Journal of University of Babylon

The goal of this study is to use friction stir welding to improve the welding zone of Low-Density Polyethylene sheets by adding alumina powder with a particle size of 25 μm. Welding was done with a shoe tool at a zero-tilt angle, with alumina powder percentages of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 % added to the welding zone. In all welding experiments, the same 520 rpm tool rotational speed and 20 mm/min tool travel speed were applied. In all instances of the additional percentages of alumina powder, mechanical testing like tensile, flexural, and hardness tests revealed that the welded specimens' mechanical characteristics were better than those of the base substance. The friction stir welding technique increased the mechanical properties, formed defect-free joints, and created excellent low-density polyethylene sheet weldments that were reinforced with alumina powder according to the test results. The best results for mechanical properties were achieved by adding 10% of alumina powder to the welding zone.

‎Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising alternative approach in the treatment of malfunctioning or lost organs. This method requires the use of a temporary scaffold to act as both a physical support system and an adhesive substrate for the transplanted cells, helping to direct the development of the new organs.Biodegradable scaffold system was prepared ‎using Chitosan (CS) ‎blended with another polymer ‎polyethylene glycol (PEG) at different ratios ‎‎(90%/10%, 80%/20%, 70%/30%) ‎respectively, by casting method and the ‎‎(70/30) percent ratio was the best one due to its ideal properties and great flexibility. Then, three different ‎weight fractions of hydroxyapatite ‎nanoparticles (HANPs) were added to the ‎CS/PEG mixture to reinforce it (1, 2, and 3 ‎wt%). These nanocomposites were ‎evaluated using an FTIR spectrum, FE-‎SEM, AFM test, and biodegradable and antibacterial test. ‎The results of FTIR indicated good ‎interactions and created hydrogen bonding ‎between the compounds of ‎nanocomposites، FE-SEM scans showed a ‎well-integrated blend of CS and PEG with ‎good dispersion and embedding of HANPs. AFM results shows the surface roughness of CS increases by adding 30%PEG, but the surface roughness decreases with increases the percent of nanoparticles HANPs. The degradation rate decreased with the addition of nanoHA. The antibacterial activity results show an increase as the concentrations of HANPs increase inhibition zone increases due to addition the Hydroxyapatite HANPs. although )70%:30%:3%)(CS/PEG/HANPs) ‎respectively it was the best sample in terms of results and the most suitable sample to be a biocompatible scaffold

This work describes improvements to the original process, including reduced cost of fabrication. It has successfully overcome all of the major hurdles the semiconductor industry roadmap provides. To accomplish that, it has experienced significant modifications and has substantially broadened the frontiers of optical and electronics research and engineering. Photolithography is the essential stage in the semiconductor fabrication process that determines chip quality. Because the fabrication process is a batch process with varying chip quality, uniformity has always been a primary goal of the process. This case study focuses on improving the photolithography step in order to improve uniformity and critical dimension accomplishment, both of which are quality parameters for semiconductor devices. should be examined for improved optimization. This paper will discuss the most current improvements in the Photolithographic process, as well as the incorporation of a variety of resolution-enhancing approaches. A photoresist layer (Photosensitive Dry Film 1 meter for Circuit Photoresist Sheet 30 cm Width) is applied to the material to be patterned. The photoresist layer is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation through the mask. This stage is completed in a mask aligner, which aligns the mask and wafer prior to the subsequent exposure stage. Depending on the mask aligner generation, the mask and substrate are brought into contact or close proximity (contact and proximity printing). Depending on whether positive or negative photoresist was used, the exposed or unexposed photoresist components were removed during the resist development process. Mask design is created, it can produce various mask designs in micro level scale (um) as a DWG file by AutoCAD program. DWG file is converted to a PDF file with a PDF converter. The resulting PDF file mask design is printed as positive film. in this experiment, uniform layer glass is used as substrate, aluminum deposited with a length of 2.5 cm and width of 2.5 cm with thickness 0.2 cm.

