the behavioral patterns and psychological models of the characters in the novel “The Novel of Al-Bagh by Bushra Al-Khalfan”; By monitoring the psychological features of the character, identifying the features of its psychological structure, and the impact of this on the diversity of its narrative patterns in the novel. The narrative discourse narrates several psychological patterns that reveal different crises and traumas, and some of them are even characterized by abhorrent and abnormal behaviors. Analyzing these behavioral patterns and psychological models upon which the novel’s characters are based is a revelation of their human behaviors and the psychological phenomena that result from them.
The study aimed to conduct a psychological and behavioral analysis of social groups experiencing events specific to their reality, full of marginalization, societal alienation, and human oppression. These events contributed to making these characters poor models characterized by psychological imbalance.
The novel presented examples of alienated and lost characters on whom social conditions and circumstances imposed loss and oppression, which led them to lack self-actualization and lack of self-identity. The novel as a whole is a reflection or creative vision of the real reality of the lives of immigrants who survived from their marginalized social reality to another reality in which they thought of salvation, and in the new reality of exile they face conditions that are more marginalized and oppressive than the past conditions from which they fled.
In the novel, the writer used the place symbolically to indicate psychological alienation. The writer went to great lengths in symbolizing through “The Rising Sun” the alienation of the contemporary person who is marginalized in this world, in the face of all the cultural and social changes that he encounters.
The characters chosen by the writer Bushra Al-Khalfan in her novel belong either to the socially oppressed class, or to the economically middle class, and perhaps this choice has its creative justification in that these characters are vibrant with movement, life, and psychological conflict.

The research touched on the poetic purposes of the poet Al-Muntajab Al-Ani, and his poetry topics varied as a result of the nature of the poet and the poetic experience that he went through. Al-Muntajab addressed most of the main, famous, inherited purposes of Arabic poetry, which did not differ in their broad outlines from the topics of many poets of the fourth century AH, such as praise and satire. Ghazal, pride, wine, and description, in addition to other purposes that expressed his religious and intellectual thoughts and beliefs, such as Sufism and mysticism. The many topics in which Al-Muntajab composed give an impression of his poetic prowess, his literary ability, and his feeling and influence by the events of the era in which he lived. He sought honesty in this poetry, and we have isolated it. A detailed study of each of these purposes.

Dystopian literature is considered a mirror that portrays to us human fears and anxieties about the future, thus forming a reference point for discussions about government, public culture, international relations, security, racial discrimination, policing, environmental concerns, and so on. Since literature is dependent on temporal and spatial reasons, any literary product reflects the temporal and spatial reality of the society in which the authors of literary works grow up. From this standpoint, this study attempts to uncover the manifestations of “political fears” in Arab and Western dystopian novels and compare them to each other. The results indicate that Arab novelists talk in their novels about the current reality and its disastrous consequences (if the current reality continues), while Western novelists try to talk about what will happen to humans if tyrannical governments take control. Arab novelists also point out the role played by Western colonialism in the tragic situation that will prevail in the Arab world in the future, and Arab dystopian novels include warnings against Islamic fundamentalism, while their Western counterparts lack them.

The study aims to clarify the migration of Bani Al-Harith from the Al-Ahsa region to East Africa as a result of the political turmoil it experienced. Oman and Al-Ahsa in the tenth century AD and their mastery. From the founding and disavowal of Mogadishu and the extension of their influence to southern Mombasa, the study dealt with the position of the Banu al – Harith on the conflict in Zanzibar between Sayyid Majid bin Said and his brother Barghash over power after the death of their father, Sayyed Said bin Salt, to limit Britain's interference in internal affairs and impose ban on the slave trade, and the Harith was harmed by that. The study: Bashir bin Salem Al-Harithi's revolution 1888-1889 to stand against German colonialism on the coastal strip of Zanzibar, violating the sanctity of customs and traditions, obliterating national identity, and attacking ecomomic interests. Despite the failure of the revolution, it forced the Germans to change their policy towards the local population and proved that Arabs and Muslims are in East Africa. They were dissatisfied with Germany's occupation of their lands, which were occupied by force.

