Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

The purpose of this search is to study the main factors on the surface roughness in (AL-2024) using a CNC milling machine for an HSS tool with flat end milling. And by using the Taguchi experience design method to conserve time and costs. To determine the optimal values of surface roughness using Taguchi optimization. We then performed an analysis of variance and regression. Confirmation tests were performed to verify work. The cutting process consists of two stages; the first stage is the cutting process in the upper direction of the cutting, using a coolant and dry cutting. The second stage is the cutting process in the lower direction of the cut, using a coolant and dry cutting the results show the best operating condition to obtain the best surface roughness of the product by using the bottom grinding, measuring the surface process surface roughness using the cutting conditions of the cutter (feeding) = 15 mm/min), (cutting depth = 1 mm) and (cutting speed = 37.68 (m/min) surface roughness (Ra = 0.17 µm) compared with the other value obtained.

This study contains a lab-scale investigation into the feasibility of applying an adsorption technique to treat wastewater polluted with lead metal simulated to that exhaust from a battery manufactory. Rice husks have been prepared for use in three forms; natural rice husks without any activation, activated carbon of rice husks pretreated with Sulfuric acid H2SO4, and the other pretreated with Potassium hydroxide KOH. Activated carbon using KOH provided the best condition for the removal of lead than carbon activated using H2SO4 and natural rice husks. The BET surface area and surface morphology by FESEM analysis were characterized. The values of surface area were (20, 561, 722) m2/g for natural rice husk, activated carbon pretreated with sulfuric acid, and potassium hydroxide respectively. The adsorption process was studied using Pb2+ at temperatures of (25-40)o C and for a concentration range of (20-100) mg/l. The maximum removal ratios of lead Pb2+ for natural rice husks and sulfuric acid or hydroxide potassium activation after 1h were 51.21%, 92.3%, and 97.25%, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of lead Pb2+ onto natural rice husks, rice husks pretreated with H2SO4 or KOH, and into activated carbons was (37, 86.2 and 94.6) mg/g respectively, at a concentration of 100 ppm and at 25oC. The equilibrium adsorption curves were obtained for Pb2+ and the data was fairly well fitted with Freundlich-isotherm with a confidence level of 0.99. The kinetic of adsorption was studied by using two kinetic models, pseudo first order and pseudo second order. The results showed the rapid increase in the rate of adsorption at the initial until equilibrium achieved. Pseudo second order model was represented the data very well with confidence level 0.99.

This paper proposes a numerical investigation of the behavior of the dual diesel-Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) engine. Numerical analysis is performed with the aid of the simulation program Diesel-RK. Three volumetric LPG blends: 5 % LPG, 8 % LPG, and 10%LPG are inducted with air intake for a single cylinder,4-stroke, constant speed diesel engine with a fixed compression ratio of 15.5/1. No dramatic change in combustion pressure is seen for 5%,8%, and 10% LPG compared to the case of 0% LPG (diesel only). Diesel\'s maximum energy production is 32.53 (1/deg.) at 365 degrees BTDC, and this is lowered to 30.28 (1/deg.) at the same crank angle when using 10% LPG. Maximum temperature and pressure rise a little bit by 0.14 % and 0.41 % for 10 % LPG. Increasing the LPG injection rate reduces volumetric efficiency and mechanical efficiency slightly. The results found a slight increase in NOx and a considerable reduction is captured in Bosch smoke number (BSN) when LPG is used with diesel. The obtained is validated with the findings of other researchers.

The Reduced Crude Residue R.C.R it’s a product of atmosphere distillation from crude oil in the Al-Diwaneyah refinery, where the product from the lower distillation tower at 300 °C thein the atmospheric distillation unit. For Production of Light Petroleum fractions from Reduced Crude Residue R.C.R by Cracking Reaction. Catalytic cracking of reduced crude residue (R.C.R) was joined with a riser pressure continuous reactor was completed in an autoclave with different process selection, temperature about 350–450 °C, catalytic cracking time (60–120) minute, the dosage of catalyst (0.1-0.5) gm and pressure 1–5 bar in the existence of Nitrogen. Statistical program design of testing (RSM) by Box-Behnken (BB) was employed to predict the selection of necessary changes in the cracking by the catalyst of reduced crude residue (R.C.R), and to gain better process conditions. Depended on the (3) plane for the design of the factorial, the cubist system was progressing between the cracking by catalyst conditions to overall production, and the more influential operator for all testing system responses was selected. The prophecy yields and conversion of all upgrade liquid phase, gas phase, coke, and residue were found to agree satisfactory with the testing grade. At a temperature of 400 °C, a pressure of 1 bar, a dosage of 0.3 gm, and a longer residence time (2 h) the best experiment is to get the maximum yield of the liquid phase product. The better run for quality when temperature 400 °C, pressure 5 bar, dosage 0.5 gm and 90 minutes as running time depended on API, sp. gr, density, viscosity, and flash point.

In crude oil, asphaltene is one of the fractions that may be dissolved in aromatics like benzene or toluene but cannot be dissolved in alkanes like n-heptane, n-pentane, or petroleum ether (a mixture of alkane compounds). A typical difficulty in oil recovery and refinery processes is asphaltene precipitation, which happens when the oil stream\'s pressure, composition, or temperature change. So, the stability of asphaltene in crude oil needs to be looked at to find out how likely it is to form asphaltene so that it can be stopped and high treatment costs can be reduced. In the present study, saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene (SARA) analysis of Missan heavy crude oil from the (Omar River Field) was performed. Three additives were used to show their effect on asphaltene at different concentrations and temperatures. The additives included nanoparticles (nano ferric oxide red, nano silica oxide, and a mixture of nano silica and ferric oxide red) and the polymer fiberglass. The concentrations of the additives of the nanoparticles were (200 ppm, 3533 ppm, a867 ppm), (1667 ppm, 6667 ppm, 10000 ppm, and 16667 ppm) and (24000 ppm, 40000 ppm, and 48000 ppm) of nano-silica, ferric oxide red, and a mixture of nano silica and ferric oxide red, respectively, while fofiberglassss, 3733 ppm, 7066 ppm, 10400 ppm, and 13733 ppm) and measured at temperatures (5, 25, and 45oC) The best read I got was when it was used. 4.249% from origin to 6.375% after treating the percentage of asphaltene with 48000 ppm of ferric oxide red and nanoo-silica.

