Journal of the College of Languages

This paper deals with the ideological positioning of the English poet John Donne in a selected poems of his i.e Holy Sonnet X, as regards the theme of death found therein. The researchers adopt an emerging branch of stylistics, called Critical Stylistics, as proposed by Jeffries (2010) in order to uncover the ideologies of the author regarding the topic concerned and how linguistic choices are used to slant ideas. The model is comprised of ten tools of analysis which, upon being applied to the selected data, have shown how the poet exploits language resources in order to pass his ideology and influence his readers. In this paper, the workings of only one tool are presented as applied to a certain portion of the data.

This research work considers one of the authentic and most modern modes of storytelling, as employed by Garcia Marquez in one of his famous stories "An Old ManWith Enormous Wings" (1972). Technically, the work is divided into four parts: the first serves as an introduction to his literary works, his use of magic realism, and addresses mainly the interests of Arab readers; the second handles the development of modern short story through the perspective of realism, until the emergence of magic realism as a new style; the third deals with the origin, nature and development of this style, and his mastery of it; the fourth part tries to analyze the story and its plot, thoughts, characters, symbols and metaphors, in the light of the artistic principles presented in the first three parts.There is a concluding word at the end that tries to indicate the contribution of Garcia Marquez to the art of narration through his use of magic realism in the story of "An Old Man With Enormous Wings".

This research work considers one of the authentic and most modern modes of storytelling, as employed by Garcia Marquez in one of his famous stories "An Old ManWith Enormous Wings" (1972). Technically, the work is divided into four parts: the first serves as an introduction to his literary works, his use of magic realism, and addresses mainly the interests of Arab readers; the second handles the development of modern short story through the perspective of realism, until the emergence of magic realism as a new style; the third deals with the origin, nature and development of this style, and his mastery of it; the fourth part tries to analyze the story and its plot, thoughts, characters, symbols and metaphors, in the light of the artistic principles presented in the first three parts.There is a concluding word at the end that tries to indicate the contribution of Garcia Marquez to the art of narration through his use of magic realism in the story of "An Old Man With Enormous Wings".

Since her early beginning in 1974 in her novel "Les armoires vides", Annie Ernaux writing about life in all its various aspects remained her main goal. This novel gave the earliest signals of what would happen later on in her literary career. Indeed, her works showed abilities of echoing reality, her sufferance and experiences via the use of simple and clear language. Add to this, her writings are to be viewed as an expression of deep felt journey, and a continuous search due to the consequent changes coming out of her identity.
We try here to give an answer to the question about writing as to whether being, to Ernaux herself, a need for the search about her social and feminist identity, or a pure literary work. And at the same time, we try to look at her style and her active insistence on finding answers to her questions pertaining to her past and present. By so doing, we are to show the reality of this variation in style, and the distinctiveness of her literary works.

This paper tries to understand the poetic reference in the images of woman, she-camel, horse and their manifestations in Tarafah-ibnulAbd's poetry. There has got my attention the fact that these three images have their own distinct taste which is characterised by a clear rhythm, let alone the lively nature that is filled with liveliness and activity to be in harmony with the poet's youth. For these three images represented the best manifestations of his psychological and artistic poetics. The paper adopts an artistic analysis to arrive at the psychological aspects of these experiences-the woman, the she-camel, and the horse- and to understand the functions of their images and symbolic reference.

Believing in Envy ( Hasad in Arabic ) is a very common belief among people who live in different areas and belong to various religious and cultural backgrounds in the world . As well as Muslims believe in envy, many other people who believe in numerous religions have faith in envy too. We can recognize this via the several methods and ways followed by people in order to avoid envy.
Most people keep themselves away from the envious person and they often don't like to meet him. As was the case in the past, now there are a lot of popular folktales among people concerning the issue of "envy ".Some of these tales are told by the same envied person and some of them by other different people .
In this paper , we have collected popular folktales about envy from people who belong to different nationalities, then we have translated them into Turkish so as to be studied, analysed, and classified in groups.

