Journal of Legal Sciences

This research is an attempt to stand on the contribution of the thinkers and philosophers in developing in notion of human rights through ages, it indicates to the contribution of the Greek philosophers and Roman in ancient ages then explain the effect of the thinkers of middle ages, and finally the intellectual contribution in the upraise age and the threshold of the modern age, the researcher had evaluate the theory of natural law and social contract theories, which been adopted all by most of thinkers when they exposed the idea of human right specially after of the spread of the social solidarity tent, and the adopting of the policy of interference in all life field by most countries.

The subject of this study is the secrecy of administrative acts in the Iraqi legislations and this study intends to make the important legal issues which are related with this subject are clear , either what related with secret and it\'s subject or what was relaying with the state security specially if we knew that they became the basic insurance for protection these security at these days.There is no dispute that the secret of administrative acts and the protection the state security these are considered as two faces for one coin. The legislation, judicial decisions, juristic opinions and the customs in all the countries have taken and held a firm and unanimous view that the employ is bound to keep the secret to which it is communicated in addition to the facts and the information closely tied with the administrative activity of her public body. Therefore we had to investigate and study the administrative and criminal responsibility cannected with the administrating secrecy, and the extent to which the legislation’s provide the administrative and criminal protection to this type of secrecy and punish the person who breaches or violates the obligation to keep the administrating secrecy, and in this context the legislation’s have been divided into two branches the first one contained many legal provisions concerned with the doctrine of the administrating secrecy under the heading of the claw of the administrative law, whereas the second one did not organize this concept but left it to the general rules in pursuance of the legal provisions set forth or provided for in the penal code concerning the divulgence of secrets, including the Iraqi law. There are so many difficulties in this subject, such as misapplication of some articles that regarded with the secret of the job generally and specially the secrecy of administrative acts such as article 437 from the penal code and article 57 from the code of criminal procedures, and the cause in that is the unrespectable to these articles from the people who are uncharged to applicate it .

Most of Companies Legislations So Iraqi Company Law interested on shareholders rights especially Minorities rights in order to protect them from abused resolutions issued by the majority . The protection of the rights of minority is defined as The procedures have been taken to administrate the joint stock Company in the way which serve all shareholders benefits . These procedures shall take two forms : The First is Legislative procedures while The second is judicial procedures in the Cases that there is no provision So the judicial System will decide the Cases of the abuse of rights and they Can be annulled by the Courts . The study shall explain the concepts of minority in the Capital Companies in first chapter , while The second deal with the cases of abuse of rights in this type of companies , and finally the third chapter deal with the Legislative or judicial means used to protect The minority in joint stock – Companies .

The diplomatic immunity which leaders and chiefs enjoy, should not be a curtain criminals hide behind or to make use of their immunity to commit criminals against humanity. From this aspect the international society in the period of Rome basic system of the international criminal court could deprive those leaders and chiefs from their diplomatic immunity if they commit one of the big criminals. The basic system of the international criminal court will be applied on all of the individuals equally without any discrimination cause of the official characteristic (even if he/she was a president of a state or government) which does not exempt him/her , by any means, from the criminal responsibility and never be a reason of commutation the penalty.And since the idea which is determined in the human conscience that crime does not affect the victim and his/her relatives only; but it affects the whole society in its security and settlement, in the human thought there is a practical and theoretical fact that to the effect that: society should be represented by a special committee starts calling the social right to be harmed from the crime and agreed on it with the general right and this by the different paths of the case starting from the prosecution till its completion. Starting from this idea the international criminal court makes sure through the basic Rome system to form the General Attorney Bureau in the court to be one of the most important bodies of this court according to the nature of its forming, specializations, and authorities entrusted to it. This, the basic Rome system, procedural rules, and proofs rules has granted to the general attorney in the international criminal court tasks and vast specializations that serves in achieving the international criminal responsibility of chiefs and leaders .These will grant the general attorney of the court the authority of prosecution by him/herself and reopens the investigation according to the available information provided for a crime of the crimes that have entered in the court specialty without any request from the security council or suburban states.Despite the scientific fact which has proved that the general attorney might take advantage of his authority for political reasons under an international pressure acted by some of the big states, this and at the same time will form an important transfer that getting out the international criminal court from the form of subordination so the human fortune will be promising with a better future needed by our civilized world.

It is important to point out that human beings-in nature- cannot imagine been traded on. However, humanity, against all the values prevailing in every community, has known a kind of illegal trade the subject of which is humans, that is human trade. That is regarded the modern version of slave trade in spite of the achievement that have been made by the activists in the seventeen century. However, this kind of slavery remained spread specially in relation to women and children who fall prey to new kind of slavery called \\" human slavery\\". That will be the subject of our paper. The international Anti- Slavery Organization has revealed this crime which made humans just like any other material goods. The said organization also says that human trade includes taking people through the use of violence, deceit or fraud or coercion or by imposing forced labour and slavery. While child trade does not require any kind of violence of deceit. It only requires that children are taken two work which is a kind of trade.

The goal of this paper is to discuss the different aspects of the international law that deal with the international liability on damages caused to the environment. We report on the effectiveness of international law regarding the liability of the violators and the application of indemnity. This subject is attracting an increasing attention as violations to the environment and its living and non-living constituents are increasing.The international responsibility for protecting the environment is no longer an internal affair; it is currently based on the principle of considering the environment as a common humanitarian heritage under the 1982 UN agreement of the Public Seas Law.As the international environmental law is based on the international agreements for protecting the environment and determining the liability of violators, the civil law compliments this protection through its principles which can establish the applicable international rules.The state liability on damages caused to the environment at non-war includes both the state liability for disrespecting the international law and the state liability on permitted activities. The conventional principles for protecting the environment are no longer applicable to the different sorts of illegal international activities harming the environment. Therefore, new rules are being developed to simplify the burden of proof regarding the state’s fault against the environment.