Mustansiriyah Journal of Humanities

This research aims to study the style of the command and the call in the office of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him). The first section presents the definition of the command linguistically and terminologically, and revealed its formulas in which the intended meaning is highlighted and its reflection on the meeting. The command is considered one of the chapters of grammar in which there has been much controversy and disagreement among grammarians. I touch on all four of his methods that Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) used in the Diwan. The second section defines the call linguistically and terminologically, explaining the letters and parts of the call. Then the research reveals the different styles that the call style included in the Imam’s Diwan, trying to highlight the different meanings. The method of appeal emerges through the linguistic context in which it is organized, such as regret, caution, brevity, deletion, etc. The research endes with a list of sources and references.

The investigation endeavors to examine the association between algebraic reasoning and spatial visual intelligence among female students in the third grade of mathematics. The study group comprised 400 female students from the third grade in specific schools linked to the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Rusafa Second. The scholar utilized Al-Abadi's (2021) assessment for algebraic reasoning and drew upon prior research and literature when formulating the items for the spatial visual intelligence scale. The utilization of the t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient was employed by the researcher to analyze the findings. The outcomes indicated a statistically noteworthy distinction at a significance level of (0.05) between the average and the hypothetical mean of the scores of third-grade female students in the algebraic reasoning test and the spatial visual intelligence scale in favor of the average. Moreover, a statistically significant positive correlation was revealed between the scores of third-grade female students in the algebraic reasoning test and their scores in the spatial visual intelligence scale. Based on the findings of the study, it was deduced by the researcher that the performance level of third-grade female students in the algebraic reasoning test and the spatial visual intelligence scale was commendable, and a positive correlation was established between algebraic reasoning and spatial visual intelligence. The researcher put forth various recommendations and suggestions in light of the study results.

This investigation seeks to establish that the conjunction "وَ" (waw) holds the position of the primary conjunction due to its specific applications and regulations, encompassing a total of fifteen unique regulations that are absent in its counterpart conjunctions. Among these regulations is the concept of conjoining synonyms, which involves linking an entity to its synonymous counterpart. Grammarians adhere to the fundamental principle that there must be a distinction in both form and meaning between the conjoined entities, implying that the conjoined entity should not be identical to or a synonym of the entity it is conjoined with. Nonetheless, the permission for this conjunction occurs when the conjoined entity carries an additional meaning that the original entity lacks, thereby resulting in a synergistic effect from the conjunction. Alternatively, one of the conjoined entities might exhibit a usage that deviates from the other. The significance of this study stems from the examination of the manuscript "Al-Fusool wal Ghayat" (The Chapters and Aims), a scarce linguistic work known for its intricate nature. Furthermore, the author of the manuscript, Abu Al-Alaa Al-Maarri, is recognized for his compelling and articulate literary style. I identified a selection of terms from this manuscript falling within this category of conjunction and scrutinized their definitions and applications in linguistic references, legal literature, rare publications, proverbial expressions, and interpretations of the Quran. This exploration led to the deduction that the conjoined term imparts a significance absent in its counterpart. This category of conjunction is exemplified in the Quran, the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and the Arabic language, all of which have been leveraged in this study.

The research presented is the attempt made by Dr. Ador Yohanna, focusing on exploring the relationship between Transformational Generative Grammar theory and biolinguistics. Dr. Yohanna introduced a new perspective derived from the linguistic reality, influenced by American linguist Chomsky, and worked on its development. The central idea emphasizes the biological nature of language stored in the human brain, suggesting that it can be anatomically studied with modern scientific advancements. The research underscores that speech originates in the brain before reaching the mouth, as the brain is the true generator of speech from a physiological and scientific perspective. The study delves into various topics across different fields and sciences, attempting to link them to modern linguistic studies with a scientific approach. This connection places language in association with natural sciences such as physics, biology, computer science, mathematics, and biology. The research aims to transition linguistic studies from their classical, old-fashioned nature to the convergence of new linguistic theories, reviving and reinvigorating them. The use of advanced scientific methods allows researchers to analyze and examine languages accurately, unveiling the secrets of their dynamics.

