Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

This research aims to evaluate The effect of plant extract concentration as antifungal. Fusarium
fungus was isolated from the eggplant and cucumber plants that infested them. These were tested
for concentrations of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum according to the food poisoning
method. The inhibition rate was calculated by measuring the diameter of the colony compared to
the control. The results showed that in the crude extract of Eucalyptus at a concentration of 12%,
the percentage of growth inhibition was 100% on Fusarium oxysporum, compared to the crude
extract of Mentha spicata where the percentage of inhibition was 80.11%. At the same
concentration, and the percentage of inhibition of Eucalyptus extract At concentrations 3,6, and
9% ranged between (35.33-79.55) while the inhibition of Mentha spicata extract ranged between
(17.20 - 80.11 ) at the same concentrations.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) and lipid profile may be associated with some diseases. Parasitic
diseases have also been reported to be associated with ADA and lipid profiles. This study aimed
to evaluate ADA, lipid profile, and total protein among children infected with E.vermicularis. This
research was carried out in Baghdad province from October 2021 to the end of March 2022. One
hundred samples were collected from both sexes, ranging in age from (3-16) years. They all
underwent examination for ADA, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), and total protein levels. Results showed no significant differences between
E.vermicularis positive group and E.vermicularis negative group regarding ADA, LDL, and
triglycerides, although their levels were lower in children with E. vermicularis infection versus the
control. In contrast, results showed significant differences (P˂0.05) in cholesterol, HDL, and total
protein between E.vermicularis positive group and E.vermicularis negative group. All these values
decreased significantly compared to the control group.

The current study was designed to identify the histological composition of the ileum in the
Caucasian squirrel Sciurus anomalus. Ten adult squirrels were used for the present study. Animals
were anesthetized, anatomized, fixed the study specimens in 10% formalin solution, and conducted
a series of histological staining techniques. The ileum consists of four main tunicae represented by
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The tunica mucosa consists of three secondary layers:
the epithelial lining layer, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The epithelial lining comprises
simple columnar epithelial tissue composed of columnar cells and goblet cells. The lamina propria
contains simple straight tubular glands called the intestinal glands or the crypt of Lieberkuhn. The
muscularis mucosa is composed of a very thin, single layer of smooth muscle fibers arranged
circularly. The submucosa consists of dense connective tissue, while the tunica muscularis appears
composed of two layers of smooth muscle fibers. The tunica serosa consists of a loose connective
tissue that is covered by a mesothelium.

Pumpkin waste powder was used as a coloring and strengthening filler in epoxy to prepare a
natural gelcoat. The Pumpkin powder was mixed with different weight ratios (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8%) to the epoxy matrix to select the best value of powder addition. The effect of the pumpkin
particle size on the mechanical properties (impact, flexural, hardness, and wear loss) using two
different sizes (2.5 and 1.25 microns) was studied. The impact strength increased from (10.09 KJ/
m2
) for neat epoxy to (14.79 KJ/ m2
) for epoxy with 1% of micron pumpkin fibers ( MPF) with a
particle size 2.5 micrometer and (14.21 KJ/ m2
) for epoxy with 4% (1.25 MPF), flexural strength
increased from (41.94 MPa) for neat epoxy to (~ 46 MPa) for epoxy with 1% of 2.5 MPF and to
(50.17 MPa) for epoxy with 4% of 1.25 MPF, hardness of neat epoxy was (~ 77) and almost
maintained its value for epoxy with 1% of 2.5 MPF and for epoxy with 4% of 1.25 MPF. At
almost the weight fractions addition of pumpkin fibers to epoxy, the (EP/1.25MPF) composite
shows a higher wear resistance than the (EP/2.5MPF) composite. The density, thermal
conductivity, and water diffusion (for 1-4 weeks' immersion) of (EP/2.5MPF) and (EP/1.25MPF)
composites were carried out at different weight percentages of pumpkin fibers. SEM and EDS
techniques were employed to fix the microstructure and the elemental composition of
(EP/2.5MPF) and (EP/1.25MPF) composites, respectively. The internal structure of the
composites has been linked with their macroscopic characteristics, such as the color degree of
natural gelcoats and their mechanical and thermal properties.