Rajiv Gandhi, as one of the makers of Indian foreign policy, made great contributions to India, The most important principle of his policy was to maintain good and friendly relations with all countries of the world, including the regional countries neighboring India. It is worth noting that Rajiv played a decisive role in resolving international issues and problems, Away from directing India's foreign policy not only with the countries surrounding it, but also with the major powers at the time

Wars and conflicts often constituted a major aspect of the political relations that emerged between countries, and this matter became clear during the medieval period, which was filled with a huge collection of records of conflicts and wars between countries, some of which actively sought to impose hegemony and sovereignty over some other countries, especially Neighboring it, or sharing borders with it. Therefore, the conditions of the Scottish Kingdom begin with the death of the Scottish King Alexander III in 1286, then the death of the only heir to the Kingdom, his granddaughter Margaret of Norway in 1290, and the dispute that resulted from this over the Scottish throne and King Edward’s exploitation of this dispute. To interfere in the affairs of Scotland and impose his complete control over it, after placing obstacles to choosing a candidate for the Scottish Crown so that he would be an obedient tool in his hand until the appropriate time came for him to be the direct ruler of Scotland and make it subordinate to the English Crown. In general, the royal succession in Scotland constituted an important aspect of In the late Middle Ages, the throne crisis dominated the history of the succession to the crown of Scotland in the Middle Ages from 1286 to 1292. These events, in turn, led to bitter wars called the Wars of the Scottish Succession. King Edward I had a clear role in the crisis of the absence of an heir to the Scottish throne. , who made every effort to annex Scotland completely to England.

The Arctic region has witnessed international competition due to the region's wealth and sea lanes. It is clear that China has a set of goals that it seeks to achieve in the Arctic. These goals include deepening exploration and understanding of the Arctic, protecting the Arctic environment, combating climate change, using Arctic resources legally, actively participating in cooperation and governance, and promoting peace and stability in the region. Its interests in the region are represented in the field of security, resources, science and technology, while the motives for its participation in this competition were represented by its ambitions for the largest future area of remaining oil on Earth, and its great desire to exploit untapped natural resources such as copper, gold and others, through northern shipping. In the military field, the Republic of China considers the Arctic a vital part of its nuclear security, while the dimensions of Chinese policy in the Arctic are represented in the fields of transportation, resources, climate, scientific research, shipping and marine fishing. Its strategy in the region focused on the economic and scientific fields.

Modern studies have shown that climate elements, especially rainfall, have started to show general trends of decrease in many countries, serving as a significant and clear indicator of climate change, which has become an undeniable reality. Numerous global, regional, and local studies confirm this, as clearly observed in the study area. Analyzing trends across four stations within the study area revealed a marked decrease in rainfall quantities during the selected period (1991–2020). This change varied from -36.2 mm at Dukan station to -8.1 mm at Halabja station, reflecting a significant climatic shift during this period. Furthermore, Iraq and the study area are characterized by high rainfall variability between wet seasons, with variations in both positive and negative fluctuations across stations. For instance, the range of fluctuation at Sulaymaniyah station was between -163.8 mm and 162.2 mm, while Dukan station recorded fluctuations between -180.5 mm and 192.5 mm. Halabja station displayed a clear variability between positive and negative fluctuations, with a difference of 18.7 mm (-131.3 mm to 150.0 mm). Darbandikhan station recorded fluctuation rates between -173.7 mm and 100.5 mm, with a difference of up to 73 mm, impacting soil moisture and, consequently, vegetation density in the study area. Through the use of remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) to analyze data from Landsat (5, 7, 8) satellites, focusing on images captured during the spring to coincide with peak vegetation growth, results were derived using indices such as the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The findings demonstrated a correlation between soil moisture stress levels in the selected years and rainfall amounts. There was an inverse relationship with high and moderate soil moisture stress levels (-0.222 and -0.787, respectively), while a positive correlation was found with moderately moist and very moist lands (0.595 and 0.636). Additionally, rainfall amounts were inversely correlated with weak and very weak vegetation cover (-0.732 and -0.461, respectively) but positively correlated with dense and very dense vegetation (0.555 and 0.848), highlighting the significant impact of rainfall change and fluctuation on the environment in the study area.