Indonesia has relatively high rainfall with a long duration of rain. It can result in a flood on the surface of the road. A flood can reduce the strength of materials from the asphalt mixture and cut the life of the road plan. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study that can measure the durability level of the asphalt material mixture on the surface layer of the road to the flood water bath. The study used an Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture with Elastomeric Modified Asphalt (EMA), and an Upper Limit (UL), Middle Range (MR), and Lower Limit (LL) gradation based on specification. The Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) value was obtained from each gradation by applying the Marshall test. The value of the OBC was used to create specimens that had a diameter of 3 inches and a height of 6 inches, and they were using an Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) test. This study measures the durability of compressive strength and elastic modulus from a mixture of flood water immersion for 1, 2, 4, and 7 days. To calculate the durability using Retained Strength Index (RSI), First Durability Index (r), and Second Durability Index (a). The results showed that there was a decrease in the compressive strength of the mixture on gradations of UL, MR, and LL on days 1, 2, 4, and 7. It meant that the longer the immersion time more reduced the compressive strength of the mixture. The UL-gradedraded mixture had the best durability when it was compared to the MR and LL gradations up to the 7th-day immersion, with an RSI of 91.19%, (r) of 7.44%, and (a) of 6.93%. At the same time, in the elastic modulus of the mixture, there was no significant effect on the duration of immersion because it had a fluctuating value of the elastic modulus to the duration of immersion.

Researchers are making huge efforts in the field of rebuilding the large missing parts of the human lower jaw, and this represents a major challenge in the field of bone engineering based on reconstruction on the basis of human bone implants. This challenge is to create customized designs that fit the physiological, genetic, and anatomical characteristics of each individual patient. Designing these implants specifically for each case will definitely improve and reduce the recovery period. In order to achieve an improvement in the lower jaw surgery process and clinical practice, the required design of a precise three-dimensional engineering scaffold whose external shape resembles the shape of the missing part of a lower jawbone will reduce the appearance of complications during recovery in addition to preserving the teeth to be implanted and meet mechanical as well as aesthetic requirements. The scaffolds that are designed and will be implanted to replace the missing parts of a lower jaw will be subject to great mechanical loads, for this reason, a scaffold that meets the anatomical conditions is designed on the basis of the 3D geometry of patterns be addressed in research. The process of changing the 3D patterns leads to the modification of the mechanical properties of the scaffold. Because of its complex structure, will be applying additive manufacturing techniques to manufacture this scaffold.

The multiphysics field is a branch of physics whose objective is to the couple at least two physical systems. Each is governed by its own principles of evolution or equilibrium such as balance laws or constitutive laws. Many engineering problems can only be described correctly by coupling fields of physics that have historically been developed and taught separately. These problems require on the one hand a good understanding of each physical domain, but above all an analysis of the coupling mechanisms of these physical domains, in order to propose a relevant model capable of solving the problem. A challenge in the multiphysics (mechatronics) field is the construction of coupled multiphysics models from experimental observations, as well as the analysis of their mathematical properties. The mathematical analysis of the coupled model must be able to show the well-posedness of the problem at the defined boundary and initial values. For this reason, we have identified several coupling methods: Newton, Gauss-Seidel, JNFK, and direct and explicit coupling. From these methods, it appears that the Newton method is suitable for the coupling of the different disciplines of Mechatronics. A summary table shows the comparative advantages of each method.

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a primarily used because of its relatively close capability and cost-achievement ratio. The automotive industry is considered a major market for the powder metallurgy industry, as it necessitates products having superior mechanical or part of the implementation on a global level. PM technology is undergoing considerable changes in manufacturing and materials research as automobile technologies transitions beyond classic gasoline - powered vehicles to new energy vehicles. Changes in automobile technologies has created both obstacles and opportunities for PM, as outlined in this article. The mechanical properties of FGM (Al-Ni-steel) sample were investigated using hardness and tensile tests. Transmission electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction Instrument analysis were also used to analyze the microstructure of FGMs in detail by using Xpert analytical program. Tensile specimens were made from sintered cylindrical rods with a length of 150 mm size with diameter of 10 mm. Tensile samples with the circular section size of 1cm and a length of 3 cm are machined according to ASTM E-8M. Homogeneous beams comprising varied weight fractions of Al (aluminum), Ni (nickel), and 316 steel are fabricated and tensile tests are performed to estimate the elastic modulus of horizontally layered functionally graded (FGMs) rods. Each homogenous layer\'s density is also calculated experimentally.

Mechanical alloying, especially nickel-titanium alloys, has attracted great interest recently as researchers strive to enhance the properties of nanocomposites, expand their usefulness, and how produce them at minimal costs and produce homogeneous fine powders. In this paper, high-energy ball milling was used to produce Ti-Ni ultrafine powders. The effects of grinding parameters such as grinding tools and the initial state of powders, grinding conditions such as operating times, in addition to the effect of equal size balls and the speed of the grinding machine, were investigated while avoiding contamination of the powders in contact with air by applying silica. Milling process balls such as X-ray diffraction, SEM, EDS, plus particle size.