Prepare Natural and human factors are among the main priorities in the cultivation of agricultural crops, including legumes. The success of cultivating any crop depends on the nature of the prevailing climate, the quality of the soil and irrigation water, as well as the human factors that seek to increase production and improve its quality. These factors still play an important role in determining areas for various agricultural activities on the planet. Despite human attempts to overcome some conditions and modify them to suit the agricultural production process, such as using modern irrigation methods in dry areas, rain harvesting, and the like. Giving natural and chemical fertilizers to exhausted soils and other means, as studying the geographical potential for cultivation of leguminous crops in Karbala Governorate by studying their balance with the natural and human potential, their geographical distribution and production quantities for these crops, knowing that the availability of geographical potential is the success of cultivation of any crop and vice vers So. Leguminous crops are among the crops that help restore fertility in the soil by deepening their roots in the soil and withdrawing nitrogen from the atmosphere and fixing it in it using a specific type of microorganisms known as nitrogen fixers. There are various types of these crops that are resistant crops that tolerate transportation. over relatively long distances due to their dry and hard nature, unlike other vegetable crops that may cause damage during transportation. The study focused on the crops of beans, cowpeas, and mung beans in the study area, which are grown in flooded soils and banks of rivers, and the use of irrigation and mediated irrigation to irrigate these crops, in addition to These crops are an essential element of the agricultural cycle.

Succeeded in achieving progress and advancement in the society of Medina through laying down strong foundations upon which both the individual and the community relied and derived strength and durability from. The prophetic biography contributed to eliminating legal violations by activating and consolidating strict and decisive regulatory laws, which effectively contributed to bringing about a radical change in the social landscape. This, in turn, led to increased unity and cohesion among the members of the Islamic community. The Honorable Prophet (peace be upon him) ensured respect for other cultures and religions, surpassing all differences and contradictions. Islam considered these differences as complementary elements that cannot be overlooked, and it actively contributed to creating a cohesive and strong society during the period of prophetic rule. Its aim was to eliminate class disparities through equality between the servant and the master in rights and duties, as well as giving women an important role in various fields, including the military aspect.

It is aesthetically pleasing for an individual to exhibit elevated ethical standards when interacting with others, showcasing the influence of the ethical principles ingrained in one's life journey and originating from their religious beliefs. Particularly, the quality of modesty and the absence of hubris towards others stand out as the most commendable and superior facets of an individual's character. Consequently, what happens when an erudite scholar or a dedicated learner embodies this virtue? It becomes intertwined with erudition and the acumen of astute intellects. Numerous sayings attributed to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family) and teachings from the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) have elucidated the virtues of scholars and the significance of knowledge, manifesting in a splendid manner replete with reflections and profound insights aimed at achieving contentment in both the present life and the life hereafter. Hence, in the course of this academic inquiry, we are delving into one of these teachings in a methodical fashion to discern the implications that can be drawn from it.

The Jewish religion examines the notions of the earthly realm and the afterlife through numerous religious scriptures. The belief in this world as depicted in the Old Covenant centers on the idea that they are God\\\\\\\'s beloved and chosen people, with humanity created to serve and obey them. Divergent views exist within Jewish sects regarding the afterlife, with some advocating for an afterlife marked by accountability and recompense, while others assert that such accountability and recompense manifest in the present life, devoid of an afterlife existence. It is pertinent to note that Judaism stands as an authentic divine faith, marked by the sending of Prophet Moses by God. However, a departure occurred following his demise, resulting in the emergence of diverse Jewish sects, trends, and factions. Varying perspectives are held among these factions on all aspects related to the creed of the faith. Moreover, the faith draws upon multiple fountains of knowledge, with the Torah serving as the chief source for Judaism due to its doctrines and religious laws. The Talmud, known as the Oral Torah, serves as the secondary source, alongside the written Torah, shaping the legal framework and traditions of the Children of Israel.

This study is entitled \\"The Cases of Nouns in the Interpretation of Labab al-Tafasirir by al-Karamani (d. after 500 AH).\\" It collects the scattered issues of the cases of nouns in the interpretation, which consists of ten volumes. I chose the cases of nouns rather than other linguistic topics, which are numerous in the interpretation, because the author paid great attention to them. Therefore, I chose this chapter for the study. Al-Karamani\\\'s approach in this chapter is to identify the cases of nouns in the Qur\\\'anic verses, mention their rulings, and discuss the opinions of different scholars about them. Although al-Karamani is inclined to the Basran school, which is evident in his work, he was honest in transmitting opinions and attributing them to their owners, regardless of their linguistic schools. The section on the topics of the installed structures is organized as follows: The research in this chapter is categorized into two types: the direct object and the adverbial object. The direct objects include: (the absolute object, the object of it, the object with it, and the object in it). As for the adverbial objects, they include: (the adverbial of manner, the adverbial of specification, the vocative, and the exception).