In this work, we calculate and analyze the photon emission from quark and anti-quark interaction
during annihilation process using simple model depending on phenomenology of quantum
chromodynamic theory (QCD). The parameters, which include the running strength coupling,
temperature of the system and the critical temperature, carry information regarding photon
emission and have a significant impact on the photons yield. The emission of photon from strange
interaction with anti-strange is large sensitive to decreases or increases there running strength
coupling. The photons emission increases with decreases running strength coupling and vice versa.
We introduce the influence of critical temperature on the photon emission rate in order to facilitate
its further applied in photon emission spectrum. Photon emission was increased with large critical
temperature ???????? = 143 MeV comparing with photons emission at critical temperature ???????? =
126 MeV. We analyze and discuss the sensitive of the emission of photon to photons energy Eγ =
1.5 GeV to 5 GeV. It increases with decreased photons energy and vice versa. However, the
photons emission increases with increases thermal energy of system T = 170 MeV to 270 Mev. It
is implied that strength coupling, critical temperature and photons energy can be as important as
thermal energy of system for emission of photon.

The influence of annealing on quaternary compound Ag0.9Cu0.1InSe2 (ACIS) thin film is
considered a striking semiconductor for second-generation solar cells. The film deposited by
thermal evaporation with a thickness of about 700 nm at R.T and vacuum annealing at temperatures
(373,473) K for 1 hour. It was deposited in a vacuum of 4.5*10-5 Torr on a glass substrate. From
XRD and AFM analysis, it is evident that Ag0.9Cu0.1InSe2 films are polycrystalline in nature,
having ideal stoichiometric composition. Structural analysis indicated that annealing the films
following the deposition resulted in the increasing polycrystalline phase with the preferred
orientation along (112) direction. , increasing crystallite size and average grain size after annealing
. The optical properties of these films are determined by the wavelength between 400 nm – 1000
nm. The band gap of the Ag0.9Cu0.1InSe2 films was evaluated to be (1.68-1.5) eV, and the optical
constants calculated, such as the refractive index, the extinction coefficient, and the real and
imaginary parts of the dielectric constant.

The need for optical fibers has emerged for their ability to transmit information with less
attenuation over long distances. This work studies four optical fibers with core radii from 1 µm to
4.75 µm in steps of 1.25 µm and a numerical aperture of 0.17. furthermore, The mode properties
were calculated at a wavelength of 633 nm by using RP Fiber Calculator (free version 2022). Also,
the effect of increasing the core radius on the studied properties has been studied. Multimode fibers
can be obtained when the radius of the fiber core is large compared with the fiber's operating
wavelength, which is less than the cutoff wavelength of the mode. Moreover, single-mode fiber is
obtained. It has been concluded that all the calculated properties increase with increasing core
radius, and More than half of the power is contained in the core. Finally, Intensity profiles of all
modes were illustrated.

Schmidt Cassegrain spider obscuration telescope (SCT) is one of the types of observations
operating with a concave mirror. It combines several lenses and mirrors working together as an
optical system. The light rays fall into the tube from the main mirror and gather on another smaller
mirror called a secondary mirror. Unlike the formation of Newton's telescope, no light is made from
the secondary mirror out the side of the tube but is directed to the middle of the main mirror. There
is an opening in the middle of the main mirror so the light beam can go out and direct the vision
lens system. The secondary mirror is located in the middle of a glass slice and is installed by thin
carriers. The function of this board is to correct the portrait of the significant spherical mirror and
reduce this coma aberration in the system to the lowest possible score .
In this research, the efficiency of design performance was studied due to image analysis tools
provided by the Zemax program. The results showe the image quality when using a variable field
of view with a limit (0o- 0.5o) and for a variable focal depth as needed

