Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

Many critical issues appear due to the exhaust gases from transportations facilities, electric generators, industries, and so on. This lead to air pollution, which could be define as an introduction of biological materials or chemicals that’s causes harm to all living organism including humans. Also damaging the environment of earth. The principal gases that cause air pollution from these sources are nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2 and N2O) and carbon oxides (CO and CO2). There is a need to develop sensors that are characterized by highly-sensitive and miniaturize that capable of real-time analyses detection; optical fiber sensors agree with these needs. In this work, Large Mode Area- Polarization Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber (LMA-PM-PCF) for exhaust gases monitoring have been proposed to detect air-polluted gases over a wide transmission band covering (1µm) to (2µm) wavelength. Different guiding properties had been studied for the infiltrated PCFs. According to simulated results, the high relative sensitivity is obtained for sample infiltrated with CO gas; The higher sensitivity makes this fiber a potential candidate to detect CO that is commonly known as silent killer.

In this study, the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) were emitted from the Daura oil refinery units and their effect on the surrounding areas of the refinery were investigated, and also, study the atmospheric stability effective by using the Screen View model, and check the effect of the wind speed and direction on the spread of pollutants. As indicated during this study, the physical factors of the sources of pollution, such as the height of the chimney, its diameter and the surrounding environmental conditions, contributed to the increase in the concentration of contaminants. It was generally observed that the concentration of SO2 increased by increasing the rates of airflow and ambient temperature. This work was prove the influences of weather conditions in the transmission and spread of pollutants such as wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric stability and ambient temperature, but the effect of ambient air temperature was lower than others variables. When the distance increases between the plume and the source of pollution, a heat exchange takes place with the surrounding atmosphere, the difference between the temperature of the emitted gas and the surrounding atmosphere decreases and the buoyant force increases. This leads to a lack of vertical movement that disperses the contaminants. In addition, the concentration of the pollutants decreases with the distance increases from the source of the pollution. In the present work, emission rate of SO2, and stack gas exit velocity calculated for all stacks (point sources) of the twelve production units during August 2013, and February 2014 by using the actual amounts of fuel consumed in Daura refinery in this period.

This study aimed to develop a new water quality index for routine assessment of the river water quality for drinking purpose based on fuzzy logic artificial intelligence method. Four water quality parameters were involved in light of their significance to Iraqi waters, these parameters are biological oxygen demand, and total dissolved solids, total hardness, and fecal coliform. Fuzzy logic inference system with specific rules was developed by Matlab software using Mamdani fuzzy logic Max–Min inference system method. To evaluate the performance of this new fuzzy water quality index (FWQI), tests were conducted using the Iraqi standards for drinking water quality and the 2017 data set of Tigris River within Baghdad. Results revealed the FWQI ability to assess the water quality of Tigris River during the period of the study and that the method of fuzzy inference system was a simple, valuable and applied water quality evaluation tool for human drinking water of Iraqi rivers.

Magnetic nanoparticles are widely used in areas such as biosensors, data storage devices, waste water treatment and biomedicine due to their biocompatibility and low toxicity. In this study, biosynthesis of the CoFe2O4 nanoparticle (NP) was carried out using the bark extract of Aesculus hippocastanum plant as a reducing and capping agent. Synthesized NPs were char-acterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (Uv-Vis.), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta load, X-Ray Dust Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman, BET, and Thermogravimetric Thermal Analysis (TGA). The Lethal dose value (LD50) and the crude oil removal efficiency were examined. The characteristic light absorption of the CoFe2O4NP has been measured at 330 nm, surface charge of +14.4 mV, mean size of 75 nm and effective diameter of 432 nm. The XRD analy-sis revealed that the particle structure was in the cubic spinel structure with functional groups bound by FT-IR analysis and Raman data. It has been noted that the CoFe2O4NP, which was synthesized by biological method, can remove a 78.5% of the crude oil from the contaminat-ed water. It has been determined that the NP’s have a low toxic effect on D. magna (LD50= 728.267 ppm). In this study, it has been suggested that the CoFe2O4 NP with A. hippocasta-num bark extract could be synthesized by a cheap, relatively easy and environmentally friendly method which used for purification of contaminated water bodies.

