Kufa Journal of Arts

The cultural mark represented by the poetic lexicon is one of the prominent phenomena in modern critical studies, in which the writer employs lexical expressions in a poetic way to serve his text and open up to it. To intensify and deepen the significance in the text, and to be an indication of the capacity of the different meanings in their symbolic, suggestive and semantic references, in order to facilitate the text in the spaces of plurality, and this is achieved by the lexical cultural mark, which indicated that the text of (Jamal Hussein Ali) expresses new ideas and the development of others to enhance For its meanings and contents, the writer is the birth of culture in its various resources, and because the novelist lived at the time of political and social tension in Iraq in its various eras, his verbal lexicon varied and the semantics of words in his text multiplied.

The current research aims to know "the effect of the transfer strategy and the story map in developing the speaking skills and creative thinking of the fifth grade literary students in the subject matter".
The research sample reached (112) students from the fifth year of middle school, the literary branch, which were intentionally chosen. And in education and psychology to verify its validity, the researcher used a scale in speaking skills with a note card of eighteen indicators, and proved the validity and reliability of the scale, and a test in creative thinking, the researcher adopted the Torrance test to measure the ability to creative thinking, and after processing the results using An analysis of unilateral variance The study found:
The presence of statistically significant differences at the level of significance (05,0) between the three research groups in developing the skills of speaking and creative thinking, as the students of the first experimental group who study the subject matter of the transfer strategy outperformed the students of the second experimental group and the control group in the creative thinking test and the students of the experimental group excelled The second, who study the expression material with the story map strategy, on the students of the first experimental and control group in the scale of speaking skills.

The concept of clothing or clothing was mentioned in the Noble Qur’an, clearly and explicitly in several meanings and we explained some of them, and also the word dress was mentioned in the honorable Sunnah and with the people of the house (peace be upon them), and the sayings of the jurists The topic of my research in this thesis is a deductive jurisprudence study, in which I deal with the legal evidence from the Qur’an and the Sunnah to prove the most important vocabulary of the rule of clothing in contemporary Islamic law, and mentioned in the research the legal controls for it, and to address the most important provisions that I mentioned the power of light on Islamic Sharia.And because of the importance of the rule of clothing in Islamic Sharia, and after the developments that are taking place in society in changing concepts and understanding the covering dress of the taxpayer, which called for writing a research in this field and it is our duty to explain the legal rulings. Through this study, we will show the ambiguity in the covering and non-covering dress, what the legal veil is and what is not, and clarify what is ambiguous from the cases of imitation that have increased in recent times. And finding solutions that contribute to treating the most important phenomena that occur in society, limiting the phenomenon of imitation of the West in adornment, and permitting the development and education of women by exposing her body in front of a foreigner.

In view of the role of Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them, and the importance of their position in interpretation and elucidation of meaning from the Qur’anic verses, and as scholars have a prominent and effective role in preserving the heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt, one of the masterpieces of the Qur’an is that it comes to you with clear signs on every feature that characterizes a corrupt person. We have a punishment for the corrupt and what are the types of corruption. According to the scholars, including al-Madrasi and al-Shirazi, may God be pleased with them, corruption is ravaging society and villages to destruction, but when a few people move to the work of self-reform, he takes them to safety and escapes from torment. They are with them in helping them to reform themselves, and God will not change the condition of a people until they change what is in themselves, and that those who believe and do righteous deeds, the Most Merciful will grant them friendship.

The book (AlhkamSanat al Kalam) is considered one of the important books in Arabic, Literature by the author M ahammedAbd al – Ghaffour al- A shbili. It includes poetic excerpts from all the arts of poetry , includes parise, Iamentation and description .the study included an introduction , an introduction , index of sources , references , margins, and the main source the book ( AhkamSanat al Kalam) and book of aLiterature , critism and rhetoric .Iask God Almighty to grant me success in writing this research , and God grant me success.

