Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences

In this study, three specimens of Warren truss girders composite with concrete deck slab were tested
experimentally under a central monotonic load to study the effect of the existence of concrete inside the
chords. The load capacity, deflection, slip between the concrete slab and steel tube, and failure modes were
reported. Both chords were filled with concrete to the first specimen, only the lower chord was filled with
concrete and the upper chord remained hollow to the second specimen and both chords were kept hollow in
the third specimen. The result indicated that the existence of concrete inside the chords has a significant
effect on the load capacity, failure pattern, and the slip. The steel tubes of the upper chord filled by concrete
prevent surface plasticity failure of the upper chord under loading and increase the ultimate load by 6.68 %.
Also, filling the lower chord with concrete prevents the surface plasticity failure in the supports zone and
caused an increase in the ultimate load by 39.59 %. The slip at the end of the specimen of two chords filled
with concrete is less by 71% than the end slip of specimen of hollow top chord and higher by 46.8 % than
the specimen of two hollow chords.

In this paper, an experimental electrical distribution transformer was studied and a new technique was
proposed to improve the performance of a new mixed cooling consisting of pure transformer oil, paraffin
wax and nanoparticles. The experiment was carried out on a small transformer that was done by taking a
model with dimensions (15 * 10 * 10) cm to facilitate calculations. Paraffin wax absorbs the heat generated
in the transformer due to the smelting process that can be used to cool electrical appliances. Nanoparticles
have good thermal properties and lead to increased oil insulation to thermal improvements in transformer
oil with dispersal of solid nanoparticles and their effects on transformer cooling. Three types of solid
nanoparticles were used in this experiment (Al2O3, TiO2, and Sic) with a different volume concentration
(1%, 3%, and 5%) and 4% paraffin wax as a certified added percentage for each process. The obtained
results showed that when mixing paraffin wax and solid nanoparticles with transformer oil, the transformer
cooling performance is improved by reducing the temperature. The best selected nanoparticles were found
to be Sic and the reason for this is that Sic has a higher thermal conductivity compared to (Al2O3 and TiO2).
The proposed hybrid oil reduces the temperature by 10 ° C (in the case of PCM and Sic) and it is possible
to improve the cooling performance of electrical transformers.

A simultaneous extraction study of lead, copper, and cadmium from diluted aqueous solution through
Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM) technique was conducted and extensive investigations of the impact
of the pH of the feed phase, homogenizer speed, surfactant (Span 80) and carrier (D2EHPA)
concentrations, and ratio of external to membrane phase on the system stability (breakage) and removal
efficiencies of Pb2+, Cu2+,Cd2+ ions were experimentally carried out. Kerosene was used as the membrane
and stabilized by Sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) as the emulsifier. Bis-2-Ethylhexyl phosphoric acid
(D2EHPA) as an extractant and H2SO4 as a reagent (internal phase) were utilized. Lead, Copper, and
Cadmium extraction efficiencies of 100%, 100%, and 98% were obtained respectively under specific
operating conditions. The emulsion stability of the system was studied, and breakage of 1.8% under the
best operating condition was obtained. High reagent (H2SO4) concentration (0.5 M) maintained the
simultaneous extraction of the three heavy metals (lead, copper, and cadmium) and minimizes the probable
interaction and competing mechanism between them in the extraction stage.

Traditional architecture style represents the evolutionary style and experienced characteristics of the
urban environment. This style includes a mixture of technical and cognitive values that are difficult to
conserve compared to other material resources. One of the important means of Conservation is analyzing
the deep structures of this architecture and determining their rules and constraints. On the other hand, Shape
Grammar is an effective system for analyzing architecture as it combines mathematical and morphological
values in architecture. The current research focuses on the problem of shape grammar strategies for each
scope in architecture, in addition to determining the techniques used in the analysis, derivation, and
generation of the shapes. It aims for defining the appropriate strategies of shape grammar in each scope in
architecture. Thus, the significance of this research stems from the disclosure of the potential of shape
grammar in analysis, generation, and representation of the built heritage in the same architectural language
as a mean of Conservation. The research adopts the analysis of studies that employed the shape grammar in
the built heritage. The research aim was achieved by determining the strategies of the shape grammar to
analyses and represent the built heritage according to its scope.

Copper removal from simulated wastewater was achieved using Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) as adsorbent.
The effects of contact time, pH, initial copper ion concentration, rotational speed, and Cement Kiln Dust
(CKD) amount were studied. The best operating conditions were determined by applying a Response
Surface Methodology (RSM). The results showed that the copper concentration has the main effect on the
efficiency of copper removal followed by time, shaking rate, dosage of cement kiln dust, and pH. The best
operating conditions were found to have a pH value of 8, contact time 90 minutes, shaking rate of 300 rpm,
copper ion concentration 20 ppm, and a quantity of CKD equivalent to 35 g / l. Based on this optimum
condition, 99 % of the efficiency of copper removal was achieved.