This study examined the characteristics of rural women in Shatra District for the year 2023, because women have an important and pivotal role that they play in achieving rural development. They participate with men in several tasks, such as participating in the field, raising livestock, raising children, preparing food, and doing household chores, which requires paying attention to them and giving them more experience and skill. In order to be able to perform most of the roles entrusted to her with all care and precision, the study touched on revealing the characteristics of rural women in the Shatrah district and the variation of these characteristics at the level of administrative units, as well as knowing the most prominent problems they face. This study relied on field work in the study area for the year 2023, in addition to data on population estimates for the year 2022, as well as the population census for the year 1997, and population estimates for Dhi Qar Governorate for the years (2016-2023), in addition to relying on data from official government departments and office sources, as well as relying on statistical methods and GIS programs for drawing maps. The study reached a group Among the most important results is that there is an increase in the size of rural women in the Shatrah district for the period (1997-2023), and this is normal as a result of the natural increase in the population. The study also found that there is an impact of social customs and traditions in rural society, as these customs contributed to a decrease in the level of rural women’s income, which reached ( 19.7%), which is one of the most prominent problems that rural women are exposed to, along with other educational, health, and housing problems. The study also found that rural women are exposed to several different types of violence due to the influence of social customs, which requires abolishing and reducing these customs and finding appropriate solutions that contribute to and enhance Paying attention to rural women and their development.

The study aimed to identify the main factors causing climate change in the region and understand the impact of human and natural activities on these changes. It also aimed to assess the impact of climate change on plant growth, focusing on how changing temperatures, precipitation rates, and humidity patterns affect agricultural crops. It also aimed to explore the relationship between climate change and the increased spread of agricultural pests and diseases that affect agricultural production. The study followed the descriptive analytical approach, which aims to describe the phenomenon of the impact of climate change on grain production, and then analyze this phenomenon through statistical data and available scientific sources. Climate changes over the past decades will be analyzed, and their direct impact on agricultural production in the Al-Jazeera region or Nineveh Governorate will be evaluated. The study concluded that climate change, such as rising temperatures and drought, has led to a significant decline in grain productivity in the Al-Jazeera region and Nineveh Governorate. Rainy seasons have decreased, which has negatively affected the cultivation of basic crops. Climate change has contributed to the emergence and spread of new agricultural diseases that have affected the quality and productivity of crops, with an increase in pests and diseases resulting from rising temperatures and changes in humidity. The decline in grain production has increased the risk of food shortages, as the region’s population relies heavily on grain production to meet their basic food needs. The study recommended the need to provide awareness and training programs for farmers on how to deal with the effects of climate change and adapt to it through modern agricultural methods, the need to establish a monitoring and evaluation system for agricultural diseases that arise or worsen due to climate change, and to provide effective treatment solutions to limit their spread, and the need to develop agricultural strategies based on modern technologies, such as drip irrigation and the use of improved seeds that resist drought and tolerate climate change.

Urban growth is a distinct phenomenon of the continuous growth of a city as a result of economic , political and social changes . City centers are among the areas most exposed to change and growth because they contain Various urban functions .Urban growth is the increase in urban land areas as a result of the in crease in the population of cities .
Urban growth may take different patterns , including random and planned patterns . There fore , government policy seeks to adopt planned urban growth according to specific goals . The government is working to achieve this through the process of distributing residential plots of land in specific locations and spaces according to government policy in directing the expansion of urban growth in the city .
The research aims to explain the impact of the distribution of residential plots of land on urban growth in the city, the trends of this growth, and the government’s role in directing the housing market. It also shows the importance of the research in clarifying the concept of urban growth, the factors affecting it, the different patterns of urban growth, and the impact of the distributed plots of land on the city’s growth. Through the addition of new urban lands, which constituted 22% of the city’s area, the research relied on a descriptive approach and statistical geographical research by extracting the annual population growth rat by determining the number of plots distributed for the period ( 2013 – 2023 ) their location and area , and the segments benefiting from them .

Our study aims to study and describe the distributional reality of all schools at different levels, and the suitability of this distribution with the population densities within Al-Dour city, in terms of quantity, type and location, and to demonstrate their quantitative, spatial and functional efficiency at the neighborhood level. The study showed an increase in the population from 9,062 people in 1987 to 24,628 people in 2022 in Al-Dour city, with a growth rate of 3.21%. The number of primary schools reached 22 schools, 6 intermediate schools, and 7 schools for the preparatory and secondary stages.
The indicators of the efficiency of educational services showed that the study area suffers from a shortage of intermediate, preparatory and secondary schools, as many neighborhoods lack these schools, especially the neighborhoods located on the outskirts of the municipal borders, as they are characterized by a regular spaced distribution, while we find that the number of primary schools covers most neighborhoods, but they are distributed randomly, not commensurate with the population distribution in the neighborhoods.