The study is entitled: grammatical casting in the poetry of Abu Firas Al-Hamdani. This type of casting includes the formal parts that constitute the major unit of the text, and the extent of its impact in achieving the textual connection, depending on the grammatical level, achieved by grammatical means, and these means according to most textualists: referral, substitution, deletion, and connection. Due to achieving the means of grammatical casting in the poetry of Abu Firas Al-Hamdani, the elements of the communicative process were available until it became a good material for textual study. Referencing Al-Hamdani’s collection is considered the mother of the chapter of grammatical casting. Pronouns are considered the mother of the chapter of referral. It is hard to find any of Abu Firas’s poems devoid of referral. With the pronoun, the greatest share in the texts is for the second-person pronouns, through which the character of dialogue was achieved. The grammatical casting methods show the extent of their importance, which combined with each other in constructing the text, achieving its textuality, understanding it, and assimilating it. Deletion, substitution, and linking recorded a remarkable presence, as they made a notable contribution to achieving linguistic wealth while preserving the integrity of the structure and the sobriety of meaning. Al-Hamdani adds in his verses the three types of deletion and substitution (nominal, actual, and sentence) so that they are more concise with no disrupting the meaning. The connection makes an effective contribution to the poetry of Abu Firas, as it formed an interconnected mix of form and meaning.

The investigation is centered on the application of scientific research pertaining to wastewater treatment and purification in accordance with international water standards in Wasit province. By examining the environmental and industrial potentials within the region and how they can be harnessed to enhance industrial practices and other activities in the province's districts, the study underscores the significance of exploring wastewater reuse as a crucial water resource that necessitates conservation. It also underscores the importance of considering the sustainability of geographical resources and variables (ecological, human, economic, and policy-related factors) that impact wastewater management, utilization, and success in industrial endeavors across the province's districts. Relevant data, ecological information, and spatial data were gathered from pertinent entities such as the Ministry of Environment's Planning and Monitoring Department in Baghdad, the Department of Regional Development and Planning, and the Wasit Environment Directorate in Wasit province. An analysis of the percentage distribution of geographical and environmental factors influencing wastewater issues in Wasit province in 2023 revealed that the primary focus for treating accumulated wastewater exhibited the highest percentage (89%). Significant percentages were also noted for population growth (86%) and the integration of modern industry with its technological alternatives (84%). Furthermore, the research delves into determining the actual water demand in cubic meters per day for anticipated wastewater activities. Specifically, agricultural and industrial operations showed a daily water demand of (332) cubic meters. The study showcases successful practical instances of wastewater reuse and draws upon global case studies from various countries to enhance this practice. It also scrutinizes the scientific methodologies and contemporary technologies employed for wastewater reuse both in Arab nations and abroad, highlighting treatment approaches and industrial applications of wastewater. Moreover, the utilization of SPSSV22 software is employed to derive the reliability percentages in industrial operations across Wasit province's districts. Recorded figures indicate the quality ratios of wastewater usage in the districts as follows: (14.01%, 17.66%, 18.30%, 21.51%, 15.2%, 13.32%). Leveraging these findings and conducting multiple calculations via statistical tools mentioned in the study, including SPSS and Excel, revealed percentages related to treated wastewater, efficiency levels, and usage diversification for industrial crops, yielding figures of (65.21%, 50.98%, 75.77%). This underscores the critical nature of the subject matter, urging concerned stakeholders to engage in scientific inquiries and investigations, thereby motivating institutions and governmental bodies to implement the necessary treatments and procedures essential for enhancing wastewater reuse in industrial settings within the province.

