Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences

The fish inhabitant in an aquatic environment so it persists exposure to pathogen and stressor factors so they have a developing immune system similar to that in high vertebrate with some differences points. Head Kidney considered the main and primary hematopoietic organs while spleen, thymus and gut-associated lymphoid tissue represented secondary hematopoietic organs. The immune system divided to the innate immune system doesn’t have a memory of previous responses, non-specific cellular as natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils with non-specific component these involve complement, lysosomes and acute-phase protein, if the pathogen persists the specific, memory adaptive immunity would be stimulation which composed of two subunits humeral and natural antibodies act for invading extracellular pathogen and the second subunits which are cytokines and T-lymphocyte act for kill intracellular bacterial, parasitic and viral infection. Both subunits (innate and adaptive) of the immune system act each together in the hosts to prevent microorganism’s infection and reducer the environmental stressors and give fish immune status. It is concluded from this article review that fish, like mammalians, have an advanced immune system that plays a role in fish resistance to pathological factors and maintaining fish health.

Cadmium is dangerous pollutant in environment because it is difficult to excrete out of the body. It causes disease in humans and animals. When the body absorbs large quantities of cadmium or when constantly exposed to small quantities, it is toxic to the body. Cadmium affects many parts of the body, the most important of which are the liver, kidneys, lungs, and testes. Both the liver and the kidney are considered organs to excrete toxins, such as heavy metals. Therefore, they are most influenced by cadmium. This study focuses on the toxicity of cadmium in the liver, kidneys, lungs and testes and its toxic effects on the histological, cellular, and functional level of each organ. We will discuss the mechanism through which cadmium causes damage to the organs of the body and the interaction that results from it.

The current study was designed to evaluate the effects of autologous platelets rich plasma (PRP) on the articular cartilage repair. The present study was conducted on twenty-four adult male rabbits. Surgically (24) animals have received the same defect (5mm in diameter) which is made on the lateral condyle of the distal end of the femoral bone. The animals were divided randomly into three equal groups. Group (I) remain without treatment as a positive control group, group (II) which treated with a single dose of prepared PRP injected into the intraarticular space immediately after the creation of the of defect, group (III) treated with two doses of PRP (the first dose administered immediately after the surgery and second dose after (15) days of the first dose. Results were evaluated through the Biochemical analysis of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Ca2+ at 15, 30, and 60 days after treatment. The biochemical findings of the current study showed that the total ALP was not significantly differed in animals of a group (II, III), whereas animals of a group (I) showed an elevation of ALP in the last period which indicates the osseous reaction especially in late stages of cartilage repair; however, the other two groups (II, III) didn’t show a great change in ALP levels in all periods of blood sample collection. The Ca+ levels also showed no significant differences among groups, only in the last period in the control positive group, so we concluded that the increase in ALP, and Ca+ levels in control group is an evidence of continues inflammatory process, and increase ability of ossification of the new tissue formed in the site of the lesion