The study of the phenomenon of drought is of great importance in modern geo-climatic studies due to its seriousness through its impact on the environment, as its effects vary according to its degrees and according to the susceptibility and vulnerability of society to it. It affects the decline of plant resources due to the deterioration of vegetation cover. The deterioration of vegetation cover is linked to drought, and the more severe the drought, the greater the deterioration. Vegetation cover, which occurs when temperatures rise during the summer seasons and in the study area. The results of the dry indicators used in the research indicate that the levels of drought in the study area, according to the results of satellite visualizations taken for the study area in the years 1990 and 2020, indicate negative changes in the year 2021 compared to what they were in The year 1990 in most of the drought indicators used in the research.
The reason for the variation in drought levels is due to the increase in the angle of incidence, the number of daylight hours, and the amount of radiation received, which is more than the amount of radiation lost, which helps in the presence of heat accumulation with a decrease in moisture content during the hot season, as well as the influence of the Tigris River as an important water source used in Irrigating agricultural lands, which helps to prevail in drought during that period, which in turn leads to an increase in the temperature of the surface layer of soil devoid of vegetation and the oxidation of organic matter despite its scarcity, in addition to the accumulation of salts on the surface of the soil and the drying and disintegration of granules of the surface layer of soil devoid of vegetation. . The absence of a governmental role in addressing the issue of drought and the absence of afforestation, and this indicates the worsening of drought in the region during the years of research after comparing it based on Landsat8 satellite data. To achieve the goal of the study, aridity indicators were chosen in analyzing the phenomenon of drought because their outputs constitute a means used by land use planners to understand the characteristics. Quantity and quality and the resulting environmental and economic impacts.

The research aims to study the impact of the natural factors motivating Turkey’s pivotal role in West Asia, especially after the Justice and Development Party’s control of the government and the expulsion of the opponents of the advocates of Ataturkism, which was the cause of the deterioration of the economic and political conditions of Turkey, as Turkey was able to turn into an economic and political state par excellence. Its strategic geographical location in the region, which is located at the crossroads of the three continents of the world, in addition to its possession of large sea coasts overlooking the warm seas, made it a transit area for energy resources for European countries and the world, while Turkey possessed large land borders whose land borders were estimated with neighboring countries (26,480) km Despite the large area of the Turkish state, it was able to control all its lands in a manner that serves the power of the state due to its ethnographic composition, especially religious, and Turkey also possesses huge natural resources of natural resources, especially water resources, which exceed their counterparts from neighboring countries.

This research aims to know the effectiveness of digital communication and its relation to the quality of teaching among female teachers in government morning secondary schools for girls. Using the descriptive analytical approach, the study included a sample of 200 female teachers from government secondary school teachers for girls in Wasit Governorate. The two research tools used, effective digital communication and teaching quality, were subjected to verification of standard properties, including apparent validity and construct validity. Their stability was verified through Cronbach's alpha, which ensures their internal consistency. The results of the study revealed the presence of effective digital communication and teaching quality among secondary school teachers and that they enjoy teaching quality. The research also proved the existence of a statistically significant relationship between effective digital communication among secondary school teachers and the quality of their teaching.

. The current research aims to know the development of moral reasoning among middle and middle school students. According to the variables of age and gender, and the aim of the research is to reveal the significance of the differences in moral reasoning between the four age groups (16-18-20-22) years and gender (males, females). The researcher adopted the descriptive method and phased tracking. To achieve these goals, the researcher prepared the Al-Halafi scale (2022), which consists of (20) items. After investigating the psychometric properties of the scale in terms of validity and reliability. All items appeared distinct except for paragraphs (13..20), in addition to verifying reliability using two methods: retest and Cronbach. The scale was applied to a sample that included (200) male and female students. (94 males) and (106 females) if the sample was selected by a proportional random method. After conducting statistical analysis of the data collected from the sample. The research reached the following results: 1. The current research sample has a development in the level of moral reasoning. For all groups according to age and gender, it was less than the hypothesized average of the scale and with a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05).... 2. There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) for the development of moral reasoning for both males and females and in favor of females

The current research aims to identify the effect of the (flipped classroom) strategy on the achievement of first-year students What specific aspects of environmental art or the research methodology are you interested in exploring further? The researcher randomly selected a sample of 40 male and female students from the first stage, dividing them into two groups., the first experimental and the second control, where the first group is taught using the (flipped classroom) strategy, while the second is taught using the lecture method, and after conducting focusing on a study that involves comparing two groups in the context of environmental art. In such research, establishing equivalence between groups is crucial to ensure that any differences in outcomes can be attributed to the intervention rather than pre-existing differences., The researcher found that there were differences between the two groups in achievement, in favor of the experimental group.