The period of President Hussein Mohammed Arshad’s rule is characterized by the continuation of martial law imposed on the country since he assumed power in December1983. His rule leads the country to a stifling and ongoing political crisis with the opposition, which continued throughout his rule. This is accompanied by continued arrest campaigns against party leaders of the opposition, students and journalists. These campaigns are always intensified. Thus, the movement of daily life of the Bangladeshi is paralyzed for periods that sometimes lasted for months. Despite the political turmoil and the opposition of two major important alliances in the country led by the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, Ershad remains in power with elections that do not appear to have any form of democracy called for by the ruling party, the Jatiya Party of President Ershad. The latter holds poll elections and a referendum on itself in1985, and the country held official presidential elections in1986, parliamentary elections in the same year, and other parliamentary elections in1988. President Ershad Jatiya's party wins an overwhelming victory with a majority of seats, while almost all major political parties boycotted the ballot boxes. In 1989. The widespread protests in the country turn into a large mass movement that exerted enormous pressure on Ershad’s rule, describing him as a tyrannical ruler.

Their educational institutions uphold the legacy of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) and serve as a comprehensive center for all aspects of Islamic knowledge. This particular educational establishment has the capacity to nurture individuals who are equipped to acquire knowledge from this source and apply it in contemporary contexts. Esteemed scholars who followed the teachings of the Islamic Imams traced the footsteps of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) to comprehend their influences and challenges. Various sects and intellectual movements, both internal and external to the Islamic community, are currently active. Muhammad bin Abi Umair was a contemporary of the Imams al-Kadhim, al-Rida, and al-Jawad (AS) as well as other figures like Imam Musa bin Ja'far al-Kadhim (AS) during the peak of Abbasid authority. These individuals assumed leadership roles within the Imamate, governed territories, and oppressed the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) through widespread espionage. They stifled dissent by invoking the name of Ibn Abi Umair to obscure the Imam's identity, and apprehended anyone arousing suspicion, subjecting them to various forms of mistreatment. Despite the adversities faced, the teachings of the Imams and their loyal companions continued to proliferate, with Ibn Abi Umair disseminating literature and correspondence to subsequent generations.

Despite the plethora of scholarly investigations that have historically scrutinized the influence of Egyptian personalities on both domestic and foreign policies, there remain certain individuals that have not been comprehensively and explicitly examined, notably Mustafa Khalil's persona. Khalil, a fervent advocate of liberal democratic values encompassing freedoms, political transparency, and economic deregulation, left an indelible imprint on the political and diplomatic spheres of Egypt. Renowned for his acumen and sagacity, Khalil possessed a diplomatic finesse that positioned him to spearhead the negotiation team during the Camp David peace accord, heralding a sustained era of peace for Egypt and the broader Middle East region subsequent to the formidable challenges encountered by the Arab world.Demonstrating adeptness in stewarding various official roles, be it ministerial positions or delegated responsibilities, Mustafa Khalil displayed exceptional proficiency in the Ministry of Industry and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The assignments entrusted to him were equally formidable, with his pivotal mission to Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries to ascertain their oil production quotas exerting a substantial influence on the Arab-Israeli conflict.Upon assuming the mantle of Secretary-General of the Socialist Union, Khalil orchestrated Egypt's evolution from a monolithic political framework to one characterized by multi-party

Finnish-Soviet war 1941-1944 offered a good opportunity for both states to appreciate their geopolitical status quo and respond to it peacefully instead of war as happened earlier; this is specially come true after initiating developments of cold war. However, the proper assessment of Finnish-Soviet relationship resulted in signing treaty of friendship 1948 which based on Finnish realization of Moscow's needs for security in turn of Soviet admission that Finland retains its independence and western regime .the most important outcome of this study is that the treaty become a holy pact that organize bilateral affairs between parties till the end of cold war. This pact made Finnish people live peacefully with their grand neighbor.