The study was performed to investigate the prophylactic role of Saussurea costus roots in the functional and histological changes caused by diazinon in the liver and kidneys in chickens. 18 chickens were used of Arbor Acres strain at 54 days of age and 1300-1500 gm average of body weight was used for this purpose. The birds were divided into 3 groups equally (6chicken in each groups), Group 1: served as a control negative received distilled water 1 ml. Group 2: served as a positive control group, received diazinon at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day. Group 3: were given an ethanolic extract of Saussurea costus at dose 300 mg/kg, then after one hour administrated diazinon at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg/day, this group served as a prophylactic group. The doses were given orally once daily for 4 weeks.The results of group 2 showed clinical signs such as ruffled feathers, salivation, diarrhea, breathing from the mouth, teary eyes, drooping of wings. The body weights of the chickens and weights of the liver and kidneys of group 2 significantly declined (p≤ 0.05) compared with groups 1 and 3. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in WBC count, lymphocyte, total protein, albumin, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX levels, while a significant increase (p≤0.05) in heterophil, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, uric acid, and MDA compared with group 1. The gross examination of the liver and kidney of group 2 were pale, easily crumbles and smaller than that of group 1. Histopathological changes of the liver of group 2 including congested and dilated central vein, vacuolated cytoplasm of hepatocytes, focal necrotic tissue filled with inflammatory cells, thickening of the bile duct, thickening wall of the portal artery. fibroblast in portal area, dilated sinusoid. Histopathological changes of the kidney including dilatation of renal tubule, hemorrhage, and atrophy in the glomerulus. we concluded that administration of ethanolic extract of Saussurea costus resulted in amelioration of the morphological changes in diazinon treated chickens, improved parameters and restored the parameters to near normal compared with group 1. These results revealed that Saussurea costus roots acts as an antioxidant substance and has a hepatic and renoprotective effect against toxicity induced by diazinon.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the protective effect of Petroselinum crispum leave extracted against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits by studying the body weight, clinical signs, haematological and biochemical parameters, gross lesion and histopathological changes. Twenty four rabbits male were used and divided into 4 groups. Group 1: rabbits served as a negative control, received distilled water 1 ml(orally). Group 2: rabbits served as a positive control group, received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day intramuscular for 15 days. Group 3: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg orally for 15 days. Group 4: rabbits received gentamicin at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day then after one hour treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg orally for 15 days.The results of the gentamicin treated group( positive control group) showed clinical signs such as loss of body weight, loss of appetite and rough hair with hematuria. The body weight a significantly declined (p≤ 0.05) compared other groups. There was a significant decrease (p≤ 0.05) in WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX levels, while it recorded a significant increase (p≤0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA. Histological studies showed several kidney pathological changes such as pale colour, enlargement in size and weight and easy from detaching as opposed to negative control group. On the other hand, the group treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 125 mg/kg induced improved of parameters as recorded significant increased(P ≤ 0.05) in body weight, WBC count, lymphocyte, GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPX, while significant decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in weights of the kidneys, neutrophils, creatinine, urea, and MDA compared with the positive control group whereas rabbits treated with ethanolic extract of Petroselinum crispum at dose 250 mg/kg restored the parameters and histological changes of the kidney to near normal status compared with the negative control group. These results showed that the dose-detected Petroselinum crispum extract (250mg / kg) acts as potential curative effect against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rabbits.

The current study was conducted on fifteen adult male rabbits (2-3 kg), divided into 3 equal groups (control group, group A ‘seven days’ & group B ‘fourteen days group’), removing of the testes and thyroidectomy have been made to both A and B groups. Results indicated that several clear histopathological changes have been observed in the testicular tissues including, complete suppression of spermatogenesis with vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining of seminiferous tubules in both groups. Moreover, a multinucleated giant cell spermatid in the lumen of seminiferous tubules was featured with no sperm was detected in the lumen of group B. It has been concluded, that the thyroidectomy can cause serious effects on male sexual organs due to diminishing of sex hormones responsible to it growth.

