Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

The proposed model is a reverse-biased p+-n-n+ silicon photodiode which offers good quantum efficiency and high response speed suitable for photodetectors application. The theoretical analysis of the device is started with the evaluation of the built-in, reach through, and breakdown voltages. Photocurrent mechanisms and theoretical treatment in each layer of the device are modeled. The effect of the surface recombination velocity and the absorption coefficient on the minority carries distribution in each layer within the device and on the overall device performance is presented. An effective and powerful modeling process of the mathematical foundations of the photodiode is performed with the aid of MATLAB R2008a version 6.5A. It is found that for a low reach through voltage, the concentration of the n layer should be reduced, the photocurrents increase as the width of the P+ and n layer increases at a relatively low surface recombination velocity and better absorption coefficient.

The Processing of the Arabic language is a difficult mission comparing it with other languages. Because Sentences in Arabic language are complex, longer than the others in various languages, and have difficult structure with lattices. The syntactic structure of sentences parts may be missing, affecting the orders of words and phrases. Parsing Arabic sentences can be done via several techniques which are started with top-down and or bottom-up parsing. Recursive Transition Network one of the most famous techniques for parsing sentences. It is a finite transition automaton of limited states. This paper presents a new method in processing the first stage from Arabic language processing which is a syntax analysis by using Transition Networks techniques. This technique presents morphological analysis for sentence tokens. Prolog version 2 where used for execution parsing, since it is more consistence for natural languages representation and processing.

This research paper deals with the implementation of an eye recognition system using neural network (recognition classifier). The proposed system contains two phases, preprocessing and recognition. The resized image is providing faster processing for training and testing, the size of image is 120×90 pixels. The preprocessed phase extract features from eye image and use it as input to neural network which uses back-propagation algorithm to recognize the eyes. The proposed algorithm use single neural network as classifier, which consists of three layers with tangent sigmoid, and linear transfer function respectively. The system trained 60 eye samples. After testing the system with (100) eye samples a recognition rate of 100% is obtained. This recognition rate value is perfectly suitable for eye recognition systems.

This research presents an approach based on the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to estimate electric and magnetic fields around Iraqi 132kV transmission lines. This system has been trained, using finite element calculations for three cases study having different span locations crossing of public services (roads, buildings). It is proved that proposed approach may be used to calculate the electromagnetic fields in new cases differing significantly from the cases used for training with the high accuracy and time efficiency.

The aim of this study is to produce one types of lightweight concrete which is known as ( gas concrete ), four additions of aluminum powder ( 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) % by weight of cement were used to produce gas concrete. Two different ways of curing, air and steam curing, were carried out using (5)cm cubes specimens. The test results showed that the density and compressive strength of gas concrete decreases with the increase of the percentage of aluminum powder (Al). The density of gas concrete was between (1177.1-1524.38) kg/m3 and (1246.24-1593.94) kg/m3 for air and steam curing, respectively when the percentage of aluminum powder was between (0.1—0.4) % by weight of concrete. The addition of (Al) also increases the volume of gas concrete. It was between (13.3- 50.8)% and (18.7 – 61.3) % for air and steam curing respectively while (Al) was between (0.1-0.4) %The test results showed that the best percentage of (Al) was 0.2% by weight of cement which gives density (1389.98) kg/m3 and compressive strength (0.26)MPa for air curing and (1431.95) kg/m3nand (0.55)MPa for steam curing.

The behavior of the dynamics of semiconductor laser is investigated by simulation and solving numerically the laser rate equations for photon and carrier densities. The rate equations take into account various system parameters such as gain compression factor and carrier recombination mechanisms. The simulation results reviled a step power response and carrier density for various cavity length and facet reflectivity of semiconductor laser.