In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the change in water quality of the river
in terms of turbidity during lockdown associated with COVID-19. Iraq announced the longest-ever
lockdown on 25 March 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic.
In the absence of ground observations, remote sensing data was adopted, especially during this
period. The change in the visible region's spectral reflectance of water in part of the river has been
analyzed using the Landsat 8 OLI multispectral remote sensing data at Tigris River, Salah al-Din
province (Bayji / near the refinery), Iraq. It was found that the green and red bands are most
sensitive and can be used to estimate turbidity. Furthermore, the temporal variation in turbidity
was also analyzed through a normalized difference turbidity index NDTI at each location. The
NDTI decreased by 7.14% in April 2020 (lockdown period) as compared to November 2020 (6
months after lockdown), when it was observed that the turbidity in the river (near Bayji oil
refinery) had drastically decreased.
The study confirmed that the remote sensing approach can be used to make qualitative estimates
on turbidity, even in the absence of field observations. It was concluded that the water quality of
Tigris River has improved and has shown signs of restoration.

In this study, an efficient photocatalyst for water splitting was developed. The Cr2O3 and TiO2
nanoparticles (Cr2O3-TNPs) nanocomposite with (Chitosan extract) was created using ecologically
friendly methods, such as the impregnation technique as TiO2 exhibits nano spherical (TNPs)
shape structure. According to the researchers, this nanocomposite material enhanced its ability to
absorb ultraviolet light while also speeding up the recombination of photogenerated electrons and
holes. The TNPs and prepared Cr2O3-TNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX),
and UV-visible absorbance. The XRD of TNPs showed a Tetragonal phase with 8.9 nm of average
crystallite size and 14.2 nm for nanocomposite. FE-SEM images showed that the average particle
size in the range of (12.5-57.5) nm and UV-VIS absorbance has energy gap of 3.8 eV, while the
energy gap of Cr2O3-TNPs is 2.8 eV. It was found that the performance of photocatalysts of the
nanocomposite for hydrogen generation was superior. It gave the highest rate of hydrogen
production (3.6) ml at 80 min when exposed to ultraviolet light. Moreover, the nanocomposite
revealed high H2 production rate under ultraviolt light irradiation (λ < 400 nm). The Cr2O3-TNps
have high photocatalytic effectiveness due to their wide ultraviolt light photoresponse range and
excellent separation of photogenerated electrons and holes.

This work used the deposition method to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles. The materials
mainly used in this study were nickel sulfate hexahydrate (as a precursor) and NaOH (as a precipitant). The
properties of the nanopowder were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, and VSM. The obtained results
confirmed the presence of nickel oxide nanoparticles with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure with a
lattice constant (a=4.17834 Å). Scherer and Williamson-Hall equations were used to calculate the crystallite
size of about (30.5-35.5) nm. The FE-SEM images showed that the particle shape had a ball-like appearance
with a uniform and homogeneous distribution and confirmed that the particles were within the nanoscale.
The presence of oxygen and nickel atoms was confirmed by the EDX test. The magnetic properties results
showed that nanoNiO had a narrow hysteretic loop. It consumed the least amount of energy and, therefore,
can be used as a core for electric motors and transformers.

In this research, the concentration of radon gas has been calculated in the classrooms of schools
in Diyala Governorate by using the nuclear track detector (CR-39), which was one of the organic
solid-state nuclear detectors (SSNTDs). After calculating the radon gas concentration, the lung
cancer cases were calculated. The results showed that the lowest value was found in (Alshumue)
school (4.753) people. In contrast, the highest value was found in (Habhib) school (20.421). The
average values of lung cancer cases in Diyala governorate were equal to (9.319) per person. The
results showed that the number of lung cancer cases per year per million persons in Diyala
Governorate schools was below the allowed limit from (ICRP) agency (170-230) people.

The present study includes a theoretical treatment to derive the general equations of pumping
threshold power (Ppump
th ), laser output power (Pout), and laser device efficiency (ƞ) of the elementdoped thin-disk laser (Yb3+) with a quasi-three-level pumping scheme in the continuous wave
mode at a temperature of (299K°
). In this study, the host crystals (YAG) were selected as typical
examples of this laser design in a Gaussian transverse mode. The numerical solution of these
equations was made using Matlab software by selecting the basic parameters from the recently
published scientific articles for the laser design of these crystal hosts. According to this simulation,
this article studied the effect of concentration (N), pumping spot radius (rp), the number of times
the pumping beam passes over the disk (Mp), and the pumping power on the laser output power.