This research has been dependent on the tracking of the longitudinal expansion of the Siberian Anticyclone through the determination of the maximum and minimum extent of its reach on the terrain following its coverage of a portion of Iraq or encompassing all regions of Iraq. Moreover, the examination has relied on the surveillance of the Siberian Anticyclone and its expansions while it remains distinct without amalgamating with another anticyclone. Therefore, to investigate the length of these extensions, they were categorized into four groups, namely the most enduring; the initial falls between the lengthy intervals of (10° - 20°) east, the second spans from (21° - 30°) east, the third from (31° - 40°) east, and the fourth exceeding (40°) east. Upon scrutinizing the maps at the pressure level of (1000 millibars) over an eleven-year span and during two meteorological recordings; the first at (0.00) and the latter at (12.00), it was revealed that the longest persistence of anticyclone extensions occurred in the third category, lasting (295) days for the former observation and (214) days for the latter. Conversely, the duration of persistence for the fourth category was shorter by (42) days for the initial and (63) days for the subsequent observation. This phenomenon indicates two significant aspects: firstly, the impact of these longitudinal extensions on the displacement and compression of air depressions, consequently influencing precipitation. Secondly, should the anticyclone encompass parts of Iraq, despite the length of its extensions, its proximity to separated or merged air depressions aids in the creation of air fronts and the recording of rainy periods during the dominance of the Siberian Anticyclone, varying across different stations and timeframes. This variation is contingent upon the synoptic conditions linked with the expansion of the Siberian Anticyclone at the (500) millibars pressure level on the terrain. Ridges and troughs exhibited the highest frequency in correlation with these longitudinal extensions at ground level.

The study aims to clarify the role of the threshold of the textual Fatiha, and its importance in suggesting signs and symbols that would guide the reader and enter him into its narrative world, and to take him in to the textual body in multiple and varied ways in the novels of the writer (Yassin Shamil), whether the general framework is an initial opening chapter, where it is preceded by quarterly titles, or a textual initial opening, headings starting directly from the text without introductions or forewords, with each branching off to other beginnings, including ordinary and exciting, including questioning, monologue, and spatial- temporal; we notice that the writer has strived to introduce the recipient in his narrative world through a remarkable variety between one opening and another, depending on the theme and narrative work adopted in each novel. Based on a semiotic approach.

The study sought to investigate the impact of a counseling intervention aimed at alleviating emotional distress among married university students who have experienced abuse. An experimental research approach was employed by the researcher. In order to assess the research hypothesis, an experimental design was utilized for both the experimental and control groups, followed by a post-test. A total of sixty female students were selected as the research sample and evenly distributed into two groups, with thirty students in each group. Following the establishment of equivalence between the groups in terms of variables such as age and emotional distress, the counseling program was administered to reduce emotional distress in the experimental group, while no intervention was provided to the control group members. The researcher developed a comprehensive emotional distress scale comprising twenty-four items and a structured format. The counseling program, designed in a mindfulness style, consisted of ten counseling sessions. Various statistical methods, including the t-test for two independent samples, Cronbach's alpha, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, were utilized to analyze the research data. The findings of the study revealed a significant statistical difference in favor of the experimental group on the emotional distress scale subsequent to the implementation of the counseling program utilizing a mindfulness approach to alleviate emotional distress.

Mozaffar Baqai Kermani is a contentious individual who played a noteworthy political role in the contemporary history of Iran. His academic pursuits had a profound influence on the development of his character, as he was shaped by elements of French culture and distanced himself from the prevailing religious paradigms of that era. Initially lacking political inclinations akin to those of his father, a former member of the Iranian Parliament, Baqai Kermani's return to Iran prompted the emergence of his political leanings, leading him to align with secular factions such as the Tudeh Party and the Democratic Party, both of which resonated with his ideological stance. His affiliation with the Democratic Party facilitated his electoral success and subsequent appointment to the Iranian Parliament. Nonetheless, internal discord within the party prompted his withdrawal, particularly upon recognizing signs of its dwindling influence. Subsequently, he identified the National Front, under the leadership of the prominent figure Mohammad Mosaddegh, as the most viable platform to pursue his objectives. Advocating against the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Baqai Kermani called for the removal of entities sympathetic to British policies, culminating in the establishment of his own political entity, the Workers' Party, to articulate his vision. Despite his divergence from religious doctrines, he acknowledged the necessity of forging alliances with influential entities to advance his agenda, leading to his support of the Organization of the Fedaiyan of the People and Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani, a stance he later renounced as he opposed the widespread protests demanding the ousting of Mohammad Reza Shah. Consequently, his strategic maneuvers were guided by the pursuit of power according to his vested interests, ultimately culminating in the waning of his political clout following the Islamic Revolution's triumph in Iran in 1979.

