Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

This paper describes the soil stabilization process, the process involves stabilize gypseous soil with various percentage of lime and cement, separately, furthermore 1%Phosphorus pentoxide was added with the same percentage of lime and cement to determine the effect of Phosphorus pentoxide when it was mixed with other additive; the soil was brought from Abu Ghraib city. The gypsum content of the soil is found to be 35%. To improve this soil, many soil specimens were prepared by adding different percentage of lime or portland cement. The effects of the additives were studied. Furthermore, Phosphorus pentoxide was added to study its effect when lime or cement is added. It is found that adding 6% of cement and 1% of Phosphorus pentoxide will improve CBR and Absorption characteristics of the gypseous soil while 6% lime with 1% P2O5 reduces the swelling of the gypseous soil after soaking in water for four days.

In this study experimental investigation of the deflection control of R.C. beams strengthened using continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets is carried out. The test results show that the strengthening with (CFRP) sheet has a significant effect on the load-deflection response by increasing beam stiffness especially beyond the precracking stage. By using (CFRP), the maximum deflection is decreased by (26.7%) in comparison with control beam. The effect of Span to depth ratio has also an important role in the control of deflection. The reduction of (Span/Depth) ratio from (20) to (15, 12.5 and 10) will reduce the maximum deflection by (21%, 30.3% and 41.6%) respectively. The test results show the load-deflection response has not been affected significantly by increasing the steel reinforcement ratio at the pre-cracking stage. However, this behavior is dramatically changed at the cracking stage, by increasing steel reinforcement ratio of (2×ρmin) and (ρmax) as compared with (ρmin), the maximum deflection is reduced by (13.5% and 29.2%) respectively. Also the load-deflection response is not affected by the grade of steel reinforcement at the cracking stage.

This study presents an experimental and theoretical study on the behavior of circular, concrete-filled, steel tube (CFT) columns filled with self-compacting concrete (SCC) concentrically loaded in compression to failure. Specimens were tested to investigate the ultimate capacity and the load–deformation behavior of the columns. The behavior of these columns in confinement was discussed. The test results for acceptance characteristics of self-compacting concrete (SCC) such as slump flow; V-funnel and L-Box are presented. The experimental study was used to compare with theoretical results based on three different building codes. The codes used were the Eurocode 4 - EN 1994-1-1:2004 (EC4), ANSI/AISC 360:2010 and AIJ. The test specimens were of a length-to-diameter ratio (L / D) of 2.5, 6.25 and 9.375 respectively. The internal core is self-compacting concrete had nominal unconfined cylinder strength of 30 MPa. In general, the code provisions were of different accuracy in the prediction of column capacity. The AISC (1999) was the most conservative, while Eurocode 4 presented the values closest to the experimental results. The slenderness ratio was critical in determining the formation of a local buckle, and those slenderest columns only attained 85.7% of their section capacities.

A customary method to oxidize phenol, present in wastewater, was developed by using oxidation method in the presence of local faujasite type Y – zeolite catalyst prepared from Iraqi rice husk as a silica source and studying the behavior of this catalyst in a continuous bed reactor to remove phenol from hospital wastewater experimentally and theoretically by oxidation method. Experimental part of this investigation involved oxidize reaction of phenol, which was carried out using the above prepared catalyst at different variables which were the reaction temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV), oxygen partial pressure, pH of feed solution, phenol initial concentration, catalyst bed height and gas flow rate were varied from (100–200°C), (1–5 h-1), (5–15 bar), (3–11), (2–10 mg/l), (40–80) cm and (20–100%) stochiometric excess respectively. The analysis of phenol remaining in samples produced from oxidation reaction was achieved using spectrophotometer equipment. In the theoretical part, Equilibrium and Rate Based or Nonequilibr-ium mathematical models were developed using MATLAB and FORTRUN simultaneously to solve MESHR equations, M: Material Balance, E: Equilibrium Relations, S: Summation Equations, H: Heat Balance and R: Reaction Equations.

This research deals with the mosaicking aerial images using Geographic Information System ( GIS ) . The digital mosaic is assembled from two strips of aerial images. Each strip consists of four images of Jadria in Baghdad city ( Iraq ) at scale ( 1 : 3000 ) . Three methods of mosaics are implemented and compared : controlled , uncontrolled and semicontrolled mosaics . The controlled mosaic is produced from Ground Control Points ( GCPs ) located in the study area . Eighteen control points are selected at the optimum locations ensure the required distribution and strength of mosaics . The coordinates of GCPs are measured using Total Station instrument. Images are georeferenced to ground control points using ArcGIS 9.3 . Uncontrolled mosaic is prepared by matching the image details of adjacent images . Semicontrolled mosaic is assembled utilizing some combinations of the specifications for controlled and uncontrolled mosaics . The controlled mosaic is the accurate methods. All images must have the same number of bands , the same spatial reference and the same pixel size ; otherwise the mosaic cannot be created . Digital mosaic is extremely useful for preparing updating maps used in engineering projects.