Childhood is considered the most important stage of an individual’s life, growth and formation of his personality, therefore investing in it is the treasure of the future. After the report of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning in (2018) in the multiple indicator cluster survey, which shows that child labor is constantly increasing and that it has become a phenomenon that requires researching its causes and finding solutions for it, the two researchers decided to conduct this research to answer the following questions: Is child labor a phenomenon that exists in Diyala Governorate? What are the main reasons for their labor? What are the businesses they do? How long they are? What are their natures? and In order to verify the objectives of the research, the researchers collected the causes of labor through a survey sample, and after applying the items of the child labor scale in its initial form and extracting its validity and reliability, it was applied to a statistical analysis sample of (53) children. The results showed that child labor is a phenomenon that exists and that it is constantly increasing, and the high cost of essential needs like food, clothing, electricity, generator subscription...etc., is considered the most important cause of child labor for the sample of the current research. The research explained detailed information about the types of work practiced by the children of the research sample, the duration of the work they do during the day, and the nature of their work. The research came out with several recommendations, including establishing a detailed database for child labor in each governorate by the ministries, agencies and directorates concerned with children, provided that it includes (their names, ages, genders, the reasons of their work, the type of work they do and its nature, duration, degree of danger, location...etc), as well as identifying the problems they suffer from, finding solutions to them as quickly as possible, implementing laws related to child labor and children’s rights, monitoring their implementation, providing them with the necessary daily needs of food, clothing, and other things, and impose penalties on shop owners and employers who exploit child workers. Furthermore.

The current research aimed to identify the level of liveliness of conscience among traffic police officers, as well as to identify individual differences in liveliness of conscience according to rank (officer, commissioner), academic achievement (intermediate, middle school, bachelor’s degree and above), as well as years of service from (1-10), (11) -20), (21 and above). The researcher prepared a measure of the vitality of conscience, whose psychological content is based on the theory of (Costa & Mccrea 1992). It consists of (36) items distributed over (6) areas: (competence - organization - sense of duty - struggle for achievement - self-discipline - deliberation) and with five answer alternatives, as mentioned above. The sample was composed of (300) traffic policemen (officers, commissioners) from the Wasit Governorate Traffic Directorate (91 officers, 209 commissioners). Using statistical methods, the t-test, Pearson, and standard deviation, it was found that the research sample had a high level of conscientiousness. Likewise, there is no statistically significant difference in the vitality of conscience depending on the rank variable, and there is no statistically significant difference in the vitality of conscience depending on the service variable, and there is a statistically significant difference in the vitality of conscience depending on the achievement variable

The study aimed to evaluate the reality of implementing the “development” strategy” for the “education system” represented by educational “administration” , teaching, subjects, and,students in the College of Administration and,Economics at the University of Wasit.The researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and,the study population was represented by professors of the College of Administration and,Economics, Wasit University.The study sample amounted to 49 teachers, approximately 41% of the total population of the study, and,the sample was taken rand, omly via a Google model from all departments of the college to achieve the best results in measurement.The researcher relied mainly on data collection forms, a questionnaire consisting of three axes: the first included “administration” , the second teaching and,subject matter, and,the third the student.The study reached several results, including: There is a large gap between reality and,what is hoped to be achieved in the three basic axes of the “education system” “development” strategy” The study also reached several recommendations, including.