Annual extreme flood distributions were statistically analyzed and studied to determine a best probability distribution that describes the observed annual maximum peak flows for six streams of Tigris River in Iraq. This is done through fitting of three different probability distributions and estimating the goodness of the fit to confirm a hydrologic series of 39 annual maximum peak flows of the six streams. In this study, two standard probability distributions were used as well as a new one model. The two standard distributions are the Extreme Value Type I distribution (the Gumbel's distribution) and the log Pearson type 3 distribution. While the new model is the Demetris distribution which is a recent model developed by Demetris Koutsoyiannis depending on theoretical and empirical grounds for many hydrologic series in the world. The analyses showed that the Demetris distribution is significantly overestimating the actual flows for small return periods of about less than 10 years, where it seems approximately as the two standard distributions for a return period greater than 10 years.

This study search for the availability requirement for the fault management server in high-availability communication systems. According to this study, one founds that the availability of the fault management server does not need to be 99.999% in order to guarantee a 99.999% system availability, as long as the fail-safe ratio (the probability that the failure of the fault management server will not bring down the system) and the fault coverage ratio (the probability that the failure in the system can be detected and recovered by the fault management server) is sufficiently high. Tradeoffs can be made among the availability of the fault management server, the fail-safe ratio, and the fault coverage ratio to optimize system availability.

The Standard prosthetic pylon is manufactured from aluminum -titanium alloys as a result of lightweight. In this study, a three prosthetic pylons are designed and manufactured from different layers of composite materials (6 layers,9 layers and 12 layers ). The mechanical properties such as σy and σult and σe were measured for all types of the pylon, Also, the design pylon fatigue tester and impact pylon test then all pylons were tested by this device. All types of new prosthetic pylons are light and cheap compared with the standard pylon Therefore, to choose the best pylon, the weighted method is preferred, this method depend on practical experience. This method the optimum choice pylon (kp) , it explains that the Pylon II is good.

Traffic vibrations, damaging windstorms, earthquakes, break-ins, and terrorism explosions cause extensive damage to buildings and property each year, and can even result in death and injury to building occupants and bystanders. Much of this destruction is due to a simple and preventable hazard: flying glass. The objective of this study was to find the most suitable shape, dimensions, thickness, and glass material properties of float glass sheets to be used to manufacture window shields to reduce the risk of death and injury by shattered and flying glass due to seismic, explosion, and traffic vibration waves. It was found that decreasing the dimensions of a certain geometrical shape of glass sheets and keeping all the other properties constant, not always increases the seismic equivalency factor (SEF). Decreasing the dimensions of the rectangular shape from (20x40 cm) to (15x25 cm) decreases the seismic equivalency factor (SEF) from 0.597 to 0.568. Also, decreasing the dimensions of the square shape from (15 cm) to (10 cm) decreases the seismic equivalency factor (SEF) from 2.837 to 1.107. Also, Increasing the thickness of the glass sheet and keeping all the other properties constant, not always increases the seismic equivalency factor (SEF).

The flexible pavement layers attach each day by thousands of several types of vehicles according to axle spacing and distribution between each tires (dual spacing) at same axle. These different types of wheel and tires generate deformations or horizontal strain caused fatigue of pavement then reduced pavement life. In this work using three layers system with linear visco-elastic hot mixture layer. Visco-elastic properties obtained from creep test under static load. Kenlayer program used to determine horizontal strain under applied load. It’s concluded that when the axle spacing and dual spacing increase the horizontal strain over lapping reduced. The study obvious that when axle spacing increases from 273 cm (sonata car) till 1524 cm (truck 3-S2) the horizontal strain decreases about 30%.

A new method is presented to compute the switching angles in a multilevel inverter using the Optimized Harmonic Elimination Stepped-Waveform (OHESW) technique so as to produce the required fundamental voltage while at the same time not generate higher order harmonics. Previous work has shown that the transcendental equations characterizing the harmonic content of the inverter output can be converted to polynomial equations which are then solved using the method of Resultants from Elimination theory. However, when there are several DC sources, the degree of the polynomials are quite large making the computational burden of their resultant polynomials via elimination theory quite high. The proposed method with fast recursive algorithm is derived that provide the exact on-line solution to the OHESW problem.The proposed algorithm optimization technique is applied to a multilevel inverter to determine optimum switching angles for eliminating low order harmonics while maintaining the required fundamental voltage to drive an induction motor.

