Iraqi National Journal Of Chemistry

This study revealed that urease was immobilized by entrapment in gelatin and
calcium alginate, the ratios of immobilization were 89% and 80% respectively. The result
of immobilized urease characterization showed that the enzyme retained its original
activity when it was incubated at 70 ºC for 50 minutes. The maximum enzyme activity of
immobilized enzyme was 80 ºC and the optimum pH of activity was 7.5.
The study revealed that the Km and Vmax of the immobilized enzyme were 181
mM and 225 mM/Min. respectively, when the urea was used as a substrate.As for the stability of storage for free and immobilized enzyme, the study showed
that the immobilized enzyme by gelatin lost 20% of its activity after 90 days from
keeping in phosphate buffer 50 mM, pH 8 at 4 ºC in comparison with free enzyme which
lost 50% under the same condition. The enzyme immobilized by gelatin retained its
original activity till the tenth use while the enzyme immobilized by calcium alginate
retained its original activity till the fourth use.

The aim of this study is to devising a Novel Method (Gel Filtration) to isolate the
bioactive component Aucubin from Plantago Major plant (one of Plantoginaceae
family) which grows in Iraq.
Different extracts of leaves and stems of Plantago Major plant were prepared.
These extracts include: cold and hot water and ethanolic extracts for fresh and dried
samples of plant for each of these solvents.
The separation technique includes gel filtration using a column of Sephadex G-25
with three mobile phases (water, Tris HCl pH=7 and Tris HCl pH=8). While the
identifications are completed by molecular absorption spectrophotometer and thin
layer chromatography (TLC).

This study included the effect of intake of some lipids on the antioxidant at (15 )
white male mice their ages between ( 2 – 2.5 month ) , weights between (20 – 25 gm)
. They divided into five groups which takes provender.
Group ( A ) as a control which takes a typical provender , group ( B ) takes olive
oil with it , group ( C ) takes acorn oil with it ، group ( D ) takes an animal fat with it
and group ( E ) takes an animal with it and vitamin C & E , after two weeks slays the
animal and collect their blood to carry out the serum.The results indicate a higher increase for total fats concentration for group ( B ) as a
compared with its concentration in group ( A ). A high enzyme activity detected for
arylesterase for each ( B,E ) groups and the concentration of malonaldehyde for (
B , D ) groups as a compared with ( A ) group, as well as low enzyme activity
detected for arylesterase with ( D ) group and low enzyme activity for glutathione - S
- transferase and glutathione concentration , as well as the activity of catalase for each
( B,C,D,E ) groups as compared with ( A ) group. The result shows an increased for
animal weighs after consuming lipids to ( B,E,D ) groups.
The final results detected that all kinds of lipid which used in this research
shows an effect on the antioxidant activity on the experimental animals.

In the present study design and manufacturing of specimens from oxides was elected
like CaCO3, Al2O3, CaO, SiO2 for its use as insulators and catalyst. Physical properties
of powders oxides ,as the particle size, apparent density, the bulk density and purity are
determined through the tests which performed on its. The equivalent ratios of powders
are mixed and compressed to form a thin layer with 2 mm and campaign on the
composite materials (unsaturated poly ester resin with random glassy fibers ) and (epoxy
resin with random glassy fibers). The water absorptive test of specimen at thermal and
isothermal conditions were done ,the results showed that generous absorpability of the
oxides satisfied by CaCO3 for single oxide and Al2O3-CaO for binary mixture