The aim of this study was to detect the microscopic and macroscopic lesions in uterine tubes and uterus in Sluaimani abattoir, Kurdistan region/Iraq. The total samples collected were 340 genitalia of does of pregnant and non-pregnant. 37.05% (126/340) of the samples were pregnant and 37.35% (127/340) of the samples were observed without gross lesions and 2.23% (10/340) were noticed with uterine tube gross abnormalities and the remaining 34 (12.941%) samples were recorded as anatomical lesions and pathological lesions of uterus. The a numbers of uterine tubes abnormalities were 11 out of 340 specimens (3.235%), and the most common lesions were; salpingitis 6 cases (7.64%); 1 case from each of hydrosalpinx and Pyosalpinx, respectively (0.294%). Microscopically, the lesions of salpingitis were sloughing off the part of the epithelium and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Three specimens of cyst on uterine tubes (0.882%). The numbers of uterine lesions were 44 specimens which shared 12.941% of abnormalities out of the 340 collected specimens. The most common diseased genital cases were; endometritis and metritis which 21 cases (6.176%), which were histopathologically characterized by a significant increase in the endometrial thickness due to diffuse infiltration of inflammatory cells mainly lymphocytes, the proliferation of fibroblasts with deposition of extracellular matrix. Five pyometra (1.470%), which was histolopatholgically characterized by definite increase in the uterine wall thickness, especially in the endometrium due to infiltration of light pinkish fibrinous inflammatory exudates with mild inflammatory cell proliferation. Three Hydrometra specimens (0.882%), and five endometrial cystic hyperplasia (1.470%). The microscopic lesions for them include massive cystic dilatation of the uterine gland that contains pinkish granular secretion, infiltration of light pinkish edematous fluid in the endometrial stroma associated with inflammatory cells. Two specimens of uterine wall with cysticercus tenuicolis (0.588%), and one uterine melanoma (0.294%), The histopathological features for the uterine melanoma include; deposition of the dark black melanin pigment within the phagocytic cells. Uterine leiomyosarcoma was one specimens (0.294%), which histologically, appear as pleomorphic cells variable in shape and size with different nuclear size randomly oriented in different directions, some of these cells were hyperchromatic with an abnormal mitotic figure. One case of cyst on the uterine wall was found (0.294%), and five cervicitis (1.470%). Finally, it could be concluded that uterine tubes, and uterus abnormalities constitute a percentage (3.235%, and 12.941%), respectively. In this study, uterine melanoma, and uterine leiomyosarcoma were firstly recorded in this study in Iraq and Kurdistan region.

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes caused by anabolic androgenic steroids (methandienone) in the hypothalamic adrenal axis (HPA) and oxidative status in adrenal glands and a protective role role by using organic selenium (high-selenium yeast) in adult male rabbits which treated with Methandienone in combination with selenium. A total of 20 intact male rabbits were divided into four equal groups (n = 5 for each group):a control group receiving distilled water, the AAS group (T1) receiving Methandienone (oral dose of 0.35 mg / kg.B.W.),the selenium group (T2) receiving high-selenium yeast (3 μg/ kg B.W orally)and the combination group (T3) getting both methandienone and selenium. The dosing every day for 60 days. . The hormones β-endorphin, ACTH and cortisone were measured in serum during two periods, 30 and 60 days of the experiment and the expression levels of Nuclear factor erythroid-2 and related factor-2 (Nrf2) and Translocater protein (TSPO) genes were measured in adrenal gland. a significant increase in beta-endorphin and ACTH and a decrease in cortisone were found in both 30 and 60 day periods in the AAS group (T1) compared with another groups (control, T2 and T3). On the other hand, T3 group shows a decrease in serum β-Endorphin and ACTH and no significant changes in cortisone in both periods .These changes were a compared with to AAS group. Moreover, there is a significant increased in revers transcription (mRNA) of Nrf2 factor and TSPO genes in AAS group(T1) as compared with other groups (T2 and T3). In addition, we observed a significant decrease in levels of Nrf2 and TSPO mRNA in the selenium-yeast group compared to the AAS group (T1). In conclusion, these results showed that organic selenium (high selenium yeast) has a positive effect (protective role) against oxidative damage to the adrenal gland caused by AAS with no effect on the adrenal steroidogenesis, which are affected by AAS.

The current study conducted to detect the genetic diversity between four genetic groups of Kurdish local chicken using RAPD-PCR technique. Ten random markers used to amplified DNA were selected for genotyping the four lines. One hundred twenty four polymorphic bands were amplified, the bands size ranged between (2500 and 100 bp). The primer (OPA-05, OPA-18) produced maximum number of polymorphic bands, while primers named (OPA-16) produced minimum number of polymorphic bands. The (WNFS) genetic group showed the highest number of amplified fragments (55) for both male and female (30), (25) respectively. While (BBN) genetic group showed the lowest number of amplified fragments (20) for both male and female (7), (13) respectively. According to the results obtained from the current study, it can be conclude that the four genetic groups differ genetically. Moreover the results will help the breeders to study new selection strategies between the four genetic groups.