The study aimed at analyzing the direction of the volume of government borrowing from banking institutions as well as analyzing the volume of bank credit provided to private institutions and knowing the effect of government lending in maximizing bank laziness, as private investment in developing countries depends mainly on the availability of bank credit, so the exclusion of bank credit may have Negative effects on private investment and then on economic growth, and the study sample consisted of a set of data obtained for Iraqi banks between 2016 until June 2022, and the study reached a set of conclusions and the existence of a co-integration relationship between the variables of the study, but government borrowing from financial and banking institutions did not It affects the volume of credit granted to the private sector, which means that Iraqi banks did not take their role in directing investment by granting cash credit effectively. The current study recommends working to employ the funds obtained from investments mainly in the private sector through the private sector stock market to achieve sustainable development for those sectors.

One of the most important topics that the Holy Qur’an refers to is the subject of visions and dreams. The topic of vision has been discussed in different verses like all other human topics besides mentioning examples of visions of different people. The Holy Qur’an also discussed the types of this phenomenon in different verses (truthful and not true) and considered it among the signs of God and one of the ways to receive revelation. However, throughout history many people of misguidance adopted the vision to prove what they claim, and since the reality of the dream is hidden from the general public, they considered it a good strategy to attract the gullible and those with weak minds. To prove the authenticity of the vision, they resorted to a group of Quranic verses and tried to prove it in this way. In this regard, they protested the story of the dream of Aziz Egypt (verse 43 of Surat Yusuf), the story of the dream of the Prophet Ibrahim, peace be upon him (verses 102 and 105 of Surat Al-Safat), the story of the dream of the Prophet Yusuf, peace be upon him (verse 3 and 4 of Surat Yusuf) and several others. Other verses related to visions and dreams. While in important religious subjects, especially doctrinal ones, it is not recommended to follow the vision in any way, and in some of the hadiths of the Prophet it is mentioned that this is forbidden, such as this honorable hadith on the authority of Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, who says: The religion of God is dearer than being seen in sleep. . In this narration, Imam al-Sadiq, peace be upon him, considers the religion of God too important to be proven by a vision. This article seeks, through a descriptive-analytical vision, to show how those who claim the authenticity of the vision rely on the verses of the Qur’an and criticize their claims.

إلحاق النسب بتقنية الاستنساخ البشري من المسائل المستحدثة التي احتدم النزاع حولها في وقتنا هذا ,حتى وصل الى انتاج أجنة بشرية مستنسخة بطرق مختلفة مصيرها الى ولادات لا يعرف أب ولا أم ,وهو ما يعرف اليوم بتقنية الاستنساخ البشري. ويكون من شأن هذه الطريقة ولادة اشخاص متعددين يحملون ذات الخصائص الوراثية والشكلية و يتصفون بفس الصفات بغير الاتصال الجنسي في التكاثر اضافة الى آثارها الخطيرة على مستوى الاسرة. وكان من بين أهم تلك الآثار هي مسألة نسب المولود, وهل يلحق هذا النسب للمرأة التي حملت به وأنجبته, أو قدمت بويضتها لتحصل على الذرية, أم يلحق للرجل الذي قدم منيَّه أو خلية من جسمه لغرض ولادة المولود المرتقب, سواء كان هذا الرجل زوجاً للمرأة, أم كان أجنبياً عنها ؟ . حيث ان قانون الاحوال الشخصية العراقي رقم 188 لسنة1959 م وتعديلاته لم ينظم حل لهذه المسألة وانما تركها لفقة الاسلامي , وان آراء فقهاء الشريعة الاسلامية المعاصرون مختلفة بين محلل ومحُرم .