Photocatalytic oxidation of iodide ion in the aqueous suspension of zinc oxide
and its sensitization with riboflavin has been done . Irradiation of reaction mixture
was done by used each of visible , and ultraviolet radiation. The concentration of
iodine formed was determined by spectrophotometric method . According to this
method the amount of product formed was finding by a suitable calibration curve and
measuring the absorbance at ( 350 nm) . The reaction was done at three different
temperatures 293,298 and 303 K. Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction was
used in calculation of activation energy which was about (24 kJ. mol-1 ). Langmuir-
Hinshilwood(LH) kinetic model was applied for the reaction as it first order in its
kinetics which gives reaction rate constant of (1.4*10-6 sec-1 ) and equilibrium
adsorption constant of (2.5 * 104 l.mol-1).The results showed that sensitized zinc oxide
was more active that naked form . Also used ultraviolet light was more efficient then
visible light . The efficiency of reaction increased with elevation in the temperature
of reaction .Also the basisity of solution was increased with the development of
reaction

Some of mechanical, optical, miscellaneous and thermal properties as density (d),
Specific gravity (Sp. gr.), thermal expansion efficient (α), Aniline point (A.P), Diesel
index (D.I), Refractive index (R.I), heat of combustion (gross calorific value) (Q),
heat of Latent (L) and the percentage of hydrogen (%H ) , the acidity and %ash were
determined. The ratio of some impurity and the standardization of these samples to
the usage were determined also. From this studied that show the addition of kerosene
to gas oil (at slight amount of it in local's market) may be good the storage property,
so the sample (2) is making high value of thermal expansion compared with other
samples.
In sprit of, the values of Sp. gr of samples 6,7 &8 were occurred in standard
range(19), but the amount of %Ash may be very high that caused the damage of car's
engine in the little time.

In this study, the removal of para nitroaniline (PNA) from aqueous suspension
of bentonite was investigated as a function of pH, concentration and temperature.
Adsorption process was attained to the equilibrium within 65 minutes which
investigated by using uv-visible spectrophotometer technique.
The adsorbed amount of para nitroaniline (PNA) decreased as the temperature
and pH increased .
The Dubinin-Rasdushkevich (D-R) isotherm equation was applied to the data
and values of parameters of this isotherm equation was calculated.
The mean energy of adsorption Eads, was also calculated from the adsorption
energy constant K/ . It’s Value determined from the D-R isotherm equation.
The rate constant for adsorption and activation energy value for the adsorption
process was calculated at neutral pH.

In this study, kaolin clay was used as the adsorbent for the removal of congo red,
eosin B and neutral red from aqueous solutions. The effect of contact time was
investigated and found that the adsorption process of dyes on kaolin surface was reached
complete equilibrium within 60 min
The maximum uptake of congo red, eosin B and neutral red by kaolin clay were
found to be 65.7%, 89.7% and 97.9%, respectively.
The kinetic data were well fitted to the lagergren, pseudo-second order models.
The results obtained show that the second order rate constants of eosin – kaolin and
neutral red – kaolin systems are much higher than that of congo red – kaolin system. This
behavior was discussed depending on the chemical structure of dyes and kaolin surface.
The kinetics of dyes adsorption was also studied in terms of intraparticle
diffusion model. The results indicated that intraparticle diffusion plays a significant role
in the adsorption mechanism.

In this study, a new polymers (8) and (13) that contain 1,2,3-Thiadiazole or 1,2,3-
Selenadiazole heterocyclic rings in the side chains from the reaction of the commercial
available Polymer (Poly[4-hydroxystyrene]) with substituted 1,2,3-Thiadiazole or 1,2,3-
Selenadiazole were prepared.
The 1,2,3-Thiadiazole and 1,2,3-Selenadiazole heterocyclic rings in the side chains of
the polymers are able to undergo cycloaddition reaction with evolution of nitrogen, when
treated with UV- light either in solution or as thin films. These reactions were followed up by
using spectroscopic techniques like (UV-Visible and Infrared) spectroscopy.
The decrease of the absorption peaks in the UV-spectra and the emission peaks in the
IR-spectra that are characteristic of the 1,2,3-Thiadiazoles and of the 1,2,3-Selenadiazoles is
followed.
The crosslinking reactions of the polymers were carried out in solution and as a thin film
through irradiation with UV-lamp λmax=294 light source (150 watt). These compounds
showed an importance in microlithography, manufacturing of electronic devices and in
pharmacological uses as antibacterial and fungus because they contain 1,2,3-Thiadiazole and
1,2,3-Selenadiazole heterocyclic rings.