The study aimed to determine the effect of S. cerevisiae and L. acidophilus as probiotics against S. Typhimurium isolated from poultry, for this purpose (50) fecal samples were collected from poultry to isolate S. Typhimurium, while fermented milk was used for isolation of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Results of the current study showed that S. Typhimurium was isolated at a rate of 6%. The in-Vivo adhesion Index test showed a high ability of L. acidophilus to adhesion to rat intestine endothelium in compare with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibitory zone occurred by S.cerevisiae filtrate, L. acidophilus filtrate, (S .cerevisiae and L. acidophilus mixture) filtrate were (10, 16, 19 mm) respectively. The results of the experimental study showed the high activity of (S.cerevisiae and L. acidophilus mixture) filtrate in protecting experimental animals. The main pathological change that occurred by S.typhimurium was the infiltration of inflammatory cells.

This study was aimed to evaluate the influence of months of the year on the quality of semen in Holstein bulls. A study carried out at artificial insemination center/ Abou-Ghareeb/ western of Baghdad. A total of 160 ejaculates were collected from 15 bulls born in Iraq via artificial vagina. The age of the bulls ranged between 4 to 5 years and the study period were December to March and September. The semen samples were diluted with Tris base extender. The semen were packed in a straw according to the program of artificial insemination center. Semen characteristics (plasma membrane, acrosome, and DNA integrities) were evaluated. The results revealed a significant decrease (P≤0.01) in plasma membrane and acrosome integrity in September as compared with December, January, February, and March. There was a significant decline (P≤0.05) in DNA integrity in September as compared with December, January, February, and March in fresh and frozen semen. In conclusion, the September month had a negative effect on the plasma membrane, acrosome, and DNA percentage in all bulls

The present study was aimed to investigate the role of alpha-lipoic acid ( ALA) as an antioxidant against in ameliorating histological disorders of pituitary- testicular axis- induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in adult Wistar rats. Forty adult male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (10 rats /group) and were handled daily as follows for 56 days: Control group ( C) were intubated distilled water and received ordinary tap water; group T1 were intubated 60mg/kg B.W of ALA and received ordinary tap water; group T2 were administered H2O2 in tap water at a concentration of 0.05%, while group T3 were intubated 60mg/kg B.W of ALA and received ordinary tap water containing 0.05% H2O2. At the end of the experiment, body weights were recorded, then pituitary and testes were excised for histopathological study and testicular weight was recorded too. Rats administered H2O2 showed a significant decrease in testes weight to body weight ratio accompanied with major histopathological changes of the testes in comparison with other groups including; a significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules, high of germinal epithelial cell and degenerative changes with incomplete spermatogenesis. Besides, a significant decrease in the number of Leydig's cells in comparison with other experimental groups. Furthermore, pituitary gland of group T2 manifested a severe histological alteration in architecture characterized by atrophy with marked necrotic and degenerative changes. Whereas, rats administered ALA (group T3) shows an improvement of histological changes of pituitary and testicular tissues induced by hydrogen peroxide. In conclusion, the results indicated that alpha-lipoic acid mitigated pituitary-testicular dysfunctions induced by H2O2 through its antioxidant effects via scavenging free radicals.

A rising number of hospital infections were caused by multi drug resistant A.baumannii. This microorganism has become a big global concern for clinicians. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles against biofilm producing multi drug resistant A. baumannii. Bacteria were isolated from burn wounds. The selected isolate was identified using the routine biochemical assays, viteck 2, and confirmed by PCR technique, targeting the 16S rRNA and blaOXA-51 genes. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using Viteck 2 system and the biofilm production was tested by using microtiter plate method. S marcescens was used for production of the prodigiosin which characterized later by UV-visible spectroscopy and then was used for biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) NPs. Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffractometer and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used for characterization of TiO2 NPs. Antimicrobial activity of TiO2 NPs was examined by well diffusion assay using concentration of 0.4- 0.006 mg/ml. The studied isolate was beta-lactamase producer and showed resistance to aminoglycosides, quinolones, furanes and trimethoprim/ sulphonamide, PCR amplification of 16S rRNA and blaOXA-51 genes was used for detection of A baumannii. The selected isolate was a strong biofilm producer with 5.9 times more than the OD values of the control. Atomic force microscopy images showed that the synthesized TiO2 NPs were in spherical shape with an average diameter of 67.49 nm. The TiO2 NPs inhibited the bacterial growth at concentrations of ≥ 0.1mg/ ml and a maximum zone of inhibition recorded was 22 mm at concentration of 0.4 mg/ ml. Biosynthesis of TiO2 NPs using prodigiosin was showed a promising antibacterial activity against strong biofilm producing MDR- A. baumannii.

