Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

A lab scale pellet reactor (PR) was designed and fabricated to carry out extensive investigations on the
removal efficiency of the hardness of groundwater. The groundwater of 2200 – 2600 mg/L hardness was
collected from Abdulla Ibnalhassan wells area located at the west desert of Al-Shinafiyah district (70 km to
the southwest of Al-Dewaniyah city, Iraq). Both hydrodynamic parameters of the pellet reactor (porosity
and fluidized bed height) and the parameters of calcium carbonate crystallization process (calcium carbonate
equilibrium, pellet size, and density) were modeled and compared with the experimental results of the lab
scale pellet reactor. The comparison showed that fair agreement between modeled and measured results was
observed. The removal efficiency of both calcium and magnesium ions were 62.5-99% and 83-99%
respectively. The removal efficiency was found to be strongly dependent on pH and the ratio of NaOH
solution flow rate to the groundwater flow rate in the pellet reactor

An electrochemical oxidation method was performed in a batch electrochemical reactor using graphite
anodes for treating an effluent obtained from Al-Diwaniyah petroleum refinery plant. The effective f process
parameters like current density (4-20m Acm-2
), pH (3-9), and NaCl concentration (0-3 g/l) on the COD and
phenol removal efficiency have been investigated. The results reveal that the best conditions were current
density 12 mA cm-2
, pH 7, NaCl concentration 2 gl-1
at a treatment time of 60 minutes. Under best
conditions of COD removal efficiency 100% and phenol removal efficiency 99.12% were obtained at
current efficiency 33.5% and power consumption 59.9 kWh/kg COD. The anodic oxidation was proven to
be efficient for treatment Al-Diwaniyah petroleum refinery effluent to get effluent with features in
agreement with the standard limits for discharge to the environment at a lower cost.

Given the importance of gas turbines in the process and amount of global energy from fossil fuels, the views
were directed toward this study in addition to the availability of the liquefied petroleum gas and because of
knowing many details of it is composition and behavior this type of fuel has been proven. The development
of the tangential swirl burner geometry also one of the targets of this study by reducing the combustion
instability include flashback and the minimizing in the burner size comparing with other classic tangential
swirl burner shape include cylindrical confinement with conical cup confinement. The authors take care in
previous studies in field of swirling flow either in scope of geometry characteristics or in scope of fuel
issues. The geometrical swirl number which play an important factor in swirling flow had been taken in the
consideration for the process of the tangential swirl burner manufacturing as well as the heat caloric value
of the operating fuel. The experimental results of combustion the liquefied petroleum gas had been proved
that the formal additions added in this study to development the burner nozzle mouth will reduce and
improve the occurrence of the operational problems represent flashback and an increasing in the working
area by increasing the flashback limits for both premixed and partial premixed combustion modes which
will be clarified and the mechanism of composition in the following sections of this paper.

In the transportation of fluid, the drag reducers in pipeline are important parameters because of drag
reduction increased the ability of pump fluid when adding small amounts of additive to fluid. The frictional
pressure loss in pipes is waste energy and it very costly so the drag reducing minimizes flow turbulence,
reduces the costs of energy and increases throughput. The transportation of reducing crude oil is very
difficult and needs some treatment to improve its transportation and this is because of its high viscosity. The
purpose of this research is to study the effect of nanoparticles of copper oxide on viscosity of R.C. and other
parameters when transport it through pipes. This research investigated the viscosity, pressure drop and other
parameters in three pipes (0.0127, 0.01905 and 0.0254 m) I.D. with different concentrations (0.00625,
0.0125, 0.01875, 0.025 and 0.0375 (gm/L) w/v) at 50 oC and the flow rate is 50% of maximum. The results
show that the performance of the drag reduction is much better in the larger pipes diameter than the smaller
one. Also, the CuO NP\'s effect on R.C. viscosity and the maximum viscosity deviation is about 4%. In
Addition to CuO NP\'s to R.C. has reduced the %Dr, pressure drop and shear stress.

This study was carried out in order to explore the behaviour of RC deep beams strengthening with CFRP
strips. Eight simply supported deep beams were fabricated and tested under four-points loading scenario.
Three different orientations for CFRP strips were used for strengthening the RC deep beams ; vertical,
horizontal and inclined. All of the tested samples were of the same dimensions, concrete strength and steel
reinforcement. A percentage increase in load carrying capacity of 48, 19 and 38% (with respect to the
unstrengthened beam) was gained for beams strengthened with vertical, horizontal and inclined FRP strips,
respectively. It was concluded that the strengthening with FRP strips of vertical fabric orientation is more
efficient than strengthening with horizontal or inclined orientation since the vertical orientation gives the
highest load carrying capacity, largest deflections at ultimate load and smallest crack width. On the other
hand, applied the FRP strips in a horizontal orientation was insufficient for the strengthening purposes