The structural and electronic properties of Z-[α-(p-substituted phenyl) β-(5-substituted
2-thienyl) acrylonitrile] of general formula Y-C2H2S-CH=C(CN)C6H4X (where X=Me,
OMe, H, Cl, NO2, Y=H, Me, Br) have been investigated theoretically by using semi –
empirical molecular orbital method at the level of PM3 theory. The optimized structures
relative binding energies, Mulliken charge, position of HOMO and LOMO, electronic
energy and total energy were estimated.
Subsituent effect on Mulliken charge for CP, Cα, Co, Cβ, C2, and C5 have been done
using dual substituent paramder DSP, Reynolds's model. It was found that these atoms
gave a good correlation with Reynold's model in three series.

The paper includes the preparation of eight Schiff bases , derived for
salicylaldehyde and o-methoxybenzaldehyde with aromatic amines such as o,m,pamino
aniline and o,m,p-phenylene diamine by standard method. The ratio of
aldehyde to amine during synthesis of imines are either 1:1 or 2:1 respectively .The
last ratio gives a new class of di-salicylidene anilines of limited publications is known
on them till now.
The presence of hydrogen bondings in imines , are identified by using UV and
IR spectra.
The study led to a conclusion that imines under investigation , are exist as an
equilibrium mixtures of enol and keto forms in 1,2- dichloro ethane. The mechanisms
of tautomerism reactions of imines are included. Finally , the influence of
concentrations of Schiff bases on tautomerism process , namely on equilibrium
constants values and ΔG thermodynamic parameter are given

The present study deals with the investigation of total acidity, acid-neutralizing
capacity (ANC) and mineral contents in some edible plants in order to determine their
effect on neutralizing the acidity of gastric juice. The investigated plants are radish,
cabbage, carrot, tomato, apricot and banana. The “total acidity” reflects the volume of
0.1 N HCl needed to decrease the pH of 50 ml of each plant syrup by one unit.
The maximum total acidity was 75 ml for apricot, then 54 ml for carrot, 48 ml
for cabbage and 38 ml for each of banana and radish. The minimum value was 15 ml
for tomato.
Apricot, carrot and cabbage exhibited a relatively high ANC (viz. 6.7, 5.1 and
4.6 ml, respectively), while tomato and radish leaves exhibited a low ANC (viz. 1.3
and 1.8 ml, respectively).
As regards the mineral contents, cabbage had the highest level of Na (viz. 0.99
mg/g dry weight, DW). The richest source of K (viz. 73.5 mg/g DW) was tomato.
Apricot showed the highest Ca content (viz. 38 mg/g DW) and Mg content (viz. 24
mg/g DW). Heavy metals showed wide variations. Cu contents ranged between 0.012
(for banana) and 0.0035 mg/g DW (for both carrot and radish). The highest Zn
content (viz. 0.112 mg/g DW) and Cd content (viz. 0.004 mg/g DW) was in banana.
The findings suggest that some of the studied plants (viz. apricot, carrot and
cabbage) reflect a good buffering effect according to their relatively high total acidity
and ANC. In addition, carrot, radish and cabbage may play a good role in reducing
gastric juice-acidity since they contain relatively high contents of Mg, which is one of
the suitable metals usually used in manufacturing antiacids.