Twelve samples of mammary glands (6 immature and 6 lactating ewes) were used for this study. Specimens of glands were immediately dissected and fixed in 10% formalin sol. The specimens were processed according to paraffin technique, sectioned at 5-6µm and stained by hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's Trichrom stains. In both immature and lactating ewes the mammary glands were covered by skin. In immature ewes the mammary quarter was composed of few mammary lobes that separated by very thick inter lobar adipose tissue. The lactating quarter was composed of huge mammary lobes and lobules without adipose tissue. In immature the lobe was consisted of few small lobules that composed of few of mammary alveoli while the lactating lobes had large sizes lobules and each had large alveoli which lined by tall cuboidal cells and supported by fibrous tissue and myo epithelial cells. In both immature and lactating ewes, the gland and teat cisternae were showed many of mucosal folds which lined by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium and supported by fibrous connective tissue. The teat cisterna of both immature and lactating was composed three layers; mucosal cisterna, fibro muscular layer and skin. The teat canal was lined by pseudo stratified squamous epithelium and the sub epithelial connective tissue showed well developed venous sinus and fibro muscular. Statistical analysis was revealed significant differences between the values of all parameters of immature and lactating ewes. Apparent surface areas of the lobe in immature and lactating were 122143.063±23.21 µm2 & 992541.188±33.81 µm2 respectively. Surface areas of lobule in immature and lactating were 1042.938±21.02 µm2 & 91565.977±25.60 µm2 respectively. Surface areas of alveoli in immature and lactating were 994.238±11.39 µm2 & 4584.270±19.26 µm2 respectively. Epithelial heights of alveoli in immature and lactating were 10.290±1.01 µm & 23.012±2.81 µm respectively. Thickness of inter lobar tissue in immature and lactating ewes 677.393±23.67 µm and 361.401±10.86 µm respectively. Thickness of inter lobular connective tissue in immature and lactating were 112.969±±11.48 µm and 90.281±9.81 µm respectively.

The aim of this study was to add more information in the field of knowledge regarding the skin structures of a local black goat. topographical, histological and morphometrical studies were carried out in twelve certain different areas of the skin using twenty healthy adult male goats in the autumn season. Hematoxylin and Eosin stain and Masson's Trichrome stain were used for all samples. Results; that the sebaceous glands are composed of clusters of pale staining epithelial cells that located within the dermis and accompanied all primary and some of the secondary follicles. depending on skin area, the sebaceous glands were large in the skin of muzzle, scrotum, abdomen, the medial surface of the limbs and the abdominal surface of the ear. while their sizes are decreased in the skin of tail, lateral surfaces of limbs and dorsal aspect of ear skin. The size of sebaceous glands were inversely proportional to the hair density. The sweat glands except in the skin tail were apical secretion type, while their levels within the beneath of dermis and their density were varied according to the skin area. the skin of muzzle, tail, dorsal surface of the ear had high glandular density followed by the skin of cranial and middle back in addition to lateral surfaces of limbs. Less glandular density was found in the abdominal surface of ear, abdomen, medial surfaces of limbs and scrotum. In addition to the apocrine sweat glands, serous tubular acinus compound glands in the muzzle skin which extended widely beneath of dermis to subdermal layer. these glands were entirely serious excretion units with the main excretory channel that opens directly on the surface of the skin and had no relation with hair follicles.