This work aims to investigate the effect of Helium-Neon laser on locally isolated Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli bacteria; their resistance pattern, virulence factors, and their plasmid content. Bacteria were collected from patient suffering from urinary tract infections, septicemia, wound, and burn infections, then isolates were identified according to their characteristics, features; morphological, biochemical tests, and API systems. Out of Eighty-seven samples, twenty-seven isolates of S. aureus and thirteen isolates of E. coli were isolated. The results showed that after laser treatment, the diameter of inhibition zone increased for almost of the used antibiotics beside some isolates became sensitive especially after 2 min of laser exposure time. The hemolysin production was disappeared in (%40) of E. coli and (%20) of S. aureus after ten min of irradiation, while it decreased to half in another S. aureus isolate. All S. aureus and E. coli isolates loosed their ability to produce β-lactamase enzymes; some of these isolates loosed it after 5 minutes and the others after 10 minutes of irradiation. The results showed that laser irradiation hasn\'t any effect at any exposure time on adhesion factors of both S. aureus and E. coli isolates. Plasmid profile of Irradiated E. coli illustrated disappearing of DNA plasmid bands as well as RNA after ten min of irradiation.

In this work, the incidence of giardiasis was investigated in some regions of Baghdad. Different factors were studied such as age, gender, personal hygiene and eating habits, in order to find its correlation with the prevalence of giardiasis. The study was carried out during the period of April 2014 till March 2015. During this period a total of 375 samples have been examined. The total rate of infection was 68/375 (18.13%. The most frequent noticed clinical symptoms in giardiasis cases are abdominal pain 60.97%, diarrhea 41.46% and fever 35%. For the studied factors, each of the age, personal hygiene and eating habits showed a relation with the incidence of giardiasis.

The acetone and hexane of Westiellopsis prolifica extracts were examine efficiency against patho-genic bacterial and fungal isolates by using two methods: agar well diffusion and turbidiometric (tube method) against three Gram positive bacteria\"Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Streptococcus sp.\" and three Gram- negative bacteria\" Shigella sp., Proteus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa \" in additions to two isolates of fungi \"Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans\". The re-sults showed that crude acetone extract for W. prolifica better than the haxane extract and more efficient on negative gram bacteria than positive gram bacteria. The results of the agar well diffusion method evaluated that W. Prolifica acetone extract has the highest antibacterial activities against Streptococcus sp., S. aureus and A.niger with an inhibition zone of (20) mm, and the inhibition diam-eter to other bacteria and fungi were between(15-10) mm.While tube method showed that the ace-tone extract exhibited the highest inhibition against A.niger and less inhibiting to C. albicans. Purifica-tion of the acetone extracts was made by silica gel column chromatography, and among the five groups extracts, Group 2 (Benzene 50ml) was selected and analyzed by GC-MS. The presence of main components identified in the extract as alcohols, acids, monoterpene eucalyptol, hydrocarbons (unidecane) aromaticslike, Para- Xylene and 1,2,3 trimethyl benzene, Phytol, n-Hexadecanoic acid, etc. These purified active compounds take part into broad horizons in the fields of biotechnology and pharmacy.

Synthetic peptides that self-assemble into well-defined structures with a cross-β arrangement are called amyloid-like fibrils. Amyloids are associated with a list of disorders and neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\'s and Parkinson`s disease. We previously showed that amyloid-like nanofibrils with a repeating motif “IHIH” were functional fibrils. They were able to bind a metal ion through imidazole moieties and mimic the native carbonic anhydrase enzyme by hydrolysing the CO2 molecule. Thus, these synthetic amyloid fibrils were suggest-ed to be good candidates to moderate and update the modern enzymatic molecules. This study aims to shed a light on the stability of these amyloid nanofibrils over a study period of 25 days, in the presence/absence of a metal ion. The work continued for approximately 7 months in the Biochemistry department, School of Life Sciences at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom. A set of designed peptides with a repeating motif “IHIH” were ex-plored, based on some structural studies. Short and long peptides with free ends as well as closed ends were investigated. Peptides allowed to self-assemble with and without a metal ion (zinc) were then examined using circular dichroism, fluorimetry and electron microscopy for structural biophysical analysis. Regardless of the metal ion contribution, peptides showed stable secondary structures with a -sheet conformation for the incubation time of 25 days. Their morphologies did not appear to change over time. However, the presence of a zinc ion has an effect on the secondary structure of the mature fibrils. Results indicated that fibrils grown with the zinc ion have a significantly higher propensity to form -sheets secondary structures during incubation time. The presence of a zinc ion also affected the dimensions of the amyloid-like fibrils by the end of the study course, at which point they significantly re-duced. This effect of zinc ion on synthetic amyloid fibrils has not been previously reported. The stabilities of the zinc-nanofibrils point to their potential for use in modifying or updating the enzyme-mimic analytical reactions. The effect of adding zinc on the fibrillation seems to be crucial. Although it apparently improved the -sheet assembly, it affected the width/length of the synthetic amyloids. This effect could be promising toward reducing the generation of amyloid fibrils and ultimately understanding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease.