It is known that argumentation is one of the contemporary applied linguistic outputs, and it receives significant attention from contemporary linguistic scholars. It is evident that argumentation has merged with rhetoric; therefore, they referred to argumentation as the "new rhetoric" because the main theme between them is persuasion. Thus, it is impossible to separate rhetoric from argumentation. Rhetoric relies on persuasion with the aim of influence, while argumentation relies on influence with the aim of persuasion. Argumentation has different types, including linguistic argumentation and pragmatic rhetorical argumentation. This research is dedicated to studying a section of rhetorical argumentation – specifically, the premises – which are the foundations upon which argumentation is built. They serve as the starting point in the argumentative process and are used to deduce the evidence related to a particular intellectual stance. The practical sample in this research is the twentieth part of the book "Al-Mughni fi Abwab al-Tawhid wal-Adl" by Qadi Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu'tazili and the book "Al-Shafi fi al-Imamah" by Sharif al-Murtadha, which is a response to the aforementioned book by Qadi Abd al-Jabbar.

The intellectual and social superiority of the Tunisian people after independence led to the emergence of a conflict in the Arab region. The colonial authority left a significant impact by increasing the divide among the people of Tunisia on one hand and between Arab countries on the other, all to its benefit. Despite this, the Tunisian government and youth looked forward to a future where they could end any form of oppression or violation of their country's sovereignty. This is evident through the events of Gafsa in 1980, where a group of exiled rebels attempted to overthrow the government, occupy government institutions, impose a siege, and declare a provisional government supported by Libya, aiming to convince the populace to escape poverty. They smuggled weapons and encouraged the people to join them, but to no avail, as they were arrested and their leaders punished. Meanwhile, the Tunisian Student Union refused to intervene in state affairs, declaring a state of chaos that was eventually controlled by temporarily closing universities until calm was restored and classes resumed.

The present study seeks to assess the level of humility among school counselors in Baghdad and examine the importance of variations in humility based on gender and years of experience. In order to accomplish this objective, the investigation utilizes the scale developed by Hassan (2022), which is rooted in Seligman's theory and comprises 23 items categorized into three dimensions: self-acceptance (10 items), compassion and generosity (8 items), and positive interaction (5 items). The scale items are presented in a declarative format with five response options for each item. A total of 200 counselors (both male and female) participate in the scale administration. The validity of the scale in the current study is established through face validity and construct validity, involving the computation of the correlation between each item and the total score of the scale, as well as the factor it represents. The scale's reliability is ascertained through the analysis of variance using Cronbach's alpha equation, yielding an overall reliability coefficient of 0.86, with individual reliabilities for each factor being 0.75, 0.75, and 0.68, respectively. The findings of the study indicate that school counselors in Baghdad exhibit humility in their interactions, as demonstrated by the one-sample t-test. To explore the significance of variations in humility and its dimensions based on gender and years of experience, a two-way ANOVA is conducted, revealing statistically significant differences with respect to the gender variable, favoring male counselors.

A history of intertwined relations confirms the strength of US-Israeli relations, and that they are based on more than just common interests; they are based on religious roots, historical origins, and a common political culture. On the other hand, the critical trend in geopolitics stands out as being more flexible in dealing with this type of ideas and beliefs and the role of political elites in creating geopolitical facts that influence state power and international relations. The research addressed the starting points of the relationship in three variables: religious roots, political history, and political culture. It relied on tracking them in a number of religious and historical sources and texts and political discourse, in addition to geopolitical and political studies that were interested in examining the origins of the relationship. The research concluded that religious roots are tolerant and filled with geopolitical dimensions and motives; while historical developments led to linking Israel to regional and global American geopolitics, and to supporting it from a mere extremist religious group to a geopolitical nationalist group, and an advanced American military base in the Middle East; while political culture worked to unify policies and practices towards the Palestinian issue and regional issues.

This research delves into the unique phenomenon of repetition in Al-Braikan\'s poetry from a stylistic perspective. It offers a fresh perspective, exploring how repetition can be more harmonious and expressive of the idea of stylistic level from the viewpoint of rhythmic representation, Rather,phonetic repetitions are sometimes used extensively to create additional semantic atmospheres. This density may reach the point of disturbing the linear meaning and reducing its space. However Burai kan\'s achieved a high degree of harmony between meaning and rhythm There fore, such a conception of the stylistics of the context enables us to aporrach the values of this phenomenon, explore its data and indicate its stylistic characteristics , when we find that the interoretive approach is a systematic application of the stylistic context Because it is broad enough to accommodate the aids imposed by the nature of the texts their in tro ductions, what opens the rhytiom of the text, the inclusion of form ations through Languagekhetoriz structure and in pictorial the imaginative commonality also enters into the interpretation of the overlap between the semantic and thythmic, articulation to make room for the semantic work and expand it. It differs from the pioneers treatment of this rhythmic factor, as is the case with the second wave of the two weights, such as Saadi, Sami, and Buland