The research of the phase transformations of the symbols of existence in the characters of heroism, within the Diwan “Horizons of The Horses” by Ibrahim Al-Saafiin, shows that there are spatio-temporal paradoxes that illuminate the ambiguous inwardly and outwardly and entrench the ideological challenge to the manifestations of deterioration.
The preliminary treatment is centralized in the introductory framing of the linguistic and idiomatic concepts and the characteristics of the poetic diwan. This is an introduction to the approach of discourse indicators, contextual implications, and stylistic features through three sections that reveal the symbols of presence in the general characteristic of heroism, the symbols of existance in the persona of heroism after the Naksa, and the symbols of existance in the persona of heroism during the Intifada (1987).
The scientific foundation follows the descriptive approach by clarifying concepts of terms, group characteristics, and reasoning in poetry texts and induction to draw the pivotal conclusions. This is based effectively on the pillars of historical, cultural and integrative criticism.
The researcher inferred the poet’s keenness to monitor the stages of the heroism formation, and the continual growth of the image of the resistant hero. This is to invoke the resurrection of existence through defiance and resistance, and to affirm the national rights to the land, to confront the tyranny of the other and to dispel its imaginary image to prompt the manifestations of alienation, refraction, and alienation. This is done by drawing inspiration from the pillars of steadfastness, persistance, courage, strength, loftiness, and advancement, from the depths of bereavement, darkness, and death. This is based on the active reliance on rhetorical and stylistic diversity through using the techniques of photography, encoding, intertextuality, displacement, and paradox, as well as the linguistic and informative structure consistent with the context, and the epic formation of the example of the Canaanite rebel young man, and the title inclusion of signs of rebellion, revolution, and heroism

Nowadays, new identities are one of the most challenging topics that are considered in the theories of social criticism. The novel "Al-Tashari" written by Anam Kajeji is one of the novels that depicts the identification and identifiability of immigrants in the post-colonial period. The current research, based on social criticism, has examined the identity of the characters of this novel from the point of view of Stuart Hall, a postmodernist theorist. The results of this research indicate that the components of Hall's theory, such as; Depression and wandering, generation gap, imitation of the host language and the inferiority of the East compared to the dominance and superiority of the Western world have been well manifested in this novel. The characters of the novel, which were attached to their hometowns, have left there voluntarily or involuntarily due to war and political problems, and by immigrating to the land of exile, they have faced an environment that has always challenged their existence to the point where they have duality in their thoughts and feelings and are involved in forces. They have become conflicted while they don't know exactly which society and culture they belong to and how they should adapt themselves to the conditions of the new society and sometimes they defy the conventional expectations in their culture to enter the social and cultural context of the new society.

This research deals with the manifestations of resistance in the Persian poetry symbol talking through capillary effects for large national "TaherehSaffarZadeh"; it looks in her poetry symbols related to religious and historical figures, as they seem symbolic verses which come from meaningful stories, and a lesson educational sought poet from which to portray the tragic social reality of Iranian society at the time of the Pahlavi. The religious and historical figures a significant presence in the poetry TaherhSaffarZadeh; they saw the suffering of these characters image of the suffering of its people, and expanded in the meantime to refer to mass models and destruction and killing of innocent people; to get rid ultimately antipodal darkness and light, and to the victory of the day right on the night of tyranny.

This reading starts by relying on the idea of the cultural system, which in turn is the most important mechanism of cultural criticism. This study also attempts to reveal the implicit cultural patterns hidden behind the artistic aesthetics in the contradictions of the Umayyad Triangle (Jerir, Farazdaq and Al-Akhtal), and to engage in a reading that goes beyond the search for aesthetic and artistic elements, to search for the cultural patterns rooted in it and the intellectual and ideological backgrounds behind it and the human conflict and the resulting existentialism. This research is based on reading the human existential conflict patterns in the contradictions of the Umayyad triangle, in the light of a textual study that takes the apparent and implicit forms as an expression of the poet’s conflicting self, relying on a new reading of the poetic text to study the most prominent apparent and implicit patterns behind the structure of the text to highlight the poet’s present culture in the depths Literary discourse, dividing the research into three antagonistic dualities, determined under the title: The one and the multiple format, the realism and idealism, the central and decentralized format. The research concluded, after studying the contradictions of the Umayyad Triangle (Garir, Farazdaq and Al-Akhtal) carefully and carefully that the authoritarian pattern and the cultural incubator represented in the court was the main factor behind these poetic and artistic conflicts. Under the cover of artistic and aesthetic.