The recycling and reusing of waste materials to produce suitable materials is very important subjects to scientific research in world now, because the decrease natural resources and create a hole or risk in future of the world. The aim of our research to produce polymer concrete (PC) has high mechanical and physical characteristic. This PC was prepared by using the waste of aggregates and demolitions to make PC have good mechanical and physical characteristic with low cost as compared as cement concrete. In this research different types of construction and demolition waste were used as aggregates replacement (i.e. waste of cement/concrete debris, waste of ceramics and the waste of blocks) while the type of polymer resins (i.e. Epoxy) as cement replacements. The weight percentages of resin were changed within (20, 25 and 30) % to manufacture this polymer concrete. The tests we done like physical such as den-sity and mechanical such as compressive strength, flexural strength. Splitting tensile strength and Schmidt hammer rebound hardness.

Two Rapid, direct, ecological friendly and economical spectrophotometric methods were used for estimation of meloxicam in the market Tablet dosage form. The First method is based on the use the fourth order derivative spectrum (D4) and the second method is depend-ed on the ratio of the area under the curve for the two peaks in the drug (Compensated area under the curve). The linear calibration graphs of the two methods were measured in the con-centration range (5-35)mg/l and the average of recoveries for local market Tablet (AWA)® were 99.8% for D4 method and 100.2% for CAUC method which indicating a good accuracy and precision for these methods. In this study, the results obtained by these suggested meth-ods have been successfully statistically compared by t-test and Mann-Whitney test showed a good agreement.

In this work, the effect of anodizing duration on the morphology and photoelectrochemical properties of TiO2 nanotubes arrays (NTAs) has been investigated The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) to characterize their crystalline structure and compositional. Surface morphological and their dimensional variation was examined by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The anodizing duration played a significant role in the formation of TiO2 nanotubes arrays. Moreover, the photoelectrochemical properties (PEC) were studied through photocurrent measurements. Optimum anodizing duration of 60 min at 40 V exhibited maximum photocurrent of 0.03 mA cm-2 under illumination of halogen light.

Deep learning of multi-layer computational models allowed processing to recognize data representation at multiple levels of abstraction. These techniques have greatly improved the latest ear recognition technology. PNN is a type of radiative basis for classification problems and is based on the Bayes decision-making base, which reduces the expected error of classification. In this paper, strong features of images are used to give a good result, therefore, SIFT method using these features after adding improvements and developments. This method was one of the powerful algorithms in matching that needed to find energy pixels. This method gives stronger feature on features and gives a large number of a strong pixel, which is considered a center and neglected the remainder of it in our work. Each pixel of which is constant for image translation, scaling, rotation, and embedded lighting changes in lighting or 3D projection. Therefore, the interpretation is developed by using a hierarchical cluster method; to assign a set of properties (find the approximation between pixels) were classified into one.

During this article, we have a tendency to show the peristaltic activity of magnetohydrodynamics flow of carreau fluid with heat transfer influence in an inclined tapered asymmetric channel through porous medium by exploitation the influence of non-slip boundary conditions. The tapered asymmetric channel is often created because of the intrauterine fluid flow induced by myometrial contraction and it had been simulated by asymmetric peristaltic fluid flow in an exceedingly two dimensional infinite non uniform channel, this fluid is known as hereby carreau fluid, conjointly we are able to say that one amongst carreau\'s applications is that the blood flow within the body of human. Industrial field, silicon oil is an example of carreau fluid. By exploitation, the perturbation technique for little values of weissenberg number, the nonlinear governing equations in the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is resolved under the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. The expressions of stream function, temperature distribution, the coefficient of heat transfer, frictional forces at the walls of the channel, pressure gradient are calculated. The effectiveness of interesting parameters on the inflow has been colluded and studied.