מבוא:
במחקר זה אבקש לעסוק בתימת העקדה בשירתה של חוה פנחס כוהן. סיפור העקדה נבחר לעמוד בבסיסה של המחקר ממספר סיבות. ראשית, כיון שהסיפור הוא סיפור משמעותי, מאורע חשוב במסורת היהודית. שנית, כיוון שעניינו אותי מערכות היחסים השונות בסיפור. מערכת היחסים בין יהוה לאברהם, מערכת היחסים בתוך המשפחה ומערכת היחסים בין יצחק לאברהם. במערכות היחסים הללו משכו את תשומת לבי גם אותם דברים שאינם כתובים בתנ״ך (לדוגמה: מה הייתה תגובת שרה האם למאורע? מה הרגיש יצחק כלפי אלוהים? ועוד דברים רבים).
שירה עברית מודרנית היא שירה שנכתבה מתקופתו של ר׳ "משה חיים לוצאטו"1 ועד דורנו אנו. התמקדתי במחקר במשוררת חוה פנחס כוהן. אכן, התרבות העברית התייחסה לסיפורי התנ״ך במגוון תחומים, אך בחרתי לעסוק בשירה כיוון שבתוך הספרות בכללה, השירה מיטיבה לבטא רגשות, היגדים ומחשבות בצורה תמציתית וישירה. השירה אינה זקוקה לאורך הסיפורי כדי לבטא את המסרים והתכנים אותם היא רוצה להעביר, בשירה הדברים נכתבים כך שהקורא מפנים אותם בשורות אחדות. נוסף על כך, מכיוון ששירה נכתבת בקצרה (לרוב), יש לשיר פעמים רבות יותר מרובד אחד, יותר מפרשנות אחת - מה שמוסיף לעומקו של השיר וליופיו.
אפתח את המחקר בסקירת הסיפור המקראי, תוך ניסיון להתמקד בנקודות משמעותיות בסיפור.. בעבודה זו סקירת הסיפור המקראי אינו מהווה אלא מבוא "בלתי נמנע" לניתוח השירה שיבוא לאחריו.

The present research depends on the analysis of the intellectual content of chosen poetic samples of poems wich address the story of the Slaughtered by the Israeli pen woman Hava Pinhas-Cohen. Remarks and the stand of views of critics of modern and contemporary Hebrew literature have been explained.
It has been mentioned, before indulging in the poems of the Israeli pen woman Hava Pinhas-Cohen that the subject matter of this research, self sacrifice, has been chosen for several reasons, including:
This story is a moving one and an important event, not only in Hebrew traditions, but in the Islamic and Christian ones as well. Therefore, there has been a comparison between the three Devine Religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam concerning this story.

There is no doubt that complexities and ambiguities exist in the human minds. The need to unravel and solve those mysteries and the foggy actualities of life’s existence has been one of Paulo Coelho’s (1947-present) biggest concern. In almost all his novels, Coelho shows how people should dig deep into the mysteries of life in order to find a true understanding to their existence. In doing so, a true kind of enlightenment and purification is reached and the quest for self-discovery or self-realization is attained.
The paper tackles one of Paulo Coelho’s novels Aleph (2011) which is considered as an autobiographical reading to signify the connection between himself and God. It was a phase that Coelho went through when he had actually achieved fame, wealth, and an understanding wife, yet the feeling of discomfort and that something was still missing kept haunting him. Thus, the train journey that he takes can be signified as his reconnection with his spiritual existence to achieve the desired self-discovery. The framework of this study is interpreted through the theories of spirituality and psychoanalytic to prove how the character experiences a higher level of spirituality in order to reach the desired realm of self- discovery.Coelho through the mouthpiece of his character spreads the message that in order to possess a comforting inner self, one should learn how to forgive and love others. Only then that a person’s true self-realization and satisfaction are attained.