The current study aims to identify the concept of information alertness and its role in improving the performance of workers in various institution, including libraries and advanced information centers. the descriptive approach was used to analyze and describe the subject variables related to the phenomenon of information alertness and its role in improving the performance of information alert workers, in addition to analyzing the literature that dealt with The topic is considered the appropriate and suitable approach for the current study. Also, (39) questionnaire forms were distributed and (24) valid forms were retrieved for analysis ,the study reached a set results, the most important of which are:
The results of the study show that the type of organizational structure greatly affects the success of the information awareness system launched by any library, as it shows the analysis and job description of each person, the tasks and activities that fall within his responsibility, and coordination between most of the divisions and departments, and this is what was confirmed by the first hypothesis of the study.
2- Vigilance contributes to activating, rationalizing and improving the library’s performance, as it allows it to remain in constant contact with its surroundings, which is what was stated in the second hypothesis of the study.
3- University libraries focus on information related to beneficiaries primarily, and then on information related to competitors and technology. This is related to the third hypothesis related to the different types of information that they rely on according to the nature of their activity.
The study also proposed a set of recommendations, the most important of which are:
1-The need for libraries, information centers and institutions to harness their resources to develop and improve the performance of their employees in the field of information awareness.
-2The library must follow up on all the changes and developments that take place around it so that it has the ability to keep pace with them and keep pace with this progress and development.
3- The importance of libraries and information institutions developing external relations with other institutions, sharing information, and cooperating in using modern technology and disseminating it on their websites.

The study intends to shed light on the function of electronic press, as well as its traits and approaches, in enhancing the public's awareness of the importance of actively voting in the governorate council elections and pinpointing the factors that discourage voters from taking part in the electional process. As a result, the study's significance became apparent. The researcher's primary question for defining the research problem is: How does the electronic press contribute to the public's awareness of the importance of voting in the provincial council elections in Iraq?
Using the comprehensive inventory method to select the sample, the researcher used the descriptive survey method from November 15, 2023, to December 15, 2023. He distributed 40 items that represented the academic elites in the Wasit Governorate, which included Wasit University, Kut University College, and Imam Al-Kadhim College, peace be upon him.
The study arrived to the conclusion that there is a connection between the electronic press and its function in educating the public about voting participation. It also yielded a number of other findings, such as the high percentage of respondents (47.5%) who express trust in news distributed by the electronic press and the substantial role the electronic press plays in educating voters. In addition to its exhortations to vote, the study revealed that, at 37.5%, Facebook is the most widely utilized digital medium by the public for accessing election news.

Existence constitutes an important pillar in philosophical research. Existence ((ontology)) is one of the three areas of philosophy, along with knowledge ((epistemology)) and values ((axiology)). There are many branches in this field. At one time, existence is viewed in terms of its principles, and at other times through its sensory-perceivable assets, that is, with its two major parts, nature and what is beyond it.
In this research, we study the problem of existence and its connection with nothingness, as discussed by William James in the third chapter of his book ((Some Problems of Philosophy)), which he titled ((The Problem of Existence)). Here, James limited himself to examining the problem in terms of its relationship to nothingness, trying to investigate what was said philosophically regarding the explanation of existence, how it came to exist after it did not exist.

Iraqi woman image within the framework of the horrific 2003 war on Iraq is perceived to be as ‘angel in the house’ or obsequious victim who is in need of emancipation. George Bush and his wife Laura, on a motley of formal speeches in the wake of the invasion and American media, have ingrained this modus operandi of the docile cliché in the consciousness of American denizens. The vindication to liberate Iraqi people; particularly women, which is utilized to wage war on Iraq, has gone awry. This discourse of liberation falls short of the expectations of Iraqi people and the world. In fact, Iraqi women have enduringly suffered corollaries of the invasion. Nonetheless, still the Iraqi women keep their head high and never to yield to this lumpy miasma as they keep confronting quotidian life quandaries with hard-hitting resilience. In this Context, Abdul Razaq Al-Rubai’s magnum opus A Strange Bird on our Roof (2013) is to be censoriously analyzed within the framework of Post-Orientalism. As such, the current paper means to sledgehammer the smeary clichés manufactured about the Iraqi women by representing the veracity of the Iraqi woman.

The present study deals with Ernest Hemingway’s novel The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Significantly, it explores revolutionary hints while facing nada through Hemingway’s iceberg theory. It inquires about the cloaked reasons behind Santiago’s trip to the sea, and how Hemingway creates revolutionary hints through them. It aims to portray Santiago’s trip as a revolt against nada and materiality, making a call for persistence. It encourages people under pressure to change through facing, revolting, dreaming, and action. The study finds that Santiago achieves his great dream by facing his resilient conditions. Consequently, he proves himself to himself, showing that man is not to be appreciated by material trophies, but by potential power. This way, he becomes an everlasting revolutionary model for all generations.