The world is currently experiencing a period of tension and instability, manifested in various unusual social phenomena, most notably the phenomenon of domestic violence and the emergence of violence in a blatant form, which has caused us concern and raised questions about how to respond to such phenomena and what can be done to reduce the dominance of violence. This is especially important given the complexity and level of development of our social organizations. In light of these considerations and potential consequences, and given that there are strong indications of certain patterns of violence specifically targeting women and exposing their lives and abilities to danger, simply because they are women, it is necessary to address the issue of "Women and Social Violence. " Although violence against women is not a new phenomenon in human history and has always been present since ancient times, it has become a growing concern in recent years, particularly due to the noticeable increase in violent behavior in Arab countries. There are incidents of murder, rape, coercion into prostitution, physical assault, sexual coercion, invasion of privacy, and exposure to harm.
Our research includes four chapters. In the first chapter, we discuss the research methodology and the most important concepts and terms. In the second chapter, we examine religion and its view of women, as well as customs and traditions that constitute violence against women and the position of criminal legislation on this violence. In the third chapter, we discuss the causes of violence, the theories that have studied violence, and the types of violence. Finally, in the fourth chapter, we focus on the field study, where we address five topics. The first topic deals with the primary data about the research community and the definition of the sample in terms of age, marital status, family size, educational level, the original home of the family, and family income

This research revolves around a theory of meaning, which is the theory of meaning in the context that was able to extract linguistic research from the cloak of the concept of fixed systems and closed format to the world of speech, linguistic use and openness of coordination, so the meaning became a practical approach that was able to break the barrier set by the truth theories in its search for Meaning makes sense Which he adopted after the sign of significance for awhile.
The meaning, with the theory of context, entered a wider world after it crossed the boundaries of language as a social phenomenon and then the socio-cultural pattern became a major source of meaning, and it became cheering (Liechtenstein): (Do not deviate from the meaning, but rather ask about use) Logo for context theory and research (Malinovsky) In the heritage and history of primitive societies a path to(Firth) To establish the theory of the context in which it laid its foundations and became the meaning in it in the context or is a function in a context.
However, the concept of context has expanded with deliberative and functional studies, as it expanded from this concept until it was almost called deliberative context, based on the influence of context in these studies that gave a wide role to the speaker to formulate the meaning production, and put it in the possession of the recipient as an interpretation, so they can produce and interpret whatever The nature of the meaning Directly or indirectly, the two parties can put the meaning in its context, as they are immersed together in the knowledge background that brings them together in a particular linguistic society.

Most of those interested and researchers in the structures of the Arabic language and its origins believe that our language is modern Arabic with its various issues and does not contain new and morphological languages that are not related to other languages rooted in ancient times such as Akkadian, Assyrian, Hebrew, Syriac and others, and that each of them has specific structures for obtaining languages, I wanted. In the areas of this research, there is an explanation of the idea of its content, a change in its structure, structure, and origins, before it is settled on its condition in our modern, timeless language.

The research problem lies in the following questions.
What is the nature of the correlation between Perceptions Specific to MotivationandPositive Refocusingamong preparatory Students? And Does this relationship differ according to gender (males - females), and specialization (scientific - humanitarian)?
Therefore, the current research aims to identify:
1- Perceptions Specific to Motivation among preparatory students.
2- Positive Refocusing among preparatory students.
3- The correlation between Perceptions Specific to Motivation and Positive Refocusingamong preparatory students.
4- The difference in the correlation between Perceptions Specific to Motivation and Positive Refocusing among preparatory students according to a variable gender (males - females) specialization (scientific – humanitarian).
For the purpose of verifying this, it was relied on The descriptive curriculum to correlation, and Perceptions Specific To Motivationscale prepared by Farida (2017), and the building is according to the theory of Perceptions Specific To Motivationof Viau, (2007), which includes (37) items, as well as thePositive Refocusingscale prepared by Al-Maliki (2022) was used, and the building is according to the theory of Positive Refocusing of Garnefski (2007), which includes (30) items, and the two scales were applied to a sample of (400) male and female students chosen by the stratifiedrandom method, and the research results showed that:
1- Preparatory students have a level of the Perceptions Specific to Motivation, as well as a Positive Refocusing, they also have a level of positive connotation.
2- The relationship between Perceptions Specific to Motivation and Positive Refocusingis significant among preparatory students.
3- The differences in the relationship between Perceptions Specific to Motivation and Positive Refocusing are not indicative of the level of preparatory studentsaccording to gender (males and females).
4- The differences in the relationship between Perceptions Specific to Motivation and Positive Refocusing are indicative of the level of preparatory students according to specialization (scientific - humanitarian).
- The research concluded with several recommendations and suggestions.