In this paper we have dealt with the word " בַּיִת" in the Book of Joshua because it makes one of those that highly employed the word בַּיִת" " in the Old Testament. The Book of Joshua comes sixth in the order of tanakh wich was written by Joshua son of Noon in Palestine during the fifteenth century B.C. and it covers a three-decade era extending from the death of Moses til the death of Joshua son of Noon.
The word " בַּיִת " in this paper refers to the place, where expressions are made by a noun modified by a noun . The modifier is"" בַּיִת , and the modified is another noun. Herein, we relied on the BDB dictionary as well as on a Concordance of Names in the Holy Bible .why we relied on the Concordance of Names in the Bible is that there are names mentioned independently in the BDB but whose meanings are either not given or given indirectly.

Informativity, being an essential component of text/discourse, plays a significant role in highlighting the intended meaning and finally contributes to the overall process of rendering a text cross-culturally. It has, however, been overlooked by translators in doing their jobs. In poetic translation, informativity plays a particularly significant role as it sheds light on the ungraspable traits of meaning.
This study tries to explore this aspect in a translation of Emily Dickenson's Slant of Lights to see where the translator fell short in this aspect with attempts to produce an alternative translation taking into consideration the various orders of informativity. For this purpose, a model of informativity is forwarded to pinpoint the weak points in the current translation of this poem and how these weaknesses are treated in the proposed translation.
The contribution of informativity is analyzed here in addition to its role in the comprehension and reproduction of the conceptual ordering of the source poem and the target one.

The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and Peter and Wendy present universal ideas that exist in all times, despite being written in the beginning of the 20th century. Among the most significant ones is the concept of “home”. The article discusses the essentiality of the idea of “home” where the identity of an individual shapes, and where one’s spiritual, psychological, and physical being develop. It also studies the attitudes of each protagonist towards the concept of ‘home’ based on their understanding of it and according to their gender differences. The characters in both stories tread on the path of perplexity between leaving their homes and returning to them. Peter’s world is the world of imagination while Dorothy laments and longs to return to Kansas wherein her family is and her roots were cultivated. Nonetheless, both character’s inner being is aware of the necessity of home and family to attain the settlement and security.

Grammatical particles are so important in understanding a text and its meaning in linguistic context. This paper " Grammatical Behavior and Uses of Negative and Prohibitive Particles in Semitic Languages: A Comparative Semitic Study"
tackles a very important topic in Semitic languages. Comparative studies in Semitic languages shed light on phenomena in different languages that are related or have one common origin. No doubt, such studies have their own effects on language study in general especially when studying a specific phenomenon and explaining it by reliance on the one origin, or by investigating the various phases of its historical development.
A language uses a number of utterances which indicate a positive answer or or a negative one. Negation is given many meanings in dictionaries, but one such meaning is that which is the exclusion of something or setting it aside.. Prohibition is the disallowance of an action. The paper is made of an introduction involving a simplified account of negative and prohibitive particles. This is followed by an exposition of some important particles and their uses and rules in each one Semitic language (Arabic, Hebrew and Syriac) along with examples of all particles, which show how near or similar the uses of the negative and prohibitive particles are in these languages.

This study is an attempt to investigate the conceptual metaphor of UP and DOWN commonly used in Iraqi community. Some of the metaphorical expressions in Iraqi colloquial Arabicarewidely used by Iraqi speakers in everyday language. Ithas been analyzed by following the cognitive theory of metaphor (Lakoff& Johnson,1980).The study indicates that the Iraqi speakerexperiences more of the metaphorical expressions of UP and DOWN to referto many of the abstract concepts that shape his/her impression of everyday life situations.

چكيده
نماد در لغت معنى كه (اشاره ،رمز) ودر معنى ديگر مجموعه اى از نشانها، حركتها، حرفها يا كلمه هاى از پيش تعيين شده براى برقرارى رابطه يا مبادلهء پيام است. نماد در قران نيز در سورهء ال عمران آمده است: (قَالَ رَبِّ اجْعَل لِّي آيَةً ۖ قَالَ آيَتُكَ أَلَّا تُكَلِّمَ النَّاسَ ثَلَاثَةَ أَيَّامٍ إِلَّا رَمْزًا ۗ وَاذْكُر رَّبَّكَ كَثِيرًا وَسَبِّحْ بِالْعَشِيِّ وَالْإِبْكَارِ( رمز در اين آيه معنى كه (اشاره با لب وصوت خفى). ونيز نماد در اصطلاح بيان شده ( شئ يا موجودى كه معرف موجودى مجرد است) ودر تعريف ديگر ( سمبل بر آن است تا معمولاً امورى را عينى كند) ودر معنى اصطلاحى در علم بيان وتصوف دارد، در علم بيان رمز از انواع كنايهء است كه وسايط داشته باشد. ودر تصوف عبارت از معنى باطنى است كه مخزون است تحت كلام ظاهرى كه غير از اهل آن بدان دست نيابند، يعنى پوشيده در زير كلام ظاهر دلالت دارد. واز مهمترين شعر مهدى اخوان ثالث اين شاعر بزرگ قصيدهء زمستان كه بسيارى از علامت، ما آنهارا در اين جستجو ساده خواهد شد.


