Regional Studies Journal

The research aims to identify the concept of the security of the Arab Gulf from the American perspective, as well as to identify the goals and interests of the United States of America in the region, and to identify the American policy towards the Gulf region and Iran under the administration of President Barack Obama and the administration of President Donald Trump. The importance of the research lies in the prominence of the Arab Gulf region which is of pivotal significance to global security and stability. The research has been divided into three main topics and a conclusion. The first one tackled the importance of the Persian Gulf in the U.S. foreign policy. The second reviewed the U.S. goals and interests in the Persian Gulf. The third involved the policies of the US administrations and the security of the Persian Gulf (2009-2020). There were several conclusions, including that the challenges of Gulf security according to the American vision differed from one stage to another, as these challenges moved from international to regional and then local, during the (2003-2020), terrorism, the nuclear program, and Iranian policy were the main source of threat to the security of the Gulf region and its countries according to the American vision.

Corruption is the most prominent aspect that invades state institutions in all its joints, especially the strategic and vital ones. Public rights and freedoms cannot be guaranteed and maintained in light of the spread of corruption in government institutions. Corruption, whether political, economic, or social, directly affects the public rights and freedoms of citizens, restricting and hindering them. Due to the importance that societies enjoy public rights and freedoms and protect them from violation, especially the phenomenon of corruption and its serious consequences for public rights and freedoms We decided to study this topic. The research included three axes, the first one is the definition of concepts. The second axis is the dialectical relationship between corruption and public rights and freedoms. The third one discussed the impact of the phenomenon of corruption on public rights and freedoms. One of the most important conclusions is that corruption has led to an unfair distribution of wealth and income in favor of those who benefit from power and those close to them, depriving many Iraqi people of the most essential necessities of life.

The research aims to show that the Russian-Ukrainian war is a topic with a global dimension that would occupy researchers in political affairs and specialized experts for a decade, as it constitutes a strategic reading of a certain angle with its motives and drivers. The importance of the research comes from studying the calculations that helped to break out the war, which will affect international politics and the future of stability and security regionally and globally. The research seeks to present a different idea, which is that the Russian-Ukrainian war is not a military conflict between two countries, but rather a war with global dimensions. The research includes Russian geostrategic motives and the US geopolitical calculations, as well as future possibilities and scenes. Perhaps one of the most important conclusions reached by the study is that Russia was not satisfied with the international situation that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Through the war, it aims to achieve geostrategic goals that give it a regional and international status and role that would return it to the bipolar system, which means that the war is a test of the international system either it remains as it is in the distribution of power or the rise of Russia, whether alone or alongside other global powers so that the international system would witness a multi-polarity resulting from the Russian-Ukrainian war.

The research aims to reveal the reasons for the shortages of water in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Iraq, to know the extent to which neighboring countries contribute to Iraq's water scarcity, and to identify the possibility of applying water governance standards in Iraq. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it addresses a contemporary problem of water insecurity and the exploitation of Iraq's share of the water resources of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by neighboring countries through the construction of dams and projects and changing the course of the tributary rivers within their territories bypassing international agreements. The research consists of two main sections, as well as the introduction and conclusion, in which we mention the most important conclusions and a set of recommendations. The first section included governance and water security (conceptual framework), while the second one clarified the paths of water governance to achieve water security in Iraq. One of the most significant conclusions reached by the research is that Iraq cannot change its geographical location or choose its surroundings, but it can exploit its strengths to obtain its rights to water by overcoming the obstacles and challenges that stand in the way of water.

The research aims to show the link and objective integration between the rules of international human rights law and the binding rules and the inevitability of their application because they represent basic rules that the parties cannot evade their application or ignore their existence, which means their objective and formal importance at the same time. The importance of the research lies in the fact that it is an attempt to shed light on the active role that the rules of international human rights law can play in promoting substantive integration with each other through their direct connection with the developments of the individual's position in international human rights law through their natural cohesion that makes them one indivisible unit. The two researches included two main sections, the first section dealt with the definition of the international rule, while the second section dealt with objective integration in the rules of international human rights law. The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the issue of substantive integration between the rules of international human rights law is an integration of rights revealed by legal texts and not integration in the texts of non-integrated rights and this is the fundamental difference in the issue of procedural treatment in time of peace or during armed conflicts.

