Al-Iraqia Journal for Scientific Engineering Research

Because of advances in Light-Emitting Diodes LEDs and visible-light communication (VLC), future technology is light fidelity. The interference problems with radio frequency (RF) communication was overcome by using visible light communication (VLC) technology, which has higher bandwidth and greater security. On the other hand, the FSO link is affected by complex weather, Where Different atmospheric conditions affect the optical power of the FSO system very significantly, decreasing significantly. The effects of turbulent weather on OCDMA technology are examined in this paper and compared with and without using this technology at different distances in L-Bands in light of the increased number of users. There are various challenges that Li-Fi technology faces in maintaining the system performance with the increase in the number of users. These issues will cause a decrease in the system’s performance parameters, such as BER. Further, the challenges that exist are the total bandwidth usage and the number of users without affecting the system. Finally, security should be maintained at the highest level at the lowest cost. With the best results, the research shows that Optical Code division multiple access OCDMA technologies enhance system performance and stability, especially over long distances. On the contrary, the system will fail to function correctly over the same distance if the technology mentioned above is not utilized. For example, the heavy dust, the system achieved approximately from 1.02 * 10-12 to 9.5 * 10-11 with our proposed technology, whereas it achieved approximately from 2.8 * 10-7 to 4 * 10-4 without the proposed technology at a distance ranging from 60m to 160m. the system was tested during heavy fog weather, considered the most challenging situation, with an n attenuation of 340dB/M. The results revealed that the system achieved roughly 1.11*10-12 to 9.25*10-11, but without OCDMA technology, it achieved between 3.8*10-8 and 1.4*10-4 at 20 m to 120 m. These include heavy dust, fog, and moderate attenuation of 340, 242, and 85 dB/m, which have been used.

Due to the significant need for modern technologies to meet the growing requirements of wide bandwidths, high levels of security, and high speeds. Considered Light fidelity is a future technology optical WC system that employs VL to transport data in open space. The end-user has employed VLC based on (LEDs). This technique provides a high data transfer rate, higher security, and less interference with other radio frequencies. This study investigates Li-Fi System Performance based on OCDMA/FOS under Effective Weather conditions on L-band frequency. LI-FI technology faces many challenges in maintaining system performance owing to the rise in user numbers and the different weather conditions. This causes the system performance to decrease in BER, Q-factor, power, etc. and maintains good security at the lowest possible costs and the best results. Proposed system, in addition to measuring the frequency filtering amount used in the proposed system, The results showed a significant improvement using the proposed technique, where the system achieved the error bit rate in clear weather from 3.93 * 10-28 to 2.5 * 10-24, and also in dusty weather, it achieved from 1.7 * 10-28 to 8 * 10-23 in addition to that The amount of frequencies filtering in UFBG This means that the minimum amount to use the filter feature is1.2nm. Suggested design has proven its ability to maintain acceptable performance in end-user in light of the increase in the number of users.

Material scientists have always faced a significant obstacle in the process of joining materials that are distinct from one another. The main aim of this research is to join stainless steel with alumina under pressure. The ceramic and stainless steel SS 304 were joined in this work by brazing with a torch and furnace. The study focused on a ceramic-to-stainless steel joint: a stainless steel 30 mm stripe that was brazed to alumina using the same brazing alloy and alumina to themselves. The joints were evaluated using numerical analysis, and the module was run by Ansys 18.2 in Solidworks 2017. The tensile strength of the experimental work reached 62 MPa during slow cooling with pressurized air at the furnace, as shown by the numerical analysis result. This islower than the fracture of the ceramic material alumina.The Tensile Stress at 65.3MPa in the numerical analysis corresponds nearly exactly to the experimental work

In the near future, the biomedical research will be one of the major applications for sensor networks. Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) consist of a set of bio-sensors that are implanted inside the human body to sense several health conditions, the communication between these sensors is made wirelessly. These sensors are charged by a battery. The nodes will transmit the sensed data through other nodes in the order it to the base station which is located outside the sensing environment which in this case represents the human body. The communication field consumed a significant amount of node’s energy and minimizes the lifetime of the node. Furthermore, the sensor’s operation generates heat which raises the tissue temperature around the implanted sensors. Therefore, the research majorly addresses these issues of communication, a new Temperature and Energy-Aware Routing Protocol (TEARP) has been presented for WBANs implementing a new route-choice system that seeks to equalize the use of energy of sensors and minimize their overheating. This method is depending on a formula that takes into account the remaining energy of sensor nodes, the distance between nodes as well as between nodes to sink, in addition to their temperature when selecting the following relay node. The simulation results show that the TEARP protocol has improved network lifetime efficiency by about 300%and 90%, stability by about 82% and 11%, and residual energy by about 71% and 74% compared to the M-ATTEMPT and Simple protocols respectively.