The city of Al-Kifl in the province of Babil is characterized by its geographical location, which mediates three provinces (Babylon, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, and the Holy Karbala),It is one of the Iraqi cities in which the phenomenon of urban encroachment has spread and increased, which is considered a global problem that has many negative effects, especially on urban sustainability. Many countries have tried to find a solution to it through developing plans, policies and development programs that are in line with the requirements of the modern era, The aim of the research is to know the urban encroachments in the city of Al-Kifl, The research found the most important causes of urban encroachment and its increase in the city of Al-Kifl, which are urban mismanagement and security conditions, the spread of financial and administrative corruption, the continuous delay in resolving this problem, and the fear of removing some urban encroachments due to control by clans, in addition to the failure of the oversight authorities in the Al-Kifl Municipality Directorate. Responsible for following up on urban encroachments, which led to the increase and expansion of this problem, Among the most important recommendations is the formation of strict oversight committees to reduce the phenomenon of urban encroachment, in addition to the need for a strategic vision and long-term plans to develop solutions to address the problem of housing deficit, the phenomenon of migration and the increase in population growth, which is one of the most important reasons leading to the phenomenon of urban encroachment.

This research deals with the French cultural policy (education) in Mauritania during the French occupation period 1903-1960. The educational system in Al-Mahdara, and at the same time the application of the French educational system in Mauritania through the establishment of French schools that teach French subjects from the French language, literature, history, social systems, and aspects of its civilization .
The research was divided into an introduction, three axes, and a conclusion: the first axis included France's position on private education in Mauritania (the civilized), and the second axis dealt with the structure of French education inside Mauritania, and this axis included three points: the objectives of the French educational policy in Mauritania, the laws The organization for French education, French schools in Mauritania, while the third axis dealt with the position of the Mauritanian society on French education

The research aims to reveal the ills by the grammatical methods in the poetry and infer them by the methods adopted by the grammarians. The first axis dealt with the definition of the cause, while the second axis was applied to the sayings of the Imam, may God have mercy on him.

There are several approaches to the interpretation of the Noble Qur’an, including the title of this research, which is the esoteric approach to the interpretation of the Noble Qur’an, as it is what appears from meanings and indications of indications that do not appear through the apparent meaning of the Qur’anic text, but rather appear through contemplation and deep knowledge of the Qur’anic verses and what is going on In its astronomy from other verses and honorable hadiths. We found that this method of interpretation has an origin and roots in the Holy Qur’an, through its call to contemplation, and the presence of Qur’anic verses whose apparent meaning is not clear except by knowing their interior. And the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad and his honorable family (may God’s blessings be upon them), which is what the practitioners of this explanatory approach have argued, but some of them have gone beyond the limit in highlighting multiple meanings. These meanings were accepted by those people, but they were rejected by another group of exegetes who basically rejected this method of interpretation. There are those who differentiate between two types; One: the accepted, and the other: the rejected, so they accepted from it what is subject to controls and conditions that they made as a basis for accepting the esoteric interpretation