The use of artificial intelligence techniques resulted in risks and challenges for its users. The research aims to determine criminal responsibility in the event of errors when using the artificial intelligence entity. The importance of the research comes from the absence of legal regulation of artificial intelligence techniques. The legal research that was written on this topic focuses on the civil side more than the criminal aspect, so the new in the research is its treatment of criminal responsibility for artificial intelligence errors in the absence of human error. The research was divided into two sections; the first section is devoted to the concept of artificial intelligence, while the second section involves the possible hypotheses of criminal responsibility for artificial intelligence errors. The conclusion of the research included the recommendation for the creation of a legal organization for the design, development, and use of artificial intelligence techniques.

The research aims to know the concept of electronic terrorism in the field of combating terrorism, to indicate their causes and forms, to know the legal model of these crimes, and to develop them to ensure the achievement of the desired goals in the field of combating terrorism. The importance of this research is evident in highlighting one of the key topics, which is the criminal response to electronic terrorism in the framework of combating terrorism, and the statement of the concept of this crime, its causes, forms and legal model, and the significance comes from highlighting one of the most serious crimes and indicating the mechanism of combating it and how it develops to get rid of the violations that countries and individuals alike are exposed to in the world in light of the circumstances and events that those countries are going through. The research is divided into three sections, the first of which deals with the concept of electronic terrorism, while the second one is devoted to the statement of crimes associated with electronic terrorism. In the third section, we address the legal structure of the crime of electronic terrorism. There is an introduction and then a conclusion, including results and recommendations. One of the most remarkable conclusions that came out of the research is that the legislative treatment in combating electronic terrorism is carried out according to trends, some of which are addressed by the general texts in the Penal Code, some of them are addressed by laws on terrorism, and some of them are addressed by laws against electronic crimes.

The research aims to comprehensively tackle the subject of the principle of proportionality to cyber-attacks since it is the most important principle on which international humanitarian law is based, to indicate the aspects or cases of shortcomings, to try to find solutions that embody this principle and apply it on the ground as it should be and not as it is in modern armed conflicts in which cyber-attacks are used. The importance of the research lies in examining the ability of legal texts written in a certain period to deal with cyber-attacks by highlighting the principle of proportionality as the basic principle that protects the civilian population and civilian objects during combat. The research consisted of two main sections, the first one treated the concept of cyber-attacks and the second section addressed the application of the principle of proportionality to cyber-attacks. One of the essential conclusions of the research is that cyber-attacks lack a strict legal framework to deal with them, and the rules of the principle of proportionality in international law, although they are applied to these attacks, they do not cover all cases and leave areas that are full of problems.

The research aims to shed light on the method of self-assessment as a means to develop the tax accounting process and move it from the traditional method that depends on a set of opinions and oral jurisprudence to modern and advanced scientific methods by activating the self-assessment method and applying it to the category of senior taxpayers. The importance of research lies in upgrading the tax accounting process by relying on modern scientific methods in determining the tax base for large taxpayers in line with the developments in the Arab arena at present, also the importance of research lies in the need to direct attention towards the segment of senior taxpayers as the taxes imposed on this category are one of the most leading taxes spread in the world as it is the most important in the tax structure because it has the largest share of tax revenues. The research included two main requirements, the first dealt with the tax assessment of large taxpayers using the self-assessment method. The second tackled self-assessment procedures for senior taxpayers. One of the conclusions that came out of the research is that the development of tax performance is not less than the level of installation and interest in the development of tax policy and tax legislation because it represents the heart of the tax accounting system.

Information technology plays an important role in creating knowledge which is vital for the managerial creativity in banks. There are few studies addressed the determinants of knowledge management, especially in developing countries. Therefore, the study aimed to identify the relationship between knowledge management and managerial creativity, information technology as intermediate in the bank sector in Sudan. Study model and hypotheses were built relying on the previous literature and based on resource theory. Robert Mason equation was used to collect data. (analyzed using AMOS software relying on the structural equation modeling (SEM). Cronbach's alpha reliability test and path analysis method were used to examine the hypotheses of the study. Likewise, there is a positive impact between information technology and managerial creativity, and a positive impact between information technology and knowledge management. Moreover, the study found that neither individuals’ element nor hardware mediated the relationship between knowledge management and managerial creativity dimensions.