Characterizing of visual objects is an important role in pattern recognition that can be performed through shape analysis. Several approaches have been introduced to extract relevant information of a shape. The complexity of the shape is the most widely used approach for this purpose where fractal dimension and generalized fractal dimension are methodologies used to estimate the complexity of the shapes. The box counting dimension is one of the methods that used to estimate fractal dimension. It is estimated basically to describe the self-similarity in objects. A lot of objects have the self-similarity; fingerprint is one of those objects where the generalized box counting dimension is used for recognizing of the fingerprints to be utilized for authentication process. A new fractal dimension method is proposed in this paper. It is verified by the experiment on a set of natural texture images to show its efficiency and accuracy, and a satisfactory result is found. It also offers promising performance when it is applied for fingerprint recognition.

Aerosol particles in oil fire plumes caused crucial air pollution. The smoke plumes from the blazes initially launched 200-400 m into the air and then continued to rise. The presence of liquid and solid aerosols may cause severe disturbance to the propagation of optical and infrared waves, thus can produce harmful effects on the wireless communication systems. In this paper, we analyze the bit error rate (BER), single to noise ratio (SNR), Q- factor and outage performance of single-input single-output (SISO) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO systems under attenuation of dense smoke conditions. Obtained results demonstrated that the performance of (SISO) FSO link is degraded from the Fog, Smoke and acid-rain Attenuation due to their chemical nature, their size and their concentration. As well, (MIMO) FSO link is a highly efficient way can be minimal smoke pollution effects.

The optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles respectively, were studied. PVA/TiO2 and PVA/ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by the pulsed laser ablation technique (PLA).The optical properties of PVA/ TiO2 and PVA/ ZnO nanocomposite solution have been investigated by transmittance data and absorption spectra. The optical band gap (Eg) was determined and the optical absorption spectra showed that a direct transition. The energy gap of PVA/ ZnO nanoparticles have been observed the decreases its value and increasing in the optical conductivity as compared to PVA/ TiO2.The refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and dielectric constant have been also investigated; it was found that all the above parameters affects by doping.

A superhydrophobic aerogel has been utilized as adsorbed the Crude oil leaked during transport in the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and determine the capacity absorbing of the aerogel powder for crude oil. This technique is very important to get rid of environmental pollution caused by the leakage of crude oil in water, which in turn cause the death of fish, this application is an important economic wealth in the country, preliminary tests on Tigris and Euphrates rivers mixed with the crude oil, by using the aerogel in powder form to clean the water from crude oil, the study depended on two parameters are surface area and contact angle. We found that the increasing on surface area lead to increasing on the capacity of adsorbing the crude oil from water, also this result with contact angle.

Here, we report the seed/catalyst-free growth of 2D and 3D ZnO nanostructures on a glass substrate by thermal evaporation of Zn powder in the presence of O2 gas. These nanostructures were grown on (75 ± 5 nm) ZnO seed layers, which were deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Prior to synthesized ZnO nanostructures, the sputtered ZnO seeds were annealed using the continuous wave CO2 laser at 450 ℃ in air for 15 min.The effects of carrier gas flow rate on the morphological, structural, and optical properties were systematically studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and UV-Vis spectroscopy.

This paper presents quantum mechanical investigations that is into electronic and thermochemistry properties of Gallium phosphide. It also investigates diamondoids and nanocrystals using the density functional theory. This is done at the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew et al basis set. This has been used to create Gaussian 09 program auxiliary by Gaussian view. In order to full investigate the ionization potential, affinity, valance bond, conduction bond, zero point energy and thermochemistry properties. The result GaP diamondoids. Electron affinity and conduction band, decreases as a function of the total number of Ga and P atoms in most of the investigated range. Ionization energies zero point and valance bands increased with the number of Ga and P atoms but there are fluctuations in tetramantane and hexamantane In fact, since the present diamondoids are built from nearly cubic cages. Thermochemistry entails calculation of frequency which also includes thermochemical analysis of actual system comprising of thermal energy correction, heat capacity and entropy.