To make iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs), a simple chemical approach was used to combine
iron chloride (FeCl2+FeCl3) salt with onion peel extract. According to the study, iron salts can be
converted into IONPs by the biomolecules in onion peel extract. From FeCl2+FeCl3 to γ -Fe2O3,
the approach changes iron oxide NPs' size, shape, purity and phases. In water treatment, γ -Fe2O3
NPs are critical for the removal of the color methylene blue (MB). X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL)
spectroscopy were used to identify IONPs. Results from the XRD experiment showed crystals
having a tetragonal structure have average size of 13.4680 nm for γ- Fe2O3 NPs with a chemical
method. Tetragonal diffraction peaks were observed in the data, and excellent crystal quality in a
cubic shape. In the simple chemical process, the grain size was around (23.9 to 169.4) nm and
average grain size 76.6 nm. UV-VIS measurements showed that the energy gap value had shifted
to the blue from 1.94 to 2.96 eV in the simple chemical method.PL spectroscopy showed that the
near band edge emission of γ-Fe2O3 NPs with a simple chemical approach was roughly 2.65
eV. NPs photocatalytic activity was as evidenced by the breakdown of MB dye when exposed to
a moderate amount of light, as shown in this study. The results show that the synthesized material
is of high quality γ-Fe2O3 NPs, with greater degrading efficiency when made using a simple
chemical method, reaching 89.2% at 75 minutesfor 3 mg and 91.1% at 150 minutes for 5 mg, with
a high level of photocatalytic efficacy the γ-Fe2O3.

Different compositions of hydrogels composed of mathacrylamide homopolymer (60 and 90%
of PMAM) were prepared using the free radical polymerization technique, with and without
methylene bisacrylamide as crosslinker (0 and 3%). Several parameters and properties were
studied to evaluate their performance as oil/water separators. Many parameters are used, such as
residual oil in water, water recovery, separation time, hydrogels coated percentages, swelling
parameters, mechanical properties, microscopic and photographic images, and scanning electron
microscopy. The results showed that water recovery (87-97), Separation efficiency (96.2-99.6 %),
separation time (6-9.5 min.), hydrogels coated percentages (18-23 %), water content (70-97 %),
and tensile test (63-90 MPa). The effect of polymer crosslinking density, mesh pore size, and
polymer composition on the parameters and properties mentioned above were also studied. The
results showed that the separation efficiency of 1000 micron mesh composite is better than 500-
micron mesh composites.

A fracture is a damage to bone tissue that causes damage to the tissue surrounding the bone
and may penetrate the skin. Subjects and methods: the present study included (80) fractured Iraqi
patients (and 40) patients with DM2 and (40) without DM2 and compared them with (40) healthy
control. Patients and control are matched in age. This study showed a significant increase in
retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and a considerable decrease in Vit .A GPT and GOT in fracture
patients with and without DM2. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between
RBP4 with (GPT and GOT) in fracture patients with DM2 and a significant positive correlation
between RBP4 with (GPT and GOT) in fracture patients without
DM2.

Using an electrochemical polymerization technique at room temperature, poly nicotine
amide (PNA) was produced from the monomer nicotine amide (NA) in aqueous solution. The
structure of polymer layer generated on the stainless steel surface (316 L) (working electrode) is
investigated by Fourier Transmission Infrared Region (FT-IR). The anti-corrosion activity of
polymer coating on the stainless steel (SS 316 L) is investigated by electrochemical polarization
in 0.20M solution of HCl at 293-323K. The graphene -modified polymer film-coated SS had
greater protection efficiency (PE percent) when compared to Nano ZnO -modified polymer filmcoated SS. For the corrosion process of SS 316 L, kinetic and thermo-dynamic parameters of
activation are estimated. The antibacterial activity of coated film has been tested on both gram
positive as well as gram negative bacteria by well diffusion approach, which include
Staphylococcus aureus (Staph.Aure) and Ecoli. Through adding nanoparticles to a monomer
solution to raise the effecincy of the polymer against the corrosion and bacterial, As a result, after
modifying poly nicotine amide with nanomaterial, the inhibition zone values increased (Nano ZnO
and Graphene).