Consumption contracts that are concluded via the Internet have become one of the most important means of flourishing global trade at the present time, but they have raised many legal problems, which have become an existing challenge to legal systems, and perhaps the most important is the issue of determining international jurisdiction to resolve disputes that arise about it, whose inevitably impact reverts on the weak party (the consumer) who must be protected. So this study searches for the impact on consumer protection as a result of the works of traditional standards regarding the determination of international jurisdiction over this type of contracts, and to indicate the need to set special standards whose work entails providing the necessary protection to the consumer when he is the weak party in the contractual relationship, and how to limit the work of these standards when (the consumer) is in an equal legal position with the other party (the professional ) in order to provide protection for the latter being the most useful care In such cases

Public expenditures are the main element in influencing indicators of economic stability, as public expenditures affect economic growth by increasing or decreasing production, through their impact on increasing demand, as well as unemployment. Public expenditures, especially investment expenditures, affect the increase in employment and thus reduce unemployment rates. It also affects inflation, as the increase in public expenditures with stable production leads to an increase in inflation rates, in addition to the fact that public expenditures have an impact on the public budget, because the increase in public expenditures without increasing public revenues will lead to a deficit in the balance of the public budget, and then its negative impact will be reflected. On the Iraqi economy, so the main aspect of the research was based on studying the impact of public expenditures on the variables of economic stability by standing on the reality of public expenditures for the period (2006-2020) and their role in achieving economic stability, and formulating appropriate mechanisms to activate the relationship between public expenditures and research variables in the form Which contributes to achieving economic stability, the research is based on a main hypothesis that the development of public expenditures in Iraq is For the period (2006-2020), it did not have an effective impact on achieving economic stability. The researcher reached several results, including, when reviewing the structure of public expenditures in the Iraqi economy during the research period, we find that they are based on a unilateral aspect represented by current (operating) expenditures, and this is due to several reasons, including the rise in war spending, inflation in the amount of salaries, administrative corruption, waste of public funds and abuse of power Which led to the loss of a lot of foreign exchange and its failure to exploit it in the appropriate direction for the purpose of achieving the public benefit, which raises concern about the present and future of the Iraqi economy unless the government takes urgent and effective political and economic decisions. The researcher recommended the need to work on restructuring public expenditures and adopting policies that prioritize expanding the amount of investment spending and limiting current (consumer) spending for its important role in expanding the productive capacities of the Iraqi economy and addressing the problems of the Iraqi Economy, especially inflation and unemployment.

The importance of this topic is that its study is related to the most honorable book, and it deals with a topic that is considered a basis in Arabic grammar on the one hand, and that it deals with the copied sentence (that and its sisters) with study and application; As the understanding of all texts depends on the patterns of the sentence, and the study of the sentence, whether (In and its sisters) or the sentence in general are studies that have not had its share of explanation and detail in many of the grammar books.
Therefore, all grammatical studies directed towards the Holy Qur’an have taken multiple forms to the extent permitted by the desire to limit grammar issues to the approach of the Holy Qur’an

This research dealt with the title (the reality of the situation among the fundamentalists) through an introduction and five demands. We dealt with the words of some scholars on the situation, and in the third requirement the positive relationship, as for the fourth requirement in the situation, and the fifth requirement in the interest, and I ended this research with a conclusion that included several points in its contents for the most important conclusion of the research.

This study aims at investigating the pragma-rhetorical structure of argumentative discourse in British Parliament. To achieve this aim, Van Eemeren and Houtlosser’s (2002) model of strategic maneuvering is utilized.
Among the important conclusions the study comes up with are: Both figures, i.e. the Prime Minister and Jeremy Corbyn in British parliament utilize certain pragma-rhetorical strategies either to defend or support their standpoints. Besides, Overstatement extends over the other figures of speech and argumentative appeals in British parliamentary discourse and makes the debates highly rhetorical as a result. Finally, Pathos prevailed other argumentative appeals. This proves that arguers in British parliament resort to feelings and stimulation of the audience’s emotions in making their arguments.