Identification and access have been a concept that has evolved over time as the need to constantly identify people and grant them access to sensitive and classified data and information became very important. The effect is felt in most organizations, especially multinational companies that deal in highly classified research that has to do with pharmaceuticals, technology, power as well as the human biology coupled with security. The most common form of implementation of biometrics is facial recognition, fingerprints, iris recognition, a retina scanner, and voice recognition into so many applications and scenarios. The integration of this biometrics has had a rising effect and impact of everyday life and has practically changed some daily routines. This paper will examine future integrations of biometrics and it will in time affect everyday life and routine.

Sol-gel method is the simplest method and has to preparationof nano particles,nano fibers, andnano flaks. The preparation of hybrid epoxy thermosets enables their improvement in characteristics such as mechanical properties (bending,and hardness), thermal properties. The effect of water absorption on bending and hardness test for tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and epoxy hybrid have been investigated. TEOS with (0%,2%,4%,6%and 8%) volume percent-age mixed with epoxy to prepared sheets of hybrid, these sheets cut as samples for ASTM water absorption, bending and hardness tests.Theresults showthat, adding TEOS to epoxy will increase absorbance of water. bending test shows that there are increase in values of bending stress with increasing TEOS but after im-mersion in water all the values for bending stress will reduce.Hardnessvalues at least for the samples immersion in water from dry samples, occurthe diffusion of molecules water in the polymer and hybrids leads to space molecular chains for each other and decrease the hardness values. Thermal stability of hybrids increase with increasing TEOS ratio,the glass and de-composition temperature were shift compare with epoxy pure.

Nanotechnology is one of the non-exhaustive applications in which image processing is used. For optimal nanoparticle visualization and characterization, the high resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) are used. Image segmentation is one of the critical steps in nanoscale processing. There are also different ways to reach retail, including statistical approximations.In this study; we used the K-means method to determine the optimal threshold using statistical approximation. This technique is thoroughly studied for the SEM nanostructure Silver image. Note that, the image obtained by SEM is good enough to analyze more recently images. The analysis is being used in the field of nanotechnology. The K-means algorithm classifies the data set given to k groups based on certain measurements of certain distances. K-means technology is the most widely used among all clustering algorithms. It is one of the common techniques used in statistical data analysis, image analysis, neural networks, classification analysis and biometric information. K-means is one of the fastest collection algorithms and can be easily used in image segmentation. The results showed that K-means is highly sensitive to small data sets and performance can degrade at any time. When exposed to a huge data set such as 100.000, the performance increases significantly. The algorithm also works well when the number of clusters is small. This technology has helped to provide a good performance algorithm for the state of the image being tested.

Magnesium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO: Mg) nanorods and nanotubes films were prepared by hydrothermal method deposited on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), photoluminescence (PL), and optical absorption spectroscopy (UV) were performed to characterize the prepared films. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a decrease in the lattice parameters of Mg doped ZnO NRs. The Photoluminescence of the undoped and Mg-doped ZnO NRs displayed a near band edge. At 10 V bias, the metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) ultraviolet (UV) photodetector performance of the Mg-doped ZnO prepared for various Mg concentrations of 0.0, 0.02, and 0.06 was investigated under radiation of 40μW/cm2 at the wavelengths of 365 and 385 nm UV light. The responsivity, detectivity and quantum efficiency of Mg-doped based on MSM detector were 0.118A/W, 1.0579*1012 and 40.05157 under UV of wavelength 365nm respectively.

Breast cancer is the most widespread cancer that influences ladies about the world. Early recognition of breast tumor is a standout amongst the hugest variables influencing the probability of recuperation from the illness. Hence, mammography remains the most precise and best device for distinguishing breast malignancy. This paper presents a method for segment the boundary of breast masses regions in mammograms via a proposed algorithm based on fuzzy set techniques. Firstly, it was used data set (mini-MIAS) for evaluate algorithm. it was preprocessing the data set to remove noise and propose a fuzzy set by using fuzzy inference system by generated two input parameters (employs image gradient), then used thresholding filter. Then it was evaluated this proposed method, qualitative and quantitative results were obtained to demonstrate the efficiency of this method and confirm the possibility of its use in improving the diagnosis.