Recently, there have been several automatic approaches to color grayscale images, which depend on the
internal features of the grayscale images. There are several scales which are considered as a prominent key
to extract the corresponding chromatic value of the gray level. In this aspect, colorizing methods that rely
on automatic algorithms are still under investigation, especially after the development of neural networks
used to recognize the features of images. This paper develops a new model to obtain a color image from an
original grayscale image through the use of the Support Vector Machine to recognize the features of
grayscale images which are extracted from two stages: the first stage is Haar Discrete Wavelets Transform
used to configure the vector that combines with six of Statistical Measurements: (Mean, Variance,
Skewness, Kurtosis, Energy and Standard Deviation) extracts from the grayscales image in the second stage.
After the Support Vector Machine recognition has been done, the colorization process uses the result of
Support Vector Machine to recover the color to greyscale images by using YCbCr color system then it
converts the color to default color system (RGB) to be more clear. The proposed model will be able to move
away from relying on the user to identify the source image which matches in color levels and it exceeds the
network determinants of image types with similar color levels. In addition, Support Vector Machine is
considered to be more reliable than neural networks in classification algorithms. The model performance is
evaluated by using the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) in measuring the success of the assumed modal
of matching the coloring (resulting) images and the original color images. So, a reality-related result has
been obtained at a good rate for all the tested images. This model has proved to be successful in the process
of recognizing the chromatic values of greyscale images then retrieving it. It takes less time complexity in
trained data, and it isn’t complex in working

The gas turbine engines are occupied an important sector in the energy production and aviation industry and
this important increase day after day for their features. One of the most important parameters that limit the
gas turbine engine power output is the turbine inlet temperature. The higher is the turbine inlet temperature,
the higher is the power output or thrust but this increases of risks of blade thermal failure due to metallurgical
limits. Thus the need for a good and efficient process of blade cooling can lead to the best compromise
between a powerful engine and safe operation. There are two major methods: film or external cooling and
internal cooling inside the blade itself. . In the past number of years there has been considerable progress in
turbine cooling research and this paper is limited to review a few selected publications to reflect recent
development in turbine blade film cooling. The maximum drop in the surface temperature of the gas turbine
blade and associated thermal stress – due to incorporating cooling systems- were 735 ˚C, 1217 N/mm2
respectively.

Up to date the cubic equation or matrix tensor is consisting of nine values such as stress tensor that
turns into the cubic equation which has been used for solving classic method. This is to impose an initial
root several times to get it when achieves the equation and any other party is zero. Then dividing the cubic
equation on the equation of the root. After that dividing the cubic equation on the equation of the root and
using the classical method to find the rest of the roots. This is a very difficult issue, especially if the roots
are secret or large for those who are looking in a difficult field or even for those who are in the examination
room. In this research, two equations were reached, one that calculates the angle and the other that calculates
the three roots at high accuracy without any significant error rate. By taking advantage of the traditional
method, not by imposing a value to get the root of that equation, but by imposing an equation to get the
solution equation that gives the value of that root. After imposing that equation, the general equation was
derived from which that calculated the three roots directly and without any attempts. The angle that was
implicitly derived during the derive of the main equation is calculated by taking advantage of the constants
that do not change (invariants) for the matrix tensor (T).

A study was carried out to remove cadmium ions from a hydrochloric medium at a concentration of 100
ppm using the emulsified liquid membrane (ELM) technique. Emphasis was placed on assessing process
parameters and their effect on changing the concentration of cadmium ions in the hydrochloric solution.
To study the performance characteristics of the process, Taguchi method was used with analyzing of
signal/noise ratio. Five parameters that affect performance such as (pH of the external phase (1-4),
surfactant concentration in the organic layer (4% -10% v / v), carrier concentration in the organic layer
(4% -10% v / v), speed of Emulsification (5800-24000) rpm and emulsion volume ratio / outer phase
ratio (Eml./Ext ratio) was studied, taking into account the change in the concentration of cadmium ions in
the external phase. To obtain the lowest concentration of cadmium ions in the external stage, the values of
the optimum parameters were: pH = 3, Surfactant conc. = 4%, Carrier conc. = 8% emulsification speed =
19700 rpm, and Eml./Ext. ratio = 18%. Results of the present work suggested that Eml./Ext. ratio had a
major effect on the concentration change, followed by a pH in the outer phase, the emulsification
velocity, carrier concentration, and the surfactant concentration respectively.

The major goal of the presented study is to study the Reverse Osmosis (RO) characteristics for (Cd, U, Pb,
Cu, Zn, K, Th, and Ni) removal from an aqueous solution containing Phosphogypsum. This was performed
done by examining the impact related to temperature and pressure on the performance regarding the RO
membrane in the removal of elements with time. Values of temperatures (25, 35, and 45o C) and various
pressures such as (2, 4 and 6 bars) were used in this work. It was found that, as the pressure increases, the
flux permitted and rejection of elements would be increased, where were the values of maximum rejection
of elements 81,90.9,90.9,77.5,80.2,93.9,92.9 and 76.6% for Cd, U, Pb, Cu, Zn, K, Th, and Ni respectively,
when operating time 90 minutes and pressure 6 bar. The temperature increases the flux permitted while the
rejection of elements was steady state almost with the increase in temperature for all heavy and radioactive
elements. It was also shown shows that these a steady-state has stopped after 35 ºC and rejection start to
decrease until reaching 75,85.4,86.2,73.8,74,91.2,86.2 and 69% for Cd, U, Pb, Cu, Zn, K, Th, and Ni
respectively.