This paper deals with the issue of frequency regulation in a small insulated low inertia grid with a large participation of renewable energy sources (RESs). A strong decentralized control strategy is used, allowing various RESs such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells to provide additional frequency recovery service.

A small grid with a synchronous machine, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells was developed as generation units to test the effectiveness of the suggested technique. Furthermore, the battery and supercapacitors were added to the system to give additional service to suppliers. Simulating the system response to numerous uncertainty is used to evaluate the controller's performance. the controller's efficiency is displayed in Graphical form.

This paper will show how a decentralized method that allows all units to provide active power supports not only adjusts frequency nadir points but also minimizes the amount of active power required in the process. As a result, the electrical pressure on each element that supports the network against the heavy usage of RESs is reduced.

In recent years, pedestrian attributes and activity recognition has attracted expanding research emphasis due to their considerable research importance and value of application in the intelligent civil and military domains. Owing to the inadequate image or frame quality of inexpensive cameras and the absence of obvious and stable feature information, direction of pedestrian movement, and so on, the complication of pedestrian attributes and activity recognition is expanded. However, with the comprehensive implementation of deep learning techniques, pedestrian attributes and activity recognition has made a substantial advance. This paper is the first of its kind because it combines the recognition of pedestrian attributes and activities separately, and reviews the works on pedestrian attributes and activities using deep learning in relation to datasets. The fundamental concepts, corresponding challenges, and popular solutions are also explained. Furthermore, in this community, metrics of evaluation and concise performance comparisons are given. In the end, the hotspots of the present research and the directions of the future research are summarized.

Due to a lack of legal enforcement, numerous vehicle accidents occur every year throughout the world. An effective vehicle tracking system is developed, tested, and classified in order to identify the speed of any vehicle in any street at any time and from any location (highways, crowded or secondary roads). The suggested system makes use of IoT technology, which is a relatively new development that has already made significant contributions to scientific research as well as offers many wonderful conveniences in daily life. The in-vehicle device utilizes GPS and GSM/GPRS, two of the most commonly used tracking technologies. The device is integrated into a moving object (vehicle) that is automatically tracked and observed in real-time. Through the OBD interface, the Raspberry Pi microcontroller periodically reads the vehicle speed. The Raspberry Pi microcontroller is equipped with GPS and GSM/GPRS modules to track the location of the vehicle. and, when the speed limit is exceeded, sends the coordinates and speed to the central station over the internet. The data pertaining to each vehicle is kept in a database at the central station. Based on the data gathered from the in-vehicle gadget, the driver who exceeded the speed limit will immediately receive a fine through the central station. The proposed system will help in reducing the likelihood of driver fraudulence and has demonstrated its efficiency and accuracy to reduce excessive speed and traffic accidents, leading to the daily saving of many lives. The system has been successfully built and effectively tested at a lower cost than traditional systems that rely on the use of cameras on each road.

In the latest, digital images are frequently used for storage, communication, medical imaging, etc. Such images possibly involve private data, which accordingly handed an important role to information security. Image encryption and steganography are two widely used techniques for providing information security. Cryptography is the technique of protecting information by encryption and decryption. In steganography, the message is inserted in an image with changes entitled a cover image. The principal purpose of the study is to improve the current secure data communication techniques, by combining cryptography with steganography. Steganography and cryptography are two examples of the multiple methods used to guarantee secrecy and privacy throughout data communication. The suggested approach achieves encryption and decryption utilizing chaotic encryption technique and employing hash-least significant bit (HLSB) as steganography which is a significant method of embedding data bits in LSB bits of RGB pixels of the cover image. The suggested image encryption method is validated by experimental results to be highly secure and resistant to a variety of attacks. Additionally, compared to several conventional picture encryption techniques, it offers higher performance. Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE)calculations are used to provide security evaluations. PSNR is infinite and MSE is 0 for a secret image. PSNR and MSE for the cover image are 65 and 0.02 dB respectively. The results of this research reveal a high level of similarities between stego and cover images, and between recovered and secret images, as seen in the histogram analysis of secret images. These techniques are accomplished effectively by using the MATLAB program.

In this research project, we describe a Global System for Mobile Communications-based self-sufficient remote meter-reading system (GSM). Because this paper is so useful, meter readers do not need to visit each customer's location in person to obtain energy consumption information. Using a microcontroller, it is possible to monitor and maintain track of the meter readings. It is unnecessary for the electricity company to dispatch personnel to physically disconnect a delinquent client. Using short messaging service (SMS), the energy supplier may temporarily disconnect and then reconnect a customer's service (SMS). In addition, the client may monitor the load (the power condition) from any location. GSM is used in this case for the transfer of data from energy meters.