This study attempts to investigate the strategies of rejection in the arena of political debates. The main challenge in dealing with rejection strategies pragmatically lies in the idea that rejection is divided into two types: Explicit or Implicit. As such, the study tries to identify the main implicit pragma-linguistic strategies of rejection that the American debaters employ in arguments with their opponents. Furthermore, it highlights these indirect strategies of rejection that have been utilized more frequently by American debaters so as to serve their political agendas. Moreover, the study pinpoints the stage at which the rejection process takes place.
Thus, the qualitative study uses an eclectic model primarily based on previous studies conducted in the field of argumentation (VanEemeren&Grootendrorst, 2018) to investigate rejection strategies. The study has been concluded that American debaters more frequently employ offensive than defensive tactics to defend their positions and reject those of their opponents. As a result, they make an effort to discredit the opinions of their opponents in a variety of ways such as accusations, insulting, criticizing, denial, and condemning. Moreover, It has been noted that the process of rejecting a standpoint is initiated within the developing stage. Thus, the developing stage can be viewed as the essence of argumentation in which viewpoints are defended or rejected

This study is an attempt to reveal the effect of sounds on the meaning of the form (word) that they formulate. A contrastive phonosemantic study is made on four historical epic, action, and comic and romantic movies’ titles to show how sounds can reflect meaning and associate with feelings, emotions and attitudes. The Universal Theory that Agrawal suggested is used as a model in this study. The results show that sounds are meaning-bearing elements. Furthermore; they reveal that the titles reflect the events of their movies

Ideology-impregnated language is not necessarily confined to specific types of texts, such as news articles, political debates and speeches, or even promotional advertisements; rather, it can be found in all kinds of texts, whether literary or non-literary. However, literary language has become one of the most effective tools employed by writers to convey a sublime, rhetorically oriented message or idea to readers. Based on that, the data targeted by this study is a fictional novel entitled "Sula" by Toni Morrison. Although the text was written by one of the most renowned fiction authors in today's world, only a few studies have addressed her novels from a linguistic perspective. Hence, the study aims to examine how the exploitation of linguistic resources—verbs, in particular—helps to construct certain ideologies. The study employed one of Jeffries' (2010) tools of analysis, namely 'Representing Actions/Events/States', informed by Simpson's (2004) framework of the transitivity system. The study found that the type and frequency of the verbal processes, the participant's roles involved, as well as the linguistic context in which those processes are produced, all contributed to the character's being perceived differently due to the various pictures the character draws for herself.

The current study is A critical Discourse Analysis to the Self-representation in Joe Biden's speech ''On fighting the COVID-19 pandemic''. The problem of study lies in the scarcity of the studies that tackle the self-representation in Biden's speeches about the Covid-19 rescue plan. The study attempts to answer the following question: what are the self-representation strategies used by Biden ''on fighting the COVID-19 pandemic’’. It has hypothesized that certain self-representation strategies are adopted on three levels of analysis: the meaning level, the argumentative level and the rhetorical level, moreover each level involves more frequently used strategy than the other strategies. It also aims at figuring out the positive self-representation strategies used by Biden as well as identifying the most frequent strategy and the least one in each level. The study has adopted an eclectic model which is amalgamation of two of Van Dijk's models (2000 and 2006). The study conducts qualitative and quantitative analyses. Finally, the study concludes that, to represent himself positively during the ‘'COVID-19 pandemic'', the president of USA uses the following strategies of self-representation which are: :"actor description", "lexicalization", "national self-glorification'', "victimization", "generalization" ,"evidentiality'' , "populism", "burden", "reasonableness", "comparison", "metaphor", "repetition", ''hyperbole'' and ''number game . Moreover ,the quantitative analysis demonstrates that , among meaning , argumentation and rhetoric levels ,the most frequently used strategy is ''actor description'' whereas the least one is '' national self-glorification''