This paper investigates the use of symbols in Persian poetry esbecially that of the well known poetmahdi Ikhwan Thalith.also named M.Omid. The closesd meanings to his name are the hopeful and the optimist.The is one of the important literary subjects that has appeared in many poems of Persian poets. Linguistically the symbol means the reference or the almost unrecognized whispering.while terminologically the symbols refers to a few words which include a gesture or nod that refers to it.Most of the symbols quotations of Persian poets were from nature or sacrosanct models. For example' they used to refer to the cross as a symbol of the Christ; the call to prayer as a symbol of Islam; and hoopoe and phoenix as parts of Persian mythological symbols.

This study aims to document and describe the speech sounds and sound inventory that are present in Sorani which is dialect of Kurdish and compare the results with their English counterparts. The research concentrates on the voicing system and the quality of Sorani sounds which are measured by using the voice onset time (VOT) of the stop consonants, and the first three formants of the vowel sounds; the closure duration of voiceless stop consonants in medial position is measured as well.
Ten native speakers of the Sorani dialect (5 males and 5 females) participated in this experiment. All speakers are between 20 and 50 years of age, were born in Sulaimanyiah, migrated to the US, and remain in the US at the time of recording. Speakers have been recorded using a Marantz PMD671 digital recorder and an Electro-voice 671BL microphone. Recordings will take place in a quiet atmosphere, in order to eliminate interference from background noise. The English measurements are taken from some previous studies that depended on the same kind of measurement strategy.

תקציר :
המחקר הזה הוא ניסיון לשפוך אור על נושא מרכזי וחשוב בחייהם של היהודים, "הממד הדתי" אצל היהודים, מחקרי הנקרא "הממד הדתי בסיפור העברי המודרני" גם מתייחס להשפעת התרבות הדתית של המספר והחוג המשפחתי שחי בו, ואיך שיקף המספר את כל הדברים האלה ביצירותיו הסיפורית .
המספר בוחר במילים ובמונחים בעלי משמעויות דתיות או מביא את הסיפור הזה אשר קרוב אל נושא הסיפור ההולך באותה מגמה .גם כן השפעת התיאולגיה על המספר ממדים דתיות.יש להעיר גם כן שהתכוונו במשמעות הדתית הזו שהמספר השתמש בה בשיטה דתית.
הרקע הדתי של המספר גם ישפיע עליו בכלל ,ובפרט בספרות העברית, משום שהתורה ,התלמוד,והרעיונות הציוניים הם אבן – פינה לספרות העברית והחשיבות הצד הדתי בספרות העברית בולטת בגלל שהגורם היסודי ששמר ליהודים המפוזרים בארץ את מציאותם והדגיש אחדותם הוא השתיכותם לאמונתם וללשונם העברית1 .
המחקר הזה כולל הקדמה דברתי בו על "המימד הדתי בסיפור העברי הקצר" ואחרי כן הפרק היחיד והיסודי במחקר שהתייחסתי בו על חמשה סיפורים מקיפים את המימד הדתי וילדותם של חמשה מהמספרים והם יהודה בורלא וסיפורו "זהב" , דוד פרישמן וסיפורו "שלושה שאכלו", שלום עליכם וסיפורו "ירק לשבועות", יהודה שטיינברג וסיפורו "בדידות" . ולבסוף זאב פיארברג וסיפורו "לאן".