Personal status pertains to a system of regulations that oversee the interactions among individuals, covering aspects like marriage, divorce, and the implications of marital unions such as offspring and guardianship, alongside associated entitlements including alimony, inheritance, and testaments. Consequently, marriage and divorce emerge as the paramount elements of personal status due to their profound influence on societal dynamics and the regulation of interpersonal connections. Within the Abbasid community, marriage is observed across diverse social strata, evolving through various phases from commencement to termination, with precise guidelines delineated in personal status legislation. Similarly, divorce is governed by its specific protocols as mandated by law, manifesting under particular conditions while precluded under others, all in accordance with Islamic Sharia and personal status statutes within Abbasid society. The institution of marriage and the process of divorce stand as indispensable cornerstones of society; their stability correlates with the prosperity of both societal structures and familial units. Throughout the Abbasid period, characterized by stability and the flourishing of communal existence, marital unions and divorces played a pivotal role in upholding societal equilibrium.

There are many trends in the linguistic study in approaching the linguistic system, which is manifested in a linguistic institution of multiple stripes and trends, including a formal trend concerned with linguistic structure, represented by Saussure and those who followed his approach, and the last functional trend that studies language in terms of communication and the external data contained in it that affects it, represented by functionalism. And pragmatics, and due to the clarity of the first trend in the Arabic linguistic heritage, I decided here to research the functional feature of the language and its impact on the linguistic heritage, especially what is circulated in linguistic sources in the consensus that the Arab heritage has neglected this aspect, and among the results of the research is the realization by Arabic scholars that the frequent use of the phrase makes it known and understood ; Therefore, he intends to delete it, and this is considered a way out of the problem of frequent usage by way of deletion, which the ancients were not unaware of. This is what justifies placing deletion and implication on the intention of frequent use as a matter of mental commitment between the speaker and the hearer.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of supervision on enhancing teaching abilities among newly recruited educators from the standpoint of supervisors in areas such as lesson planning, pedagogical strategies, educational resources utilization, classroom control, as well as assessment and appraisal. The research cohort comprises supervisors affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Diyala for the academic session 2022/2023. The primary research sample encompasses 67 supervisors chosen through a simple random sampling method. This study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology and utilizes the measurement tool developed by Dawai (2020) due to its appropriateness for this study. The final iteration of the tool consists of 38 items distributed among five distinct domains. The study results encompass the following key points: Initially, the educational supervisor exhibits proficiency in essential teaching competencies and possesses the ability to enhance these competencies in newly recruited teachers. Newly appointed teachers exhibit a willingness to enhance their competencies and work performance while engaging with suggested resolutions to educational obstacles. Subsequently, deficiencies are observed in certain teaching competencies delivered by educational supervisors to newly appointed teachers. This deficiency is linked to time constraints arising from numerous official holidays, the absence of formal gatherings between educational supervisors and newly recruited teachers due to the disproportionate ratio of teachers to supervisors, and the shortage of educational supervisors. In light of the research results, the research reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of supervision on enhancing teaching abilities among newly recruited educators from the standpoint of supervisors in areas such as lesson planning, pedagogical strategies, educational resources utilization, classroom control, as well as assessment and appraisal. The research cohort comprises supervisors affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Diyala for the academic session 2022/2023. The primary research sample encompasses 67 supervisors chosen through a simple random sampling method. This study employs a descriptive-analytical methodology and utilizes the measurement tool developed by Dawai (2020) due to its appropriateness for this study. The final iteration of the tool consists of 38 items distributed among five distinct domains. The study results encompass the following key points: Initially, the educational supervisor exhibits proficiency in essential teaching competencies and possesses the ability to enhance these competencies in newly recruited teachers. Newly appointed teachers exhibit a willingness to enhance their competencies and work performance while engaging with suggested resolutions to educational obstacles. Subsequently, deficiencies are observed in certain teaching competencies delivered by educational supervisors to newly appointed teachers. This deficiency is linked to time constraints arising from numerous official holidays, the absence of formal gatherings between educational supervisors and newly recruited teachers due to the disproportionate ratio of teachers to supervisors, and the shortage of educational supervisors. In light of the research results, the research reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The Jewish community was not a strange society in its customs, traditions, and rituals from the rest of the peoples and societies of the ancient Near East. The Jews lived among these societies and were influenced by their customs and traditions, especially societies with an authentic civilization such as the ancient Iraqi and Egyptian society. The Jews practiced special rituals and practices to show their grief, condolences, and mourning when a person was lost. dear, or when a disaster or calamity befalls them by wearing black, cutting their hair, or throwing dirt on their heads, and this we find recorded when we follow the texts of the Old Testament. The Old Testament was not satisfied with recording and documenting these practices, but rather it gave an explanation and a reason for those calamities and disasters that befell the Jewish community. This is the sins committed by the Jews themselves by turning away from the worship of God and participating in conspiracies against countries and peoples that are stronger than them, without the Jews having an interest in those conspiracies or the ability to face their consequences.