The present study is concerned with the investigation of the activity of some
enzymes as glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), aryl-esterase, peroxidase, and
acetyl cholinesterase. The concentration of lipid profile in serum of patients with
chronic renal failure (CRF) treated by hemodialysis also have been measured.
Forty-seven patients with CRF under went hemodialysis and (40) healthy
controls were included in this study.
The results obtained show a significant decrease in the activity of GOT,
arylesterase, peroxidase, acetyl cholinesterase and in the concentration of lipid profile
in serum of CRF patients when compared with control group.

factor as hypertension , diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and cystiene level, as well.
Objective: To investigate the association between lipid profile as risk index for CVD
and renal function parameters in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods: One hundred and one patients (51 males, 50 females) with AMI admitted to
Merjan Teaching Hospital in Hilla city on 2007 and fifty five (30 males, 25 females)
apparently healthy persons as a controls subject to present study. Determination of
blood Total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL)-
cholesterol, serum creatinine (Cr) and serum uric acid (UA) were preformed using
colorimetric methods. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol and low
density lipoprotein (LDL) -cholesterol was determined using mathematical method.
Risk index of lipid profile determined by dividing TC/ LDL –cholesterol.
Results: Serum Cr and UA found to be significantly increased in patients with AMI
when compared with healthy controls. Total cholesterol , VLDL- cholesterol, LDLcholesterol
and TG of patient with AMI in both gander found to be significantly
increase when compared with healthy controls. HDL- cholesterol of patients found to
be decreased.
Conclusion: Serum Cr and serum UA can be regarded as risk factor for patient with
CVD.

A sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method was proposed for studying
of Co(II) using 2-[(6-Methyl-2-Benzothiazolyl)azo]-4-Chloro Phenol (6-
MeBTAClP).The reaction between Co(II) and(6-MeBTAClP) reagent is instantaneous
at pH=6.1, and the absorbance remains stable for over 24 h. The method allows for
the determination of Co(II) over the range (0.3 - 10.0)μg.ml-1,with molar absorptivity
of( 1884.8)l.mol-1.cm-1 and a detection limit of 0.27 μg.ml-1 at 600 nm .Recovery and
relative error values of precision and accuracy of method were found to be
R.S.D%=1.22%,Re%=96.68% ,and Erel=3.32% .Study of complex nature shows that
(M: L) ratio was 1:2 at pH=6.1 ,and the stability constant of (8.33 x 107) l2. mol-2 .
The interferences of ions (NH4+,I- ,Hg2+ ,Al3+,Cu2+, Ni2+, F-,S2O32-) on absorbance
were studied. A suitable masking agents were used for eliminating of seriously
interfering ions.

The effects of non- porous powder samples of TiO2 (with specific surface
areas of about 55 m2g-l) on the kinetics of disappearance of 2,4,5Trichlorophenol
(2,4,5- TCP) in water were determined.
The photocatalytic character of the 2,4,5- TCP disappearance in its presence was
shown by (i) the effects of the catalyst mass on the initial rate ro, (ii) the Langmuirian
-type relationship between ro and Co (iii) the low activation energy of 2,4,5- TCP
disappearance (iV) the effect of pH solution, (V) the effect of initial concentration Co
of 2,4,5- TCP on the rate of photodegradation ro by using medium pressure mercury
lamp at 125 W.

The electrolytic cell with the electrolyte dropping electrode comprised Ag/AgCl as
working electrode, Ag/AgCl reference electrode and platinum wire counter electrode.
This cell evaluated by the determination of the thermodynamics data for lithium and
potassium ions transfer across a liquid-liquid interface in the presence of the crown
ethers. In the present system we intend to demonstrate the use of a simple threeelectrode
assembly with electrolyte dropping electrode for the study of the interfacial
ion transfer.
In particular, we focused on the transfer of lithium and potassium ions from water
to 1, 2- dichloroethane (1, 2-DCE) facilitated by complex formation with benzo-15-
crown -5 (B15C5), 18-crown -6 (18C6), dibenzo-18 – crown-6 (B218C6) and
dicyclohexyl-18- crown -6 (Cy2 18C6).
Extensive thermodynamics data, suggest that the standard
Gibbs energies of transfer of lithium and potassium ions from water to 1,2-DCE and
stability constant of crown ether complexes depends on the relative cation and ligand
cavity size, the number and special arrangements of the ligand binding sites and the
substitution on the macrocyclic ring.