The religious dimension means the effect of the Jewish doctrine (Torah and Talmud) in the writer, and the reflection thereof on the community and the writer. The more the effect in the community, the more the individuals are to become religious and firm stand for their Jewish teachings.
My paper, which is entitled "Religious Dimension in Modern Hebrew Story: A Stylistic study" tackles the impact of the writer's religious culture and family environment where he lived, and the reflection thereof, on his writings and stories.
The paper includes an introduction where a condensed statement is given of the religious dimension in the Hebrew story and its most well-known writers. Then, a short statement of the writer's biographyand language style. And later, the topic of the current paper which involved four stories for four writers: Yehuda Borla, David freshman, ShalumAlaikaym, and Steinburg. Lastly, I talked about the linguistic phenomena for each writer, and came out with a number of conclusions that I have arrived at.

סיכום:
המחקר מתייחס לתופעת ההקטנה משני ענפים את הסימנטיקה והמורפופונולוגיה בשפה העברית, ומנסה ליגלוי את המשמעות בתוך ההקשר של צורות ההקטנה לדוגמאות מן התורה טקסטים מחדשות, שירה וסיפורים, הרי שחלק מהמשמעויות של מבנה הפלט עומדות בניגוד למשמעויות הבסיס או הדרגה במשמעות, כך מביעות על (הקטנה, חיבה, או זלזול) שרובן לא התקיימו בעברית הקלאסית, מצד אחר המחקר בדק במבנים המורפולוגיים במייוחד (המשקלים של צורת ההקטנה) ומבחין את הסיומות שחדרו לעברית משפות לועזיות למטרה זו, יתר על כן המחקר שופך את האור על המערכת הפונולוגית והשפעתה על מבנה צורת ההקטנה כדי להבהיר את התופעות החלות במבנה הפלט, ששולט בהן אלמנטים פונולוגיים כגודל המילה, המבנה הפרוזודי של המילה, והמערכת הסגמנטלית. השפה העברית המודרנית שונה משאר השפות שמקטינות את שמות התואר בלבד, על כן, בעבודה זו נקבעו צורות ההקטנה של השמות והפעלים במיוחד (הפעלים המרובעים הכפולים), וכך גם נקבעו את מטרות צורת ההקטנה בדרך כלל.

The paper deals with Diminutives in Hebrew at two levels: the sematic and the morpho-phonological so as to investigate the contextual meaning when forming the diminutive of a word in samples form Torah , Mishnah, and some examples of poetry and story-telling. The resulting word expresses sometimes a different or a contradictory meaning of the original word which may expresses smallness, endearment, pejorativeness or grading of meaning, where most of these have not been used in Old Hebrew, this is on one hand. On the other, the paper shows the morphological patterns, specifically those of diminutives, and pointed out the suffixes that have come into Hebrew from other languages. Along this, the paper sheds light on the phonological oatterns and their effects in diminutive forms so as to make clear the phenomena accompanying the resulting word where it is being controlled by a number of phonological aspects, such as its length, its extra-syllable structure, and its syllable structure. What distinguishes Modern Hebrew is that is different from other languages which forms diminutives form adjectives only. Therefore, the paper has pinpointed the ways of forming diminutives in Hebrew from nouns, adjectives, and verbs, more specifically, quadri-literal doubled verbs, along with specifying the purposes behind diminutives in general.

The prologue is the most important and complicated part of the narrative text because it is considered the clear face of the novel that drives the reader to approach the text.
The prologue is described as the bridge through which the reader initiates to move in slow or rapid steps. In this sense, a deal will be held between the receiver and the text in order to identify the form of reception and how to access to start the narrative imagination.
This study comes in the context of the critical interest and the scientific research of the world of the prologues of the Arabic narrative works and subject them to assessment and revision in the light of a scientific methodology, away from issuing random judgments and unscientific press description.
The present study includes three sections. The first one is concerned with the methodological frame, while the second one deals with the theoretical concepts. The third section is mainly devoted to analyzing some practical samples of the prologues of selected Arabic narrative texts.