The current paper attempts to exhaustively investigate and analyse 'Racism' from a pragma-discoursal perspective. Racism is defined as a statement on 'Race' and 'Racial Prejudice' as,'' arranging groups hierarchically in terms of psychological and cultural characteristics that are immutable and innate.'' (U.N OHCHR: 2005:4).
Racism is based on colour, social, religious, cultural or linguistic reasons within society. However, this issue has not fully considered in linguistic studies in general and a pragma-discoursal investigational analysis .To bridge this gap, the present work tries to scrutinize the racist discourse pragmatically, concentrating on the pragma-discoursal notions and their relevant strategies that construct the pragma-discoursal structure of racism. Thus, this paper tries to answer major questions including: 1- why racist discourse devices are employed in mass media? Are there any discoursal a pragmatic devices that are used to actualize an d show racism? To answer such questions, the present study hypothesizes that:some cohesive devices compose the discoursal structure of racism including the grammatical and lexical ones, transparency, nominalization that are used frequently in analyzing the racist discourse. Also, pragmatic devices compose pragmatic structure 0f racism including speech acts, deixis, presupposition, cooperative principles and politeness. On the basis of the questions and hypotheses that are stated above; it is concluded that the racial discourse can be analysed through ideologies an d speech acts, implicature with cohesive devices. The racists can employ the pragma-discoursal strategies that support most devices that are used frequently in favor of racist discourse.

The dramatic works of Jack Davis, the Aboriginal Australian playwright, are significant in themselves in demonstrating the politics of representation of family and trauma in Australian drama.Davis uses the strategy of showing the audience the Aboriginal reality rather than teaching them about the discriminations brought about by the coming of Europeans in Australia and their subsequent interference into Aboriginal society. This paper argues that Jack Davis’s No Sugar is a postcolonial play that demonstrates a dialectical relationship between the anxieties of trauma, displacement and the Aboriginal Australian family in period of the Stolen Generation.

This study is intended to analyse newspaper headlines tackling the Israeli attacks on Gaza in Palestine. For this purpose, the study adopts Haliday's transitivity system, introduced within his seminal work Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) in an attempt to investigate the way the under-investigation incidents are portrayed via news headlines.
The main question pursued in this work is how newspapers editors and news writers construct an image of a certain event through the various selections from the linguistic repertoire, specifically, the Israili-Palestinian conflict. To find an answer to this question the study adopted the framework of transitivity analysis within a descriptive approach to identify ideational meanings realized by grammatical selections. The to- be-analysed data related to the above mentioned events are selected from the news headlines published in the Independent and the New York Times during the period of attacks starting from 13-17 May, 2021. Ten newspaper headlines are selected from each newspaper. The selected headlines were examined then segmented into clauses to make it possible to identify the type of processes, participants, and circumstances involved. Finally, conclusions were set forward based on the mentioned analysis. The genre of newspaper headlines were chosen as it is narrative-based genre and applicable to the notion of transitivity. The analysis revealed that material and relational processes were dominant denoting that the process is mainly focusing on actions and events. The results, reached within this work, revealed that the linguistic selections made to construct the headlined depicting the events in concern were made in a way that gives a negative impression to the reader and depicts a negative image of the Israeli forces. The selected linguistic features reflect the writers perspective towards the events under investigation and this may influence the readers perspective

The problem of poverty is of international interest, and is no longer limited to lack of income, but rather includes lack of basic human living needs, in addition to obtaining cognitive needs, so most countries seek to invest their natural and human resources to reduce the phenomenon of poverty and achieve sustainable development.

The study dealt with educational variables and their relationship to the phenomenon of poverty in Muthanna Governorate for the period 2007-2016 within the framework of a scientific geographical approach based on geographical pillars and detailed data specific to the study area, in addition to revealing the causes of this phenomenon and developing effective solutions for it.

Accordingly, the study in our hands aims to know the level of the poverty line and percentage and the poverty gap in the study area, as it is concerned with studying the educational and social capabilities associated with poverty and causing it, as poverty is no longer viewed as a decrease in the level of income of individuals only, but rather as deprivation of the requirements that raise the status of the individual and enable him to grow properly and practice all his activities and activities to live a decent life.