This research investigates experimentally the reduction of gases emitted from a plane concrete frame by reducing the amount of concrete due to the use of non-prismatic cross-sections. The study includes casting three frames using normal-strength concrete. Two plane frames with non-prismatic cross-sections of the columns and beam and one frame with prismatic cross-sections. The amount of concrete used for all three specimens is the same. The frame was tested under static load by two concentrated loads on the beam. The results showed that the use of non-prismatic sections improves the performance of the concrete frame and increases the load capacity of the frame in the same amount of concrete, so the cost of the project and the gases emitted can be reduced through the use of non-prismatic sections. The ultimate load of the non-prismatic concrete frame with columns and beam increases by 25% and 16%, respectively. Using non-prismatic sections decreases the frame's stiffness (at beam and columns) and using non-prismatic sections in the beam, the frame's shear failure is improved and less fragile than the prismatic sectional frame.

The electrocoagulation process is an effective technique for treating various types of wastewater. In this work, the treatment of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) wastewater was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). RSM-CCD optimized the key factors such as solution pH, current intensity, and electrolysis time to attain maximum removal efficiency of (CIP). The second-order regression model and the empirical data were reasonably fit by ANOVA, which demonstrated a high coefficient of determination value (R2=0.9594). RSM-CCD estimation demonstrated that a pH of 4, a current intensity of 2 mA/cm2, and an electrolysis time of 60 min were the best operating parameters that achieved the maximum removal efficiency.

The market for implant alloys, particularly those designed for orthopedic implants has expanded rapidly during the last decade. The medical sector has benefited greatly from the significant advances achieved in the study of Mg-based biodegradable alloy during this time.
Research is a step up in this area for a number of reasons, including the desire to improving people quality of life (a social as well as an economic driver). By decreasing the prevalence of permanent metallic implants (such as those made of stainless steel, cobalt-based alloys, and titanium alloys), which have their own set of drawbacks (including stress shielding and metal ion releases) that can have a negative impact on patients' mental and physical health.
Biodegradable Mg alloys are discussed in this paper, along with their history of development, important features that make them desirable for such applications (orthopedic implants), and features that must be modulated (corrosion rate and mechanical properties) to arrive at the optimal product for the intended application. It emphasizes the electrochemical characterization techniques/methods and strategies to enhance the corrosion behavior and mechanical characteristics of various kinds of biodegradable alloys, as well as the mechanism and features linked to the corrosion behavior of Mg alloys.
The criteria to be design, the requirements that implants of biodegradable alloys Mg-based must fulfill, and the features connected to their efficiency provided, as well as the methods of optimization, the category, and the influence of the alloying components

A category of surface treatments, known as plasma electrolyte oxidation, has been employed to enhance the tribological characteristics of titanium and its alloys. The plasma electrolytic oxidation of Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been extensively researched. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and mechanical tests (microhardness and wear) are used to identify the coating properties and morphology, and the phases produced are identified. Findings from an investigation into the TiO2 layer on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy The findings showed that the MAO method enhanced wear resistance by (69.85)% and allowed for the deposition of layers with thicknesses ranging from 19.08 to 24.6 µm and high hardness (420 to 950 HV) in this research, the best results were obtained at the lowest possible cost and using low-cost equipment.

In this paper, the shear and flexural behavior of reinforced concrete columns corbels having transverse openings is experimentally investigated. Nine standard concrete corbels were subjected to vertical loads in two groups (A and B). Multiple variables were tested in the experimental program, such as the size, shape, location of the openings, and shear span (a/d), as well as the presence or absence of horizontal reinforcement. According to experimental findings, transvers openings have a considerable impact on corbel structural behavior, including characteristics such as ultimate strength, deflection, and failure mechanisms. The technique decreased the ultimate load by 37.9%, the cracking load by (43.75%), the crack width by 100%, and the deflection by 351.6%.