Nowadays, the deep beams become utilized more in a considerable number of structures. It is necessary
sometimes to introduce a hole within the web of the beam as a pipe or a duct for many purposes such as
water supply, sewage, electricity, air conditioning, and computer network. In this study, a deep beam sample
taken from a past experimental study is numerically analysed using a three-dimensional finite element
model. ABAQUS tools are used to simulate the whole FE models. The dimensions of the considered deep
beam are 820x400x180 mm, with two openings of a diameter 90 mm located at 200 mm from both of the
ends. The proposed model and the experimental work have reasonably agreed with a difference of 2 % in
mid-span deflection. Furthermore, special reinforcements of 12 mm bar diameter are offered to the original
FE model around the holes in two types, Z-shape and circular, to improve the structural behaviour of the
deep beam and to minimize the crack concentrations in these zones. The gained results show that the
additional reinforcement minimizes the mid-span deflection of the deep beam. As compared with the
original proposed FE model, the Z-shape decreases the deflection by 44.9 % while the lowering in the
defection of the circular shape is 9.4 %. Moreover, the concentration of stresses and cracks that gained from
using the Z-shape reinforcement model found to be lower than those induced in the circular reinforcement
model.

The aim of the present study is to analyse the combustion characteristics, performance and emission
parameters of a variable compression ratio (VCR) diesel engine experimentally and numerically using
soybean methyl ester (SME) biodiesel. Initially the engine is fed with diesel to capture the basic data, and
then SME was tested as 20 % blend (B20), as 40% blend (B40) and as pure bio-fuel (B100). The
experimental investigations are followed by a computational combustion and emissions analysis of diesel
engine which is done by using the CFD software (ANSYS FLUENT 13). The combustion, performance and
emissions parameters are evaluated by operating the engine at four different compression ratios of 15, 16,
17.5 and 19 and varying the load from 0 kW to 4.4 kW with 1.1 kW step. It is observed that peak pressure
is closer to TDC when SME blends is increased. SME blend has earlier combustion start because of the
advancement in the injection timing, shorter delay time. Increasing mixing ratio of biodiesel is found to
decrease BTE slightly and increases the BSFC. Remarkable decrease in UHC and CO emissions as the ratio
of SME is increased due to the complete combustion of biodiesel with presence of more oxygen in the
combustion chamber. The measured BSN for B20, B40, and B100 SME was less than that of diesel fuel by
20.44%, 35.78%, and 48.3% respectively. It is inferred from the combustion analysis that as the compression
ratio increases from 15 to 19 a decrease in smoke intensity, UHC, and CO, but it increases the emission of
NOx. Both turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate were decreased as the percentage of SME
increased by 10.84% and 2.01% respectively. The increase in compression ratio from 15 to 19 caused an
increase in the peak pressure, density, combustion velocity, turbulence, peak temperature, NOx and a
decrease in soot emissions. It can be assessed that the B20 SME is best suited to implement it into diesel
engine without any effects. It has been founded from the results that 19 compression ratio has shown good
performance and low emissions as compared to other compression ratios. The results obtained from the
experimental investigation have been compared with the results of CFD analysis and are found to be in good
agreement with each other with just slight deviation.

In this paper, an experimental work was conducted to investigate the possibility of improving the structural
performance of reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCC) beams cast with 100% treated and untreated
recycled aggregate (RA). RA was first exposed to a simple treatment method to reduce the amount of its
adhered mortar and to improve its performance by the impregnation in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer
solution. After completing RA treatments, rectangular simply supported reinforced SCC beams cast with
RA, treated recycled aggregate (TRA) as well as normal aggregate (NA), were prepared and tested under
two-point loading up to failure. Half of the prepared beams were tested to evaluate the shear behaviour of
normal strength (NS) SCC mixes, while the other half was tested for high strength (HS) SCC mixes. The
results were evaluated with regards to load deflection response, ultimate failure load, first crack load, and
cracking pattern. The main experimental results demonstrated that using treated RA considerably improved
the shear capacity of reinforced SCC beams in comparison with that of untreated RA. Based on the ACI
318-14 and Euro codes, the shear strength values showed that the treated RA beams were considered more
conservative compared to the RA beams in both strength grades.

Numerical investigate of double-diffusive natural convection in an inclined porous square. Two opposing
walls of the square cavity are adiabatic; while the other walls are, kept at constant concentrations and
temperatures. The Darcy–Forchheimer–Brinkman model is used to solve the governing equations with the
Boussinesq approximation. A code written in FORTRAN language developed to solve the governing
equations in dimensionless forms using a finite volume approach with SIMPLER algorithm. The results
presented in U-velocity and V-velocity, isotherms, iso-concentration, streamline, the average Nusselt
number, and the average Sherwood number for different values of the dimensionless parameters. A wide
range of these parameters have been used including; Darcy Number, modified Rayleigh number, Lewis
number, buoyancy ratio, and inclination angle. The results show that for opposite buoyancy ratio (N≤-1),
the Nu decreases when the Le increases and the Sh increase when the Le increases. For an (N>0), the Nu
increases when the Le increases until Le is equal to 1 and then it decreases, also Sh increases when the Le
increases