Information Technology has become one of the core elements of managerial reform, and electronic government. E-governments can be considered as use of information and communication technology in public administrations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the adoption-future of building E-Government services in Iraq. The implementation of E-Government requires several pre-request steps; one of them is ICT (Information and Communication Technology).This work will focus on ICT to develop human resources. Based on our knowledge, the percentage of leaders and political decision makers who have experience in ICT in Iraq is lower than (10%). The strategy in this work will require 3 years to provide practical skills of ICT to all responsible persons (from ministers to government Employees(, based on Standard Materials and International Certificates.

This paper explores the performance of both source coding and error-correction in a single coding step. Such joint source-channel coding is done here using codewords of varying lengths that have particular distance properties with each other, which allows error detection and correction. Hence, these codes are called Variable-Length Error-Correcting (VLEC) codes. These codes exhibit memory like convolutional codes but spatial memory according to the variable-length nature. These (VLEC) codes are used in image coding and show sub error performance over variable length source coding such as Huffman code.

For the size of traffic of the trucks transporting different types of commodities to and for ports of Basrah, passing on the internal routes of Al-Amarah city, and for the exceeding of congestions inside the city, and to reduce the continous maintenance on these roads, then it was necwssary to contruct a new road to connect the two roads (Baghdad- Amarah) and (Basrah- Amarah). According to the basic design of Amarah city, and the traffic study and the study of the technical and economical utility prepared by Al-Hadatha Engineering Consultation company including the construction of a main bridge on Tigris and three intersections ( upper-bridges) with the intersected roads (note image No.1 which illustrates the suggested route, main bridge and intersections):- Amanah - Kut Route- Amarah -Batra Route- Amarah - Basrah Route As shown in the details on the study listed later in the study, the purpose of the study is to evaluate the present status of the existing intersections on (Amarah-Basrah Route) and determine level of performance, delay rate and satisfaction degree. Calculate the traffic sizes (present and future) which will use the open road. Determine the number of passes of the suggested road for all the bridged intersections, and bridges to show their level of performance. The future life of the bridged intersection will be specified as (20 years), and all the analytical calculations aim at giving an approximate picture to the future status of traffic congections, and using the annual increase rate of vehicles throughout this period.

In this research study of heat transfer coefficient for the cylinder placed horizontally and parallel to the wall of the duct, and how to change this factor in the absence and presence of the wall and the presence of the wall and move different distances from the cylinder (x = 5,10,15,20,25mm) and rotate the cylinder in each and two-speed air of distances mentioned web (360) Nos. Reynolds (Re = 43181-13636) and the practical results found that the approach of the wall of the cylinder leads to a narrowing in the airway, this restriction will lead to increased air speed and thereby increase the heat transfer coefficient. The In the case away from the cylinder wall will lead to increase the distance between the wall and the cylinder, thus reducing the air speed and therefore less valuable local heat transfer coefficient. After taking the practical results of local heat transfer coefficient were found for local Nusselt number and compare the practical results of this research with the published research and found good agreement with them.

The increase in traffic movement on the land of dirt is a strong indication of the need to create a new highway. The case study was selected is Nasiriyah-Abu Ghar–Busayyah , which is dirt road. It is observed the increasing of vehicle traffic that using it by increasing its importance in the transport of construction materials from the quarries of Abu Ghar to the provinces of Iraq. Because this road is the temple and with low level of service, then it has needed to develop a design fits its importance and intensity of traffic of heavy vehicles and trucks those carrying construction materials. For more information on these generating and destination point, we made surveys by asking questions to users at counting points. We have also surveys of the current traffic volumes and future traffic volume adoption with (20 years).It was adopted (Highway Capacity Manual) in the analytical calculations to evaluate the proposed design, which developed under a design guide for roads issued by the General Authority for Roads and Bridges.