This research included the preparation of Ni, Pd oxide and Pt metal nanoparticles derived from
Schiff base (E)-2-(((2,5-dichlorophenyl)imino)methyl)-4-methyl phenol octahedral from Ni(II)
complex and square planar from Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes using pulsed laser ablation immersed
in deionized water. The optical properties of the prepared NiO, PdO, and Pt nanoparticles were
investigated using UV-Visible spectra and FTIR spectrophotometer. The shape and structure were
analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and the X-ray Diffraction Instrument
XRD. By using the Scherrer equation, the results showed Ni, Pd, and Pt nanos with average particle
sizes of 28.53nm, 20.47nm, and 22.30nm. The biological activity of the nanocomposites was tested
against two types of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and one type of fungus,
such as candida Albicans, using antibiotics (Ceftriaxone and metronidazole), showing promising
results and the DPPH radical scanning activity is a standard test in studies of antioxidant activity
for them.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is regarded as a set of chronic metabolic disorders which have a common
aspect of hyperglycemia. The resistance in the peripheral actions of insulin or impaired insulin
secretion can be the reason for hepcidin, a peptide hormone derived from the liver. In systemic
iron, homeostasis is an essential regulator, and its lopsided production participates in the
pathogenesis of iron disorders in the spectrum. Osteoporosis often accompanies diseases such as
ß-thalassemia, hemochromatosis, sickle liver diseases, cell disease, and hemosiderosis featured to
iron overload. Iron overload and iron deficiency are suggested by evidence that they affect bone
negatively, acting straightway on the cells of the bone. This study aims to find the direct
relationship between the levels of hepcidin, DHVD3, and other parameters in osteoporosis with
type 2 DM, in a female patient. This study involved 60 subjects divided into two groups 30 female
osteoporosis with type 2 DM patients and 30 healthy controls. From November 2021 until the end
of June 2021, this study was conducted. The ranges of age were 40 and 55 years. All diabetic
patients were examined by an endocrinologist in the Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and AlMahmudiya Hospital. The control subjects were referred to Laboratories Yarmouk Teaching
Hospital, where all measurements were made. Control subjects were collected with glycemic
control inclusion criteria when fasting serum glucose (FSG) < 100 mg/dL and HbA1c < 5.7%.
BMI, Hb, hepcidin, ferritin, iron, DHVD3, Ca, and PO4 were determined. The results showed a significant increase in glycemic and lipid profiles compared to the control
group. A significant decrease compared with the control group in Hb, ferritin, iron, Vit D, Ca, and
PO4. It also showed a considerable increase in hepcidin. By linking ferritin, iron vitamin D3, Ca,
PO4 deficiency, and hepcidin overload to women, diagnosed osteoporosis with T2DM, which
indicated vit D3 deficiency related to hepcidin dysfunction. as an influencing factor in
osteoarthritis women

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that influences above 450 million
individuals around the world. Type 2 diabetes is a lack of insulin due to pancreatic β-cell
malfunction and insulin resistance. This study aimed to detect insulin resistance using homeostasis
model assessment (HOMA IR) and determined the correlation with glutathione-s-transferase
(GST) activity in T2DM and neuropathy patients as a predictor of oxidative stress, which occurs
when the oxidation-antioxidant equilibrium is disrupted. Reactive oxygen species causes vascular
injury and a series of inflammation. In the present study, the results show there is no significant
difference in diabetic patients (DM) and neuropathy patients (NU) versus healthy people in insulin
resistance (p> 0.05). GST activity significantly differs between the patients and healthy groups
(p≤0.05). Moreover, this study has reported an improvement in insulin resistance and high activity
of GST in the patient's group as a warning sign of excessive oxidative stress. There was no
evidence revealing a link between insulin resistance and GST. The present study has demonstrated
that HOMA-IR had a positive relationship with fasting blood sugar and insulin in the neuropathy
group and diabetic group and a negative relationship with high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