The effect of anisotropic property in plates is very efficient in impact energy, recently the sandwich plates have been developed in order to reduce the weight of mechanical part and reduce the applied load in plastic forming. In this paper the effect of anisotropic property in izod impact energy for steel , aluminum and sandwich plates have been studied experimentally. Experimental results showed that the maximum value of impact energy at specimen with rolling direction(0º) and the minimum impact energy at specimen (90º)direction normal to rolling directing while the impact energy at specimen (45º) was found to be in between (0º) and (90º) . Result also showed that the effect of temperature in izod impact energy is increase as the impact energy increase with neglect any significant change in anisotropic property. Also it has been found that increase the thickness of specimen would increase izod impact energy.

In this research a numerical model is proposed to study the depletion of dissolved oxygen caused by discharge of heated water in the rivers. This problem was formulated by equations of momentum conservation, energy, turbulences and the relation between temperature and dissolved oxygen were used to describe the dissolved oxygen distribution along the study reach. The partial differential equations were simplified to obtain the system of linear equations that were then solved using Gauss-Elimination method .The numerical model was verified by conducting comparison of observed data from South-Baghdad power station with those computed by the model. The comparison results show an agreement with maximum absolute error (11%) and correlation factor of (0.921). The results of the study showed that increasing the bed roughness from 0.04m to 0.11m causes a longitudinal retardation of dissolved oxygen distribution about (26%) and vertical advance about (14%). Increasing the water-surface slope from 6 cm/km to 12 cm/km causes a longitudinal advance of dissolved oxygen depletion about (19%) and vertical retardation of about (16%) and Assumption of constant density of water causes a longitudinal and vertical retardation of dissolved oxygen depletion about 28% and 6% respectively.

In this research CCl4 as a lubricant is used for machining copper specimens. It was noticed that CCl4 has many effective effects at low machining speed, as well the effect at highspeed cutting vanished which is coincided with the results obtained by the researchers workedin this field and giving the cause of their results either for lubricant penetration loss at theinterface between the chip 0.005 m/sec, the cutting ratio (r) increases by more than 23% anddecreases to 7% at a cutting speed of 0.08 m/sec, on other hand the friction angle decreasesfrom about 37% to 11% as the cutting speed increases from 0.005 m/sec to 0.08 m/sec.

This paper presents the results of experimental study on strength and behavior of repairing rubberized reinforced concrete knee joints with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)sheets under bending moment tend to open the angle. A total of eighteen specimens with square cross section legs (150 mm×150mm) and length of legs (550 mm) were prepared and tested up to failure. Test parameters were the percentages of rubber aggregate by weight of coarse aggregate ( 5, 15 ,25 )%, length of rubber aggregate (1,2,4,6)mm, types of reinforcement details in corner region( simple or loop) and method of repairing with CFRP (U or L shape). The effects of these parameters on strength and behavior of knee joints are studies ,The results of the study demonstrated a decrease in cracking and ultimate moment strength of specimens with increase percentage and length of rubber aggregate, and significant increase on the strength of repaired knee joints compared with its original.

The effect of, normalizing heat treatment on corrosion resistance of carbon steel DIN CK45 is investigated. Test specimens (1.5*1.5*0.3) Cm were manufactured according to ASTM G71-30 Heat treatments (Quenching, and normalizing were performed by heating the specimens in electrical furnace to 850 ◦ C and cooling in water for quenching and by air for normalizing microstructure were examined by optical microscopeCorrosion tests were investigated by electrochemical potential state cell in prepared salt water (sea water) amulti velocities (1, 2, and 3) m/min where the test specimen represents the positive electrode (anode) pole. Tafle equation was adopted to calculate the corrosion rate. The obtained results show that the heat treatment improves the corrosion resistance by increasing the combination of iron with carbon reducing by that the combination of iron with oxygen which produces rust.Increasing velocity of the media (sea water) contributed in decreasing the corrosion rate because of reducing the assembling of ions on cathode pole Keyword: Heat treatment, Carbon Steel CK45, Corrosion Resistance...

