Regional Studies Journal

The prevailing view refers that Iraq\'s economic performance has been constrained by the annual influx of oil revenues. This paper aims to verify whether the oil wealth in Iraq is a boon for the economy!. The different relationships are estimated to resolve the evidence. It is assumed that concluded rentier revenues caused harm to the performance of society as much as they benefited the sectors. Empirical work provides an explanation as well as an estimation of performance and growth trends. The adopted methodology is to estimate regression relationships for simple, multiple, and step-wise models. The work reached that 70% of performance and growth depend on oil revenues, in conjunction and equivalence. The total consumption was accompanied by a period of negative contributions of foreign direct investment, with a slight influx of imports. The risky aspect of oil wealth lies in the fact that it is one-sided, with consumption expenditures, not investment, in explaining performance behavior. As for the growth in imports, it largely explains the behavior of economic growth, to the exclusion of other economic variables.

The research deals with the effectiveness of the strategic partnership between Tajikistan and China and aims to highlight an important area, which is the study of the relationship between large and small countries, especially the partner neighbors with common borders, and to know the full opportunities and potential risks in the relations between Tajikistan and China. The importance of the research is related to the growth of the Chinese factor in the world and the Central Asian region, and to analyze cooperation between the two countries in all fields, including political, diplomatic, commercial, economic and humanitarian relations, as well as in the field of regional security at the bilateral and collective levels within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and other international organizations. The research included two main sections, in addition to introduction and conclusion, the first section included the characteristics and development of Tajik-Chinese relations and the second topic involved the interaction between Tajikistan and China in international organizations.

The process of political reform in Iraq became of political and strategic importance after 2014, because political reform in Iraq is not a natural development or the result of gradual reform, but rather a national issue imposed by many challenges and variables, including political, economic, and security, which Iraq is still experiencing to this day. The research aims to give a clear and accurate definition of the concept of political reform and to analyze and clarify the necessary mechanisms for political reform in Iraq. The importance of the research lies in the fact that political reform is a political, economic, and social necessity for the Iraqi political system, as well as a basic requirement in building national unity because political reform provides the elements of political construction and gives it legitimacy, the most important of which is the rule of law and the requirements of constitutional life and the provision of fair institutions that protect the interests of the citizen and society. The research section on two sections, the first one tackled the conceptual framework of political reform and included two demands. The second section dealt with the opportunities and challenges of political reform in Iraq after 2014 and was divided into two demands as well. One of the most important conclusions is that the process of political reform has become a fundamental necessity for building a secure and stable political system for Iraqi society, based on the application of the idea of political reform on the ground and commitment to it.

The research aims to stand on the concept of citizenship in terms of its origin and historical development in Western thought first, then the attempts through which contemporary Islamic thought tried to set the concept and root it in Islamic societies and the most critical problems that accompanied the concept. The importance of the study lies in the emergence of many visions and intellectual theses that deal with the concept from different points of view, according to the different references and ideologies adopted by scholars and thinkers from the West in general or from Arab Muslims in particular. The research consists of two main requirements: the first requirement: is the concept of citizenship in contemporary political thought. The second requirement: is the concept of citizenship in Islamic thought and the most crucial problems that accompanied the concept. The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that citizenship has a political value, and relative civil demand, and a phased one, as it is not an end in itself required by the state or the nation, but rather a transitional stage in which the state seeks to upgrade the individual from the stage of the psychological and cultural self to the legal self of rights, which constitutes a major building block in the cohesion of the structure of civil society. One of the most influential pillars in civil society is the value of objective and moral loyalty to the authority or to the State.

Taking care of the family at the constitutional level is a recent issue, not a single degree and pattern defined in contemporary constitutions, which makes the comparative constitutional study of this subject rich in results and diverse in solutions. The research aims to diagnose the level of protection guaranteed by the Constitution to the family system and the content of this protection and its implications. So we tried to study the constitutional protection granted by the constitutional legislator to the family in Iraq in comparison with other constitutions, as well as a comparison with international standards and levels related to the subject. The structure of the research included two main sections; the first is the nature of constitutional protection. The second is the historical development of the constitutional protection of the family, its content and effects, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The research came out with several conclusions, the most significant of which is that the 2005 constitution which was distinguished by its superiority over the previous Iraqi constitutions in organizing it to protect the family, whether for the 1925 constitution (the basic law) or the temporary constitutions extending from 1958 to 2004, which is an issue that the researcher considers correct and natural because the 2005 constitution is permanent.