This study presents the execution of an iterative technique suggested by Temimi and Ansari
(TA) method to approximate solutions to a boundary value problem of a 4th-order nonlinear
integro-differential equation (4th-ONIDE) of the type Kirchhoff which appears in the study of
transverse vibration of hinged shafts. This problem is difficult to solve because there is a nonlinear term under the integral sign, however, a number of authors have suggested iterative methods
for solving this type of equation. The solution is obtained as a series that merges with the exact
solution. Two examples are solved by TA method, the results showed that the proposed technique
was effective, accurate, and reliable. Also, for greater reliability, the approximate solutions were
compared with the classic Runge-Kutta method (RK4M) where good agreements were observed.
For more accuracy the maximum error remainder was found, and the absolute error was computed
between the semi-analytical method and the numerical method RK4M. Mathematica® 11 was
used as a program for calculations.

We use the idea of Grill, this study generalized a new sort of linked space like –connected –
hyperconnected and investigated its features, as well as the relationship between it and previously
described notation. It also developed new sorts of functions, such as hyperconnected space, and
identifying their relationship, by offering numerous instance and attributes that belong to this set.
This set will serve as a starting point for further research into the sets many future possibilities.
Also, we use some of the theorems and observations previously studied and relate them to the grill
and the Alpha group, and benefit from them in order to obtain new results in this research. We
applied the concept of Connected to them and obtained results related to Connected. The sources
related to the Connected and Alpha were considered as starting points and an important basis in
this research.

In this paper, we have generalized the concept of one dimensional Emad - Falih integral
transform into two dimensional, namely, a double Emad - Falih integral transform. Further, some
main properties and theorems related to the double Emad - Falih transform are established. To
show the proposed transform's efficiency, high accuracy, and applicability, we have implemented
the new integral transform for solving partial differential equations. Many researchers have used
double integral transformations in solving partial differential equations and their applications.
One of the most important uses of double integral transformations is how to solve partial
differential equations and turning them into simple algebraic ones. The most important partial
differential equations are Laplace, Poisson, wave, heat, telegraph, and other equations. A new
Double Emad -Falih integral transform denoted by the operator ????????????{.}, the transform form is as
follows: ????????????[????(????,????)] = ????(????, ????) =
1
????????
∫
∞
0
∫
∞
0
????(????,????)????
−(????
2????+????
2
????)????????????�

We use the idea of the grill. This study generalized a new sort of linked space like ₲
∗
????????-connected and
₲
∗
????????-hyperconnected and investigated its features, as well as the relationship between it and previously
described notions. It also developed new sorts of functions, such as hyperconnected space, and identified
their relationship by offering numerous instances and attributes that belong to this set. This set will serve
as a starting point for further research into the set many future possibilities. We also use some theorems
and observations previously studied and related to the grill and the semi-open to obtain results in this
research. We applied the concept of connected to them and obtained results related to connected. The
sources related to the connected and semi-open where considered as starting points and an important
basis in this research.

The aims of the paper are to present a modified symmetric fuzzy approach to find the best
workable compromise solution for quadratic fractional programming problems (QFPP) with
fuzzy crisp in both the objective functions and the constraints. We introduced a modified
symmetric fuzzy by proposing a procedure, that starts first by converting the quadratic fractional
programming problems that exist in the objective functions to crisp numbers and then converts
the linear function that exists in the constraints to crisp numbers. After that, we applied the fuzzy
approach to determine the optimal solution for our quadratic fractional programming problem
which is supported theoretically and practically. The computer application for the algorithm was
tested, and finally compared modified symmetric fuzzy approach with the modified simplex
approach which is shown in the table 1. Finally, the procedures of numeric results in the paper
indicate that modified symmetric fuzzy approach is reliable and saves valuable time.