In this paper, a 16-QAM transmitter for software defined radio is designed and simulated using MATLAB-Simulink environments. The reconfigurable and reliable in the transmitter permit to do multiple functions of modulation schemes and pulse shaping in the same time. A software defined radio (SDR) technology could implement all transmitter requirements with less resources and power consumption. However, the transmitter part of SDR transceiver is investigated deeply for 70 MHz. The analysis of constellation and eye diagrams of multiple QAM schemes has been studied, examined and compared to achieve multiple system requirements. The experimental and simulation results shows an important development and the SDR transmitter style guide for current and future wireless and mobile systems. This development could support the 3G and accelerate the transformation to 4G.

The inhibition of corrosion of low carbon steel (LCS) using some polyethylene glycols (PEGs) in different acidic mediums by weight loss technique was investigated. The corrosion inhibition was performed in hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid at different acid temperatures and acid concentrations, also at various polyethylene glycol concentrations and its average molecular weights. Results obtained reveal that PEG is an active inhibitor and shows very good corrosion inhibition efficiency (IE). The IE was found to vary with acid temperature, acid concentration, polyethylene glycol's concentration and average molecular weight. Also it was found that the corrosion inhibition behavior of PEG is greater in sulphuric acid than in hydrochloric acid. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the LCS surface is in agreement with Langmuir and Frumkin adsorption isotherms. The inhibition efficiencies are increased by increase of the inhibitor's concentration and average molecular weight, decreases with an increase in the concentration and temperature of the acid.

The amount of wastes has increased year by year and the disposal becomes a serious problem. Particularly, recycling ratio of the plastic wastes in life and industry is low and many of them have been reclaimed for the reason of unsuitable ones for incineration. It is necessary to utilize the wastes effectively with technical development in each field. This study presents a simple way of recycling plastic waste in the field of civil engineering as reinforcing material. Reinforced soil construction is an efficient and reliable technique for improving the strength and stability of soils. The technique is used in a variety of applications, ranging from retaining structures and embankments to subgrade stabilization beneath footings and pavements. This paper describes an experimental study on mixing plastic waste pieces with two types of soil (clayey soil and sandy soil) at different mixing ratios (0,2,4,6,8 )% by weight respectively. For the two types of soils, the shear strength parameters (cohesion value and angle of internal friction) of reinforced and unreinforced samples were investigated by the direct shear test. In addition, a series of compaction tests were performed on clayey soil mixed with different percentages of waste pieces.

This paper presents techniques of speech scrambling based-fractional order chaotic system which is used due to many properties; first of all using fractional order as key will increase key space which makes it is very difficult to decrypt by a 3d-party. It is a random like noise behavior; it is defined over continuous number fields, which leads to possibility of using many nonlinear functions in encryption. A one channel with chaotic masking is used to encrypt low level speech signal. The low level speech signal problem is solved by using two-channel secure communication. In a two channel method, one channel is used for transmitting a pure driving signal to achieve faster synchronization while a highly nonlinear function is used to encrypt the speech signal and transmit it in the other channel. The simulation results show that scrambled speech is unintelligible, preserving bandwidth, the dynamic response of fractional order chaotic system is highly sensitive to fractional order values and the variation of a parameter, chaotic trajectory is very unpredictable, key space is expanded and guaranteed higher security.

A multidimensional database is a data warehouse that supports basically the efficient execution of complex business decision queries. Every response can be significantly improved by storing an appropriate set of Appear views of the data. These views are selected from the multidimensions whose elements represent the solution space of the problem. Techniques discussed in this paper can be implemented using relational database technology. The approach is also capable of exploiting multidimensional query processing, Techniques like aggregation, this yields a practical solution with low computational overhead,In this paper. Techniqueswe propose multidimensional databases. Dimensions, dimension hierarchies and cubes are formally introduced , furthermore; we provide a mapping of the multidimensional model to the relational model and to multidimensional arrays.the results shows much progressing speed of data insertion , decision capability , and cost reduction as well comparing with traditional data insertion.

Concrete sandwich panel [CSP] is a relatively new and innovated form of construction. In the present study, it is consisting of a layer of light weight concrete [L.W.C], sandwiched between two outer layers of reinforced concrete which are connected together by truss reinforcement as shear connectors. An experimental study was conducted on ten slab panels, with three variables were investigated (thickness of the inner wythe, the strength of the outer wythe, and the type of light weight aggregate which used in the inner wythe) .When one of these variables was varied, the other two variables remain constant. The slab panels were tested as simply support under two point loads. The results, that obtained from the experimental program, indicated that the strength of the reference slab panels increased when the thickness was increased. This behavior can be seen when the thickness of the inner wythe for sandwich slab panels was increased. The strength was decreased when the concrete strength of the outer wythes increase for sandwich slab panels. The strength of the sandwich slab panel with the sawdust, which used as aggregate in the inner wythe, was greater than the strength of sandwich slab panel with polystyrene (styropor) or porcilenite.