The idea of public interest is a broad idea that varies according to place and time, as the administrative body must aim to achieve it in its administrative decisions to give it legitimacy. The importance of the research lies in highlighting the place occupied by the public interest in the administrative decision, as it is the main goal that the administrative authority seeks in all its decisions to achieve it for all members of society and protect it, based on that, the goal of the research revolves around the role played by the decision and the administrative judiciary in achieving the public interest and its protection. The research included two sections and a conclusion. The first section included the concept of public interest, while the second one dealt with the role of the administrative decision in achieving the public interest and the effectiveness of the administrative judiciary in protecting it. One of the most substantial conclusions that came out of the research is that the administrative decision has a key role in achieving the public interest and working to protect it because it is the desired goal of its issuance and that judicial control provides protection for the public interest by extending the judge's control administrative to discuss the legitimacy and appropriateness of administrative decisions and work to reconcile the authority of the administrative authority to issue administrative decisions and the protection of the public interest for administrative decisions for its active role in ensuring that the authority does not deviate.

The position of the partnership laws and the extent to which they refer to arbitration as one of the mechanisms for resolving disputes between the two parties; The partnership contract is a new system of contracts through partnership and commercial and administrative cooperation between its two parties in its implementation, as the private partner undertakes the provision of goods and services subject to the partnership projects, and enables the public sector through it to provide various services, goods and investment projects in a specific period of time in exchange for money that it provides to the investor in a periodic manner during the term of the "contract", with the aim of allowing the private sector to enhance its role in commercial and economic activity away from the concept of privatization, and without resorting to the state budget. The partnership contract includes various obligations and contracts, the realization of which requires the participation of both parties and the occurrence of disputes between them, which necessitates their settlement by arbitration for speedy resolution. The study was divided into three sections which covered the nature of the partnership contract between the public and private sectors and its parties, then its types, and legal nature, in addition to arbitration in partnership contract disputes. The study concluded that the partnership contract does not involve the transfer of ownership of the project to the private sector at the end of its term

The idea of nationality is the result of social development since human beings with his an innate tendency to live together in the form of groups. It evolved from its first concept as a bond of subordination linking the individual to the family or tribe until it reached what it is now as an expression of the individual's belonging to a particular state. So, the goal of the nationality bond is its link to the life of the state and the life of the individual, For the state, it is related to determining its pillars, but for the individual, it results in the acquisition of the nationality of a particular state enjoying the rights of patriots. With the increasing development of societies in the modern era, it has become necessary for legislation on nationality to stipulate granting it to individuals - human beings - as citizens of the state as well as granting it to ships and aircraft as an extension of the sovereignty of the state, hence the importance of the subject of research in a strange incident, which is granting the robot the nationality of a certain state. Thus, it was necessary to define the nationality of the robot and indicate the legal nature of this nationality and its pillars and provisions in three sections, it was found that there is no agreed definition of jurisprudence and law for this nationality and that the legal nature of it is nothing more than an organizational association.

The study aims to investigate empirically the impact of government spending, both consumer and investment, on private investment in Australia and Panama for the period (1990-2021), and whether the relationship is competitive or stimulating. It also aims to reveal the direction of the causal relationship between the variables in these two countries. The study used models (Cointegration) for the long-term relationship, vector error correction models (VECM) for the short-term relationship, and (Granger) test for the causal relationship. The study concluded that the effect of government consumption spending is negative (crowding out) to private investment in the long term in both countries, and it is positive in the short term in Australia while negative in the short term in Panama. As for government investment spending, it did not have any effect in both countries and for both terms. As for the causal relationship, it was from government spending, whether consumption or investment, to private investment, and it was not achieved in any direction in Panama.

The research aims to identify the impact of quality activities on the value of the brand from the point of view of customers in banks in the Asir region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the objectives of the research, the descriptive and analytical approach and some statistical methods such as multiple regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses of the research. An appropriate sample of (408) was selected for some bank customers in Abha. The research reached several results, the most important of which was the level of agreement of the respondents on the impact of quality activities on the value of the mark is high. The research indicated that there is a partial positive significant effect of the quality of service on some dimensions of the value of the mark and that there is a positive impression when using the activities of quality of service in its tangible dimensions, care, and guarantee. As for the dimensions of reliability and response, it was not to the degree that satisfies the clients of the research sample, which indicates that banks in Abha city must carry out some required marketing procedures. In light of the results, a set of recommendations were proposed, most notably paying attention to the dimensions of service quality and giving priority to the dimensions of reliability and responsiveness.

It is a group of words that express an idea, feeling, desire, and the like. A sentence in the Turkish language may consist of a word or a group of words. The research aims to bridge the gap in the Turkish and Arabic libraries, as there are very few studies entitled (The Sentence in the Turkish Language). The most important of which are: the original elements, the nominal, and the verbal sentences. Then the complementary auxiliary elements. What distinguishes the Turkish language from other languages is the structure of the sentence in the Turkish language. It contains two basic elements: the verb and the subject, and if one of them is missing, the sentence is not complete in meaning. It is noticeable that the subject in the Turkish sentence corresponds to the subject or predicate in the Arabic language, while the verb corresponds to the predicate. In addition to the two basic elements, there are other elements in the Turkish sentence, including the object and the object to it, to complement the composition of the sentence in the Turkish language. This is because the position of the elements in the Turkish language is not fixed except for the predicate, which comes at the end of the sentence which is a fixed rule in the Turkish language since ancient times.