Shatt al-Arab newspaper considers one of the first newspaper that issued by royal era in Iraq (1921-1958). Distinguishably, the newspaper is a private one and it owned to Khalf Shauqi aldawdi, it begun to issue in March 1924. The newspaper issuedfirstly in Basra province and it issued only once after it closed by the government. Consequence, the owner visited Baghdad to issuing new newspaper with the same name called ‘Shatt al-Arab’ newspaper; arguably, the researchers have different opinions about its issuance date and continue. Therefore, the research seeks this issue by following the newspaper and its issuances. Moreover, it searches for the newspaper position for press freedom. Meantime, the country had begun new era of journalism. Particularly, during British invasion that did not issued in Baghdad in 1917 until 1921 except few. The newspaper had written as depended and private principally since the British high commissioner who took over the government. Thus, the newspaper lifetime will be short and it considers itself as critical literary newspaper, did not mention as political which led to closed it

The current research aims to identify the effect of the PACSA method on the achievement of a geography subject and creative thinking among fifth-grade literary students, The researcher used an experimental design that included partial control, consisting of two equal groups, with both a pre-test and a post-test. The study sample included 40 female pupils in the fifth grade, with 20 of them being female. The researcher used two instruments to assess the dependent variables of the study, with the experimental group consisting of 20 female students and the control group also including 20 female students. The first instrument used was the development of an accomplishment exam comprising of 50 test items, including 43 objective test questions of the multiple choice format and 7 essay items. Regarding the second performance, it included the assessment of creative thinking abilities using two components: the Torrance battery and the Barron's exam. The study investigation spanned one semester, namely the first semester, and concluded with the administration of the accomplishment exam and the creative thinking scale. The study's findings were obtained by statistical analysis using the SPSS application. The female students in the experimental group, who used the PACSA technique to study natural geography, achieved superior results compared to the female students in the control group who studied the same topic using conventional methods.

The Ottoman Turks occupied most of the Arab Countries from the Gulf to the Ocean - for nearly four Centuries. Before this occupation, the Arabs were not far removed from the Turkish style of Rule, Politics, Thought, and other forms of life It had raised in Iraq for example, and before the of Roman occupation -mini-state affiliated with close or distant to the Mongols or Tatars, all of them, •in i the terminology of Arab history ar. People of Turks, Before the establishment of these mini-states, Turkish peoples controlled the affairs of Baghdad and other various Iraqi regions and cities, and these Peoples tried to bring about a change in the Various Iraqi Societal composition during the Period of timer The Research title: 1534-1918-unless the various classes of Iraq Society had played a major Role in preserving the cultural heritage intrusive by confronting intrusive for Ring influences. Although despite what is the Turkish like to Control and Rules, and in the style of Rules violent and Powerful. The Iraqi Society inherited

Semiotics is considered a comprehensive critical approach. If linguistics is concerned with studying language in text، then semiotics goes beyond that to expand its analytical extensions of texts to everything linguistic and non-linguistic. It studies language، sign، and everything related to sign، from the philosophy of symbols، and the science of signs and shapes in their general pictorial form.The research deals with the semiotic approach in terms of theory and application، as a prominent landmark of critical renewal in the analysis of literary text، with the symbols it contains that provoke the reader’s taste and cognitive passion in order to try to understand the dialectical relationship between the signifier and the signified.