Sheet glass waste can be advantageous in concrete making leads to greener environment .two different series were prepared to accomplish the scope of the study .The first series was prepared by partially substituting the fine aggregates (sand) with fine sheet glass waste (fine sheet glass is a waste glass sheet reduced in size into 2.36-4.75mm) .The substituting of sand in proportions of (10%,20%,30%,40%,50%)by fine sheet glass waste . The second series was prepared by partially substituting the coarse aggregate (gravel) with crushed glass sheet waste (crushed glass sheet is waste glass sheet crushed to size of 9-12mm) .The substituting of gravel in proportions of (10%,20%,30%,40%,50%) by crushed glass sheet waste . The effect of FGA & CGA on Workability ,Hardness , Density and VP of the concrete with fresh and hardened concrete tests were analyzed .The result of the study conducted ,FGA where determined to have a significant effect upon the workability of the concrete , hardness, density and UPV higher than to the effect of CGA reaction was determined to have a slightly reduction in all properties , the results also showed the better percent of substitution was 40% FGA as a replacement of sand and the better percent of substitution was 20% CGA as a replacement of gravel .

Sheet buckling a form of instability, is undesirable in final products as it contributes a decrease in part stiffness and affects part appearance and assembly. Controllable local buckling is sometimes introduced in forming processes to bring additional material to a forming cavity for subsequent stretching, which results in a more complex or deeper part. In this paper, the buckling limit diagrams (BLDs) were experimentally evaluated for mild steel and stainless steel SS316 sheets with thickness (1mm). The highest resistance of buckling in the buckling limit diagram is found in the stainless steel SS316 sheet and the lowest resistance in the mild steel sheet , also we can find the maximum buckling height in specimen 3 (50mm) of mild steel sheet , and the lowest buckling height shown in specimen 1 (18mm) for stainless steel SS316 sheet. The maximum elongation shown in specimen 1 (40) of mild steel sheet, and also the maximum load applied found in stainless steel SS316 sheet (60KN).

An experimental investigation was conducted on the effect of elevated temperatures on mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC), mainly on compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. Reactive powder concrete was prepared using cement, silica fume, fine sand and steel fibers to cast and test 128 specimens (cubes, cylinders and prisms) with various steel fibers ratios of 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% at temperatures of 20°C, 200°C, 400°C and 600°C. Results generally show that the decrease in compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength become larger when temperature exceeds 400°C. At 600°C the decreasing ratios were 17.8%, 38.87% and 58.58% for compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength, respectively. Explosive spalling of RPC at elevated temperatures was also observed and discussed.

It is important to confirm the production (bricks) with factory private stratification throw the quality monitoring for the continues production process in the factory after we know a limits of the factory production so when there is any deviation from these limits indicate the index that an operation process is out of the control and we must do the correction that for reproduction around the factory’s quality limits .A control charts for proportion was used in this search for application it to the efflorescence characteristic of bricks ,Alqadissiah brick factory was chosen us a case study , throw of drawing control chart for efflorescence characteristic proportion, it is shown that the upper limit is 43.62%, that mean 43.62% from production be in (meddle efflorescence ) and may not be upper than this .when the points is showing we find there inside the limits ,that mean the production process is under control and that after drawing second chart by neglect four points (three of there)are outside limit because order causes related to put up a new water system to filter water that using in the knead, and (first point) was taken before put up a new water system...

In this research the natural gas cylinder steel type (CK45) samples were prepared by traditional preparation operations , chemical composition of samples was analyzed , the hardness was tested, then corrosion testing was achieved for the two major cases, a general corrosion case when the corrosive medium (sea water and weak carbonic acid) was static for four hours , and the second case was corrosion with presence of mechanical vibration, which included two sub-cases , in first case; corrosion of vibrated samples with vibrated corrosive medium, and in second case when the samples were fixed and corrosive medium was vibratory , a total test period was four hours for each case ,then weight loss and the corrosion rate of all cases of corrosion mentioned was calculated by a traditional weight loss method , as well as the microstructures before and after the corrosion cases were studied. The weight loss and corrosion rate reached the highest value in the second case of corrosion with presence of mechanical vibration were observed for (fixed samples and corrosive medium is vibratory), than first case of corrosion with presence of mechanical vibration (vibrated samples with the vibrated corrosive medium), and less value of corrosion rate and weight loss in case of